Connecting the evidence about organic pollutant sorption on soils with environmental regulation and decision-making: A scoping review

Sorption of Organic Contaminants by Stable Organic Matter Fraction in Soil

Soil organic matter (SOM) and its heterogeneous nature constitutes the main factor determining the fate and transformation of organic chemicals (OCs). Thus, the aim of thus research was to analyze the influence of the molecular chemodiversity of a stable SOM (S-SOM) on the sorption potential of different groups of OCs (organochloride pesticides—OCPs, and non-chlorinated pesticides—NCPs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—PAHs). The research was conducted as a batch experiment. For this purpose, a S-SOM was separated from six soils (TOC = 15.0−58.7 gkg−1; TN = 1.4−6.6 gkg−1, pH in KCl = 6.4−7.4 and WRB taxonomy: fluvisols, luviosols, leptosols) by alkaline urea and dimethylsulphoxide with sulfuric acid. Isolated S-SOM fraction was evaluated by UV−VIS, FT-IR and EEM spectroscopy to describe molecular diversity, which allowed the assessment of its potential sorption properties regarding OCs. In order to directly evaluate the sorption affinity of individual OCs to S-SOM, the mixture of the 3 deuterated contaminants: chrysene (PAHs), 4,4′DDT (OCPs) atrazine (NCPs) were applied. The sorption experiment was carried out according to the 106 OECD Guidelines. The OCs concentration was analyzed by gas chromatography triple mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). OCs were characterized by different sorption rates to S-SOM fractions according to the overall trend: atrazine (87.5−99.9%) > 4,4′DDT (64−81.6%) > chrysene (35.2−79.8%). Moreover, atrazine exhibited the highest saturation dynamic with fast bounding time amounting to 6 h of contact with S-SOM. Proportionally, the chrysene showed the slowest binding time achieving an average of 55% sorption after 78 h. Therefore, S-SOM isolated from different soils demonstrated varying binding capacity to OCs (CoV = 21%, 27% and 33% for atrazine, DDT and chrysene, respectively). Results indicate that each sample contains S-SOM with different degrees of transformation and sorption properties that affect the OCs availability in soil. Spectroscopic analyses have shown that the main component of S-SOM are biopolymers at various stages of transformation that contain numerous aromatic−aliphatic groups with mostly hydrophilic substituents.