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Wang Z, You X, Lan L, Huang G, Zhu T, Tian S, Yang B, Zhuo Q. Electrocatalytic oxidation of hexafluoropropylene oxide homologues in water using a boron-doped diamond electrode. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39128835 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2382937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide (GenX) is a kind of substitute to PFOA, which has been listed in the Stockholm Convention. In this study, GenX was attempted to be degraded using a boron-doped diamond anode in the electrochemical oxidation system. The effects of operating parameters, including current density (0.5-10 mA/cm2), initial pH (3.0-11.49), initial concentration of GenX (20-150 mg/L), electrode distances (0.5-2 cm), electrolyte types (Na2SO4, NaCl, NaNO3 and NaHCO3) and Na2SO4 electrolyte concentration (40-80 mm), on GenX were studied. GenX can almost completely be degraded under the optimal operating parameters after 180 min of electrolysis. Free radical quenching experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of hydroxyl radicals and sulphate radicals on the degradation of GenX. The degradation intermediates were identified based on the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a tandem mass spectrometer, and the degradation mechanisms were also proposed. Finally, the toxicities of GenX and its degradation products were evaluated using the QSAR models. The novelty is that the degradation mechanisms of the high concentration GenX (100 mg/L) were elucidated based on the free radical quenching experiments and the intermediates detected, when the degradation ratio reached 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin You
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Lan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Huang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongyin Zhu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengpeng Tian
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongfang Zhuo
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
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Liu H, Huang Z, Zhang W, Zhang C, Wang S, Wang W. Construction of functionalized In-based metal organic framework/BiOCl 1-xI x Z-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline: Performance and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142274. [PMID: 38719123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The environmental implications of antibiotics have drawn widespread attention. Numerous monomer-based bismuth oxide halide catalysts have been extensively studied to remove tetracycline (TC) from aquatic environments. Integrating bismuth oxide halide composites with In-based metal organic framework (NH2-MIL-68(In)) might potentially serve as a novel strategy. By meticulously adjusting Cl and I within the composite bismuth halide oxide (B-x), a suite of purpose built heterojunctions (NMB-x) were synthesized, which were engineered to facilitate the efficient photodegradation of TC in simulated and actual aquatic environments. The incorporation of Z-scheme heterojunctions yielded a significant enhancement in photocatalytic responsiveness and charge carrier separation. Notably, NMB-0.3 demonstrated remarkable TC removal efficiency of 88.52 ± 3.05%, which is 3.74 times of B-0.3 within 90 min. The apparent quantum yield was also increased from 8.97% (B-0.3) to 19.68% (NMB-0.3). The removal of TC from natural water bodies was also assessed. Moreover, the photocatalyst concentration, assessed using response surface method, was found to show influential factors on TC removal. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were employed to identify vulnerable sites within TC. Intermediates and pathways in the photodegradation of TC have also been inferred. Furthermore, a comprehensive environmental toxicity assessment of representative intermediates demonstrated that these intermediates exhibited significantly reduced environmental toxicity compared to TC. This study provides a new approach to the design strategy of efficient and environmentally friendly MOF-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Zhe Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Weiyue Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
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3
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Gahrouei AE, Vakili S, Zandifar A, Pourebrahimi S. From wastewater to clean water: Recent advances on the removal of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole antibiotics from water through adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119029. [PMID: 38685299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics released into water sources pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. This comprehensive review meticulously examines the ecotoxicological impacts of three prevalent antibiotics-ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and sulfamethoxazole-on the ecosystems. Within this framework, our primary focus revolves around the key remediation technologies: adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this context, an array of adsorbents is explored, spanning diverse classes such as biomass-derived biosorbents, graphene-based adsorbents, MXene-based adsorbents, silica gels, carbon nanotubes, carbon-based adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanofibers, biochar, metal oxides, and nanocomposites. On the flip side, the review meticulously examines the main AOPs widely employed in water treatment. This includes a thorough analysis of ozonation (O3), the photo-Fenton process, UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), TiO2 photocatalysis, ozone/UV (O3/UV), radiation-induced AOPs, and sonolysis. Furthermore, the review provides in-depth insights into equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models as well as prospects and challenges inherent in these cutting-edge processes. By doing so, this review aims to empower readers with a profound understanding, enabling them to determine research gaps and pioneer innovative treatment methodologies for water contaminated with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Erfani Gahrouei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Vakili
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Zandifar
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sina Pourebrahimi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada.
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John KI, Ho G, Li D. Recent progresses in synthesis and modification of g-C 3N 4 for improving visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:3047-3078. [PMID: 38877630 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a widely studied visible-light-active photocatalyst for low cost, non-toxicity, and facile synthesis. Nonetheless, its photocatalytic efficiency is below par, due to fast recombination of charge carriers, low surface area, and insufficient visible light absorption. Thus, the research on the modification of g-C3N4 targeting at enhanced photocatalytic performance has attracted extensive interest. A considerable amount of review articles have been published on the modification of g-C3N4 for applications. However, limited effort has been specially contributed to providing an overview and comparison on available modification strategies for improved photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-based catalysts in antibiotics removal. There has been no attempt on the comparison of photocatalytic performances in antibiotics removal between modified g-C3N4 and other known catalysts. To address these, our study reviewed strategies that have been reported to modify g-C3N4, including metal/non-metal doping, defect tuning, structural engineering, heterostructure formation, etc. as well as compared their performances for antibiotics removal. The heterostructure formation was the most widely studied and promising route to modify g-C3N4 with superior activity. As compared to other known photocatalysts, the heterojunction g-C3N4 showed competitive performances in degradation of selected antibiotics. Related mechanisms were discussed, and finally, we revealed current challenges in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Igenepo John
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Goen Ho
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Dan Li
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia E-mail:
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Farissi S, Akhilghosh KA, Muthukumar A, Muthuchamy M. Combining photocatalytic and electrocatalytic oxidation for dibutyl phthalate degradation: the influence of carbon-coated titanium anode and metal oxide catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38820597 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2360747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Plasticisers, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), are contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) that are toxic to living things and the environment. Unlike hydrophilic pollutants, DBP shows the characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature which makes its degradation or removal difficult using conventional treatment technologies. The current study explored the potential of photocatalysis followed by electrocatalytic oxidation (PC + EC) using vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and carbon-coated titanium (C/Ti) anode for the removal of 75 mg L-1 DBP from water. The structural stability and changes in the functional groups after treatment of the catalyst were determined using powder XRD and FTIR studies that found the catalyst structure to be stable. Optimization studies showed that UV-A (315-400 nm) irradiation source, 112 mA cm-2 current density, 50 mg L-1 catalyst dosage, 360 min PC, 210 min EC at pH 3 and 20 mM sodium sulphate managed to degrade 99.5% of DBP with 97% COD and 87.7% TOC removal. Compared to electrocatalytic oxidation (EC), PC + EC showed 40% higher TOC removal. Reusability studies found the reduction of 45% for COD removal after four treatment cycles with V2O5, while the anode material showed no considerable decrease in its degradation efficiency. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies established that complete degradation was preceded by the oxidation of DBP to phthalic anhydride and phthalic acid responsible for the increase in TOC during the initial treatment period. Overall, this study lays out insights for the application of photo-electrocatlytic oxidation for the removal of ubiquitous poorly soluble water pollutants such as phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Farissi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | | | - Anbazhagi Muthukumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
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Antos J, Piosik M, Ginter-Kramarczyk D, Zembrzuska J, Kruszelnicka I. Tetracyclines contamination in European aquatic environments: A comprehensive review of occurrence, fate, and removal techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141519. [PMID: 38401860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are among the most commonly used antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections and the improvement of agricultural growth and feed efficiency. All compounds in the group of tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline) are excreted in an unchanged form in urine at a rate of more than 70%. They enter the aquatic environment in altered and unaltered forms which affect aquatic micro- and macroorganisms. This study reviews the occurrence, fate, and removal techniques of tetracycline contamination in Europe. The average level of tetracycline contamination in water ranged from 0 to 20 ng/L. However, data regarding environmental contamination by tetracyclines are still insufficient. Despite the constant presence and impact of tetracyclines in the environment, there are no legal restrictions regarding the discharge of tetracyclines into the aquatic environment. To address these challenges, various removal techniques, including advanced oxidation, adsorption, and UV treatment, are being critically evaluated and compared. The summarized data contributes to a better understanding of the current state of Europe's waters and provides insight into potential strategies for future environmental management and policy development. Further research on the pollution and effects of tetracyclines in aquatic environments is therefore required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Antos
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Marianna Piosik
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Ginter-Kramarczyk
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zembrzuska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Kruszelnicka
- Department of Water Supply and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
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Barazorda-Ccahuana HL, Fajardo AS, Dos Santos AJ, Lanza MRV. Decentralized approach toward organic pollutants removal using UV radiation in combination with H 2O 2-based electrochemical water technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140079. [PMID: 37709061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The current literature lacks a comprehensive discussion on the trade-off between pollutant degradation/mineralization and treatment time costs in utilizing UV light in combination with H2O2-based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs). The present study sheds light on the benefits of using the photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) process with UVA or UVC for methylparaben (MetP) degradation in real drinking water. Although light boosts the photodegradation of refractory Fe(III) complexes and the photolysis of H2O2 (with UVC only), the energy-intensive nature of light-based treatments is acknowledged. To help tackle the high energy consumption issue, a novel approach was employed: partial application of UVA or UVC light after a predetermined electro-Fenton electrolysis time. The proposed treatment approach yielded satisfactory comparable results to those obtained from the application of PEF/UVA or PEF/UVC in terms of total organic carbon removal (ca. 100%), with notably lower energy consumption (ca. 50%). The study delves into the combined method's feasibility, analyzing pollutant degradation/mineralization process and overall energy consumption. The research identifies possible degradation routes based on intermediate detection and radical quenching experiments. Finally, toxicological assessments evaluate the toxicity levels of MetP and its intermediates. The findings of this study bring meaningful contributions to the fore and point to the highly promising potential of the proposed approach, in terms of sustainability and cost-effectiveness, when applied for decentralized water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna L Barazorda-Ccahuana
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Catholic University of Santa María, Urb. San José s/n - Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Ana S Fajardo
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua Da Misericórdia, Lagar Dos Cortiços - S. Martinho Do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexsandro J Dos Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
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Zeng S, Li K, Xu X, Zhang J, Xue Y. Efficiently catalytic degradation of tetracycline via persulfate activation with plant-based biochars: Insight into endogenous mineral self-template effect and pyrolysis catalysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139309. [PMID: 37391085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous mineral of plant such as potassium, calcium and iron may play a crucial role in boosting the physicochemical structure and catalytic activity of high temperature pyrolyzed plant-based biochar while it is often neglected owing to its relative less content. Herein, self-template pyrolyzed plant-based biochars were prepared from two different ash-contained agricultural wastes of peanut hull (PH, 3.2% ash) and cotton straw (CS, 0.8% ash), and aimed at investigating the relationship among the endogenous mineral fractions of plant-based biomass, physicochemical active structure and persulfate (PS) catalytic degradation activity for tetracycline (TC). The results of energy/spectral characterization showed that under the self-template effect and pyrolysis catalysis of endogenous minerals, PH biochar (PBC) possessed much more specific surface area, conjugated graphite domain, C=O and pyrrolic-N surface active functional sites than CS biochar (CBC), enhancing TC removal rate of PBC/PS to 88.37%, twice that of CBC/PS (44.16%). Meanwhile, reactive oxygen quenching and electrochemical experiments showed that electrons transfer and non-free radical pathways based on singlet oxygen contributed 92% of TC removal in PBC/PS system. Remarkably, by comparing the differences in structure and TC removal performance of pre-deashing and non-deashing prepared plant-based biochars, a possible mechanism for endogenous mineral components' self-template effect and pyrolysis catalysis role of plant-based biomass was proposed. This study provides a new insight for revealing the intrinsic mechanism of mineral elements enhancing the active surface structures and catalytic properties of plant-based biochars derived from distinct feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Zeng
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Kunquan Li
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China.
| | - Xia Xu
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
| | - Yan Xue
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210031, China
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Gao J, Sun Y, Xiong R, Ma Y, Wang L, Qiao S, Zhang J, Ji W, Li Y. Strategy for oxygen vacancy enriched CoMn spinel oxide catalyst activated peroxodisulfate for tetracycline degradation: process, mechanism, and toxicity analysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11472-11479. [PMID: 37063739 PMCID: PMC10091099 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00852e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-like organic pollutants are harmful to aquatic ecosystems and seriously disrupt the ecological balance. Herein, we propose a simple and versatile method to prepare cobalt-manganese oxides with high specific surface area and abundant oxygen vacancies using low-temperature reduction crystallization, which greatly facilitates the adsorption and electron transfer between the catalyst, PDS, and TC, thus accelerating the degradation of tetracycline (TC). Among them, the degradation efficiency of TC in the CoMn2O4(C)/PDS system was 99.8% in 60 min and the degradation rate remained above 90% after four cycles. The possible degradation mechanism is also discussed, where Co is the main metal active center of the catalyst and Mn plays an auxiliary catalytic role to promote the generation of reactive radicals in PDS through redox interactions between Co and Mn, where SO4 -˙ is the main active species for TC degradation. Finally, the possible degradation pathways of TC are proposed and the toxicity of the intermediates is evaluated. Findings from this work will shed light on the rational design of bimetallic oxide catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Ruijia Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Yulong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Song Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan 750021 P. R. China
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