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Liang L, Cao J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li J, Yang B, Lv W, Yang Q, Xing M. Selective adsorption of high ionization potential value organic pollutants in wastewater. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403766121. [PMID: 38995964 PMCID: PMC11260121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403766121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
It is imperative to devise effective removal strategies for high ionization potential (IP) organic pollutants in wastewater as their reduced electron-donating capacity challenges the efficiency of advanced oxidation systems in degradation. Against this backdrop, leveraging the metal-based carbon material structure meticulously, we employed metal-pyridine-N (M-N-C, M=Fe, Co, and Ni) as the electron transfer bridge. This distinctive design facilitated the ordered transfer of electrons from the adsorbent surface to the surface of high IP value pollutants, acting as a "supplement" to compensate for their deficient electron-donating capability, thereby culminating in the selective adsorption of these pollutants. Furthermore, this adsorbent also demonstrated effective removal of trace emerging contaminants (2 mg/L), displayed robust resistance to various salts, exhibited reusability, and maintained stability. These findings carry substantial implications for future carbon-based material design, offering a pathway toward exceptional adsorption performance in treating water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Jiazhen Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Weiyang Lv
- National Engineering Lab of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou310018, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
| | - Mingyang Xing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, China
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Bayode AA, Osti A, Glisenti A. Sonophotocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole using lanthanum ferrite perovskite oxide anchored on an ultrasonically exfoliated porous graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet. RSC Adv 2024; 14:22063-22075. [PMID: 39005251 PMCID: PMC11240137 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The lanthanum ferrite perovskite (La0.8FO) was synthesized using a citric combustion route and then modified with a porous graphitic nitride nanosheet via the wet impregnation-assisted ultrasonic method to produce La0.8FO@PgNS. Various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and Tauc plot analysis were employed to confirm the functional moieties, crystallinity, phase change, morphology, composition, and bandgap of La.0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS. La0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS were used for the sonophotocatalytic oxidative degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) under low energy and ultrasound wave frequency in the presence of visible light. La0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS exhibited a sonophotocatalytic degradation capacity of 52.06 and 99.60%, respectively. Furthermore, the rate constant at the optimum condition of pH 7 and 5 mg L-1 concentration was 0.01343 and 0.01494 min-1 for La0.8FO and La0.8FO@PgNS, respectively. The integration of sonolysis and photocatalysis in the remediation process of SMX resulted in a synergy of 2.5-fold. Ultrasonic waves and hydroxyl and superoxide radicals are the main species governing the degradation process while La0.8FO@PgNS was stable over 8 cycles, proving to be a sustainable material for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajibola A Bayode
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University P.M.B. 230 Ede 232101 Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via F. Marzolo, 1 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Andrea Osti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via F. Marzolo, 1 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Antonella Glisenti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova Via F. Marzolo, 1 35131 Padua Italy
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Gahrouei AE, Vakili S, Zandifar A, Pourebrahimi S. From wastewater to clean water: Recent advances on the removal of metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole antibiotics from water through adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119029. [PMID: 38685299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics released into water sources pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. This comprehensive review meticulously examines the ecotoxicological impacts of three prevalent antibiotics-ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and sulfamethoxazole-on the ecosystems. Within this framework, our primary focus revolves around the key remediation technologies: adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this context, an array of adsorbents is explored, spanning diverse classes such as biomass-derived biosorbents, graphene-based adsorbents, MXene-based adsorbents, silica gels, carbon nanotubes, carbon-based adsorbents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbon nanofibers, biochar, metal oxides, and nanocomposites. On the flip side, the review meticulously examines the main AOPs widely employed in water treatment. This includes a thorough analysis of ozonation (O3), the photo-Fenton process, UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), TiO2 photocatalysis, ozone/UV (O3/UV), radiation-induced AOPs, and sonolysis. Furthermore, the review provides in-depth insights into equilibrium isotherm and kinetic models as well as prospects and challenges inherent in these cutting-edge processes. By doing so, this review aims to empower readers with a profound understanding, enabling them to determine research gaps and pioneer innovative treatment methodologies for water contaminated with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Erfani Gahrouei
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajjad Vakili
- Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology (AUT), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Zandifar
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sina Pourebrahimi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Lawal MA, Abidin AZ, Wadi IA, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Da Oh W. A review on carbon-based biowaste and organic polymer materials for sustainable treatment of sulfonamides from pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:145. [PMID: 38568460 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Frequent detection of sulfonamides (SAs) pharmaceuticals in wastewater has necessitated the discovery of suitable technology for their sustainable remediation. Adsorption has been widely investigated due to its effectiveness, simplicity, and availability of various adsorbent materials from natural and artificial sources. This review highlighted the potentials of carbon-based adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes such as lignocellulose, biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes graphene materials as well as organic polymers such as chitosan, molecularly imprinted polymers, metal, and covalent frameworks for SAs removal from wastewater. The promising features of these materials including higher porosity, rich carbon-content, robustness, good stability as well as ease of modification have been emphasized. Thus, the materials have demonstrated excellent performance towards the SAs removal, attributed to their porous nature that provided sufficient active sites for the adsorption of SAs molecules. The modification of physico-chemical features of the materials have been discussed as efficient means for enhancing their adsorption and reusable performance. The article also proposed various interactive mechanisms for the SAs adsorption. Lastly, the prospects and challenges have been highlighted to expand the knowledge gap on the application of the materials for the sustainable removal of the SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina CityKatsina, 2137, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Asmaa' Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defense Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismael A Wadi
- Basic Science Unit, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 16278, Alkharj, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Wang Y, Yu S, Yuan H, Zhang L. Constructing N,S co-doped network biochar confined CoFe 2O 4 magnetic nanoparticles adsorbent: Insights into the synergistic and competitive adsorption of Pb 2+ and ciprofloxacin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123178. [PMID: 38103717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
To solve the problem of biochar lack of adsorption sites for heavy metal ions and the difficulty of recycling, CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles confined in nitrogen, sulfur co-doped 3D network biochar matrix (C-CoFe2O4/N,S-BC) was designed and fabricated successfully. The obtained C-CoFe2O4/N,S-BC displays remarkable adsorption performance for both Pb2+ and ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal at the single or binary system due to the role of N,S as metal ion anchoring compared to the N,S-free sample (CoFe2O4/BC). N,S co-doped BC not only participates in adsorption reaction but also effectively inhibites the agglomeration of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and increases the active sites as a carrier at the same time. In the single system, CoFe2O4/N,S-BC demonstrates a fast adsorption rate (equilibrium time: 30 min) and high adsorption capacity (224.77 mg g-1 for Pb2+, 400.11 mg g-1 for CIP) towards Pb2+ and CIP. The adsorption process is befitted pseudo-second-order model, and the equilibrium data are in great pertinence with Langmuir model. In the binary system, the maximum adsorption capacity of CoFe2O4/N,S-BC for Pb2+ and CIP is 244.80 mg g-1 (CIP: 10.00 mg L-1) and 418.42 mg g-1 (Pb2+: 10.00 mg L-1), respectively. The adsorption mechanism is discussed based on the experimental results. Moreover, C-CoFe2O4/N,S-BC shows good practical water treatment capacity, anti-interference ability and stable reusability (the removal efficiency>80% after eight cycles). The rapid, multifunctional, reusable, and easily separable adsorption properties make C-CoFe2O4/N,S-BC promising for efficient environmental remediation. This study also offers a viable method for the construction of adsorption material for complex wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Shuang Yu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Hongwei Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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Du C, Hu T, Tang C, Liu Y, Deng J, Wang S, Yan S, Hu X. Rapid removal of Rhodamine B by phosphoric acid-modified activated carbon derived from rape straw. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38312076 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2309483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of activated carbon was obtained from rape straw by chemical modification with phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The activated carbon was characterized and the adsorption capacity for Rhodamine B (RhB) from water was analysed. The SEM images showed that PRC-40 is a porous material and the BET analysis revealed a high surface area of 1720 m2/g with the coexistence of micropores and mesopores. The FTIR spectra determined the presence of oxygenated functional groups at its surface. The XPS spectra revealed that the content of carboxyl and metaphosphate groups in the modified activated carbon significantly increased, and this is conducive to the adsorption reaction. The XRD pattern showed the amorphous nature of carbon. The effect of significant parameters, such as the concentration of H3PO4 for modification and pH value, has been discussed. The kinetic data showed that the pseudo-second-order model is predominant. Besides, the Langmuir model was compatible well with the equilibrium data, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon modified by H3PO4 was 2882.84 mg/g. Therefore, agricultural waste and rape straw can be used to prepare effective adsorbents for the application with the removal of dye from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhen Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangchao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Low-cost Rural Environmental Treatment Technology at Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Education Department of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, People's Republic of China
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Zhao Y, Song Y, Li R, Lu F, Yang Y, Huang Q, Deng D, Wu M, Li Y. Enhanced Reactive Brilliant Blue Removal Using Chitosan-Biochar Hydrogel Beads. Molecules 2023; 28:6137. [PMID: 37630389 PMCID: PMC10458918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the challenges associated with the weak affinity and difficult separation of biochar, we developed chitosan-biochar hydrogel beads (CBHBs) as an efficient solution for removing reactive brilliant blue (RBB KN-R) from wastewater. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of RBB KN-R onto CBHBs were extensively studied. Notably, the adsorption capacity of RBB KN-R showed pH-dependence, and the highest adsorption capacity was observed at pH 2. The adsorption process was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the intraparticle diffusion model. Film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion were both responsible for the adsorption of RBB KN-R onto CBHBs. At 298.15 K, the maximum adsorption capacity qm was determined to be 140.74 mg/g, with higher temperatures favoring the adsorption process. A complex mechanism involving π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding was found to contribute to the overall adsorption process. The experimental data discovered the coexisting substances and elevated ionic strength hindered the adsorption capacity. Significantly, after three cycles of adsorption-desorption, the CBHBs maintained an adsorption capacity above 95% for RBB KN-R. These promising results imply that CBHBs are a durable and cost-effective adsorbent for efficient removal of dyes from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Yang Song
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Rui Li
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, No. 669 Xueyuan Road, Donggang District, Rizhao 276826, China;
| | - Fengfan Lu
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Yibin Yang
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Qiongjian Huang
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Dongli Deng
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Mingzhu Wu
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Ying Li
- Chemical Pollution Control Chongqing Applied Technology Extension Center of Higher Vocational Colleges, Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, Chongqing 401120, China; (Y.S.); (F.L.); (Y.Y.); (Q.H.); (D.D.); (M.W.)
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