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Andrade ADC, Fernandes GM, Martins DA, Cavalcante RM, Chaves MRB, de Souza AA, da S Filho JP, Nascimento RF, de Lima SG. Concentrations, sources and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Parnaiba Delta basin, Northeast Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140889. [PMID: 38081521 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Parnaíba River is the main river in the Parnaíba Delta basin, the largest delta in the Americas. About 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified and the environmental risk associated with the sediments was evaluated. The study found that PAHs levels ranged from 5.92 to 1521.17 ng g-1, which was classified as low to high pollution, and that there were multiple sources of pollution along the river, with pyrolytic sources predominating, mainly from urban activity such as trucking, although the influence of rural activity cannot be ruled out. PAHs correlated with black carbon and organic matter and showed high correlation with acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(ghi)perylene, and ∑PAHs. The benzo(a)pyrene levels were classified as a risk to aquatic life because the threshold effect level and the probable effect level were exceeded. In addition, the sediments were classified as slightly contaminated with a benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent value of 108.43 ng g-1. Thus, the priority level PAH exhibited carcinogenic and mutagenic activity that posed a potential risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analine D C Andrade
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Orgânica (LAGO), Universidade Federal Do Piauí (UFPI), Ininga, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle M Fernandes
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Contaminantes Orgânicos (LACOr), Instituto de Ciências Do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal Do Ceará (UFC), Avenida Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Davi A Martins
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Contaminantes Orgânicos (LACOr), Instituto de Ciências Do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal Do Ceará (UFC), Avenida Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Avaliação de Contaminantes Orgânicos (LACOr), Instituto de Ciências Do Mar (LABOMAR), Universidade Federal Do Ceará (UFC), Avenida Abolição, 3207, Meireles, 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michel R B Chaves
- Universidade Federal Do Maranhão (UFMA), Av. João Alberto, 700, 65700-000, Bacabal, MA, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal Do Piauí (UFPI), Ininga, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Jeremias P da S Filho
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Natureza, Universidade Federal Do Piauí (UFPI), Ininga, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal Do Ceará (UFC), 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Sidney G de Lima
- Laboratório de Geoquímica Orgânica (LAGO), Universidade Federal Do Piauí (UFPI), Ininga, 64049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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