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Sutton SF, Rotteger CH, Jarman CK, Tarakeshwar P, Sayres SG. Ultrafast Proton Transfer and Contact Ion-Pair Formation in Formic Acid Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8306-8311. [PMID: 37681673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast proton transfer dynamics of homogeneous formic acid clusters (FA)n, n < 10, are investigated with femtosecond time-resolved mass spectrometry. We monitor the proton transfer pathway following Rydberg state electronic relaxation and find that successful ion pair formation increases logarithmically with cluster size. Ab initio calculations demonstrate similar excitation/relaxation behavior for each cluster, revealing a contact ion pair forms between two molecules composing the cluster before finally a formate anion (HCOO-) is dissociated by the probe pulse. The sub-ps time scale for rearrangement and proton transfer increases almost linearly with cluster size, requiring ∼67 fs per additional formic acid molecule and ranging from 213 ± 51 fs for the trimer to 667 ± 116 fs for FA9. The near-linear trends measured for both rearrangement lifetime and ion pair formation suggest that proton transfer is unlikely in the formic acid dimer but becomes prominent in small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Sutton
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Chase H Rotteger
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Carter K Jarman
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Scott G Sayres
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Sutton SF, Rotteger CH, Miller DM, Quiroz LM, Tarakeshwar P, Sayres SG. Limited Formation of CO 3+ through Strong-Field Ionization and Coulomb Explosion of Formic Acid Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7954-7961. [PMID: 36260766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser pulses are utilized to drive multiple ionization in gas-phase formic acid clusters (FA)n. Experimental measurements of the kinetic energy release (KER) of the ions through Coulomb explosion are studied using time-of-flight mass spectrometry and compared to the values recorded from molecules. Upon interacting with 200 fs linearly polarized laser pulses of 400 nm, formic acid clusters facilitate the formation of higher charge states than the formic acid dimer, reaching both C3+ and O3+ and also increasing the KER values to several hundred electronvolts in magnitude for such ions. At a lower laser intensity (3.8 × 1014 W/cm2), we record an enhancement in the signal of the (FA)5(H2O)H+ cluster, which suggests that it has a higher stability, in agreement with previous studies. A molecular dynamics simulation of the Coulomb explosion shows that the highly charged atomic ions arise from larger clusters, whereas the production of CO3+ is more likely to arise from the molecular case. Thus, the relative production of CO3+ is reduced in comparison to the highly charged ions upon clustering and is likely due to the higher ionization levels achieved, which facilitate dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Sutton
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Chase H Rotteger
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Dane M Miller
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | - Lenin M Quiroz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
| | | | - Scott G Sayres
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States.,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85287, United States
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Stroud JR, Plusquellic DF. Dual chirped-pulse electro-optical frequency comb method for simultaneous molecular spectroscopy and dynamics studies: formic acid in the terahertz region. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3716-3719. [PMID: 35913297 DOI: 10.1364/ol.465823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An electro-optic dual-comb system based on chirped-pulse waveforms is used to simultaneously acquire temporally magnified rapid passage signals and normal spectral line shapes from the back-transformation to the time domain. Multi-heterodyne terahertz (THz) wave generation and detection is performed with the difference frequency mixing of two free-running lasers. The method is used to obtain THz spectra of formic acid in the 10 cm-1 to 20 cm-1 (300 GHz-600 GHz) region over a range of pressures. The method is widely applicable across other spectral regions for investigations of the transient dynamics and spectroscopy of molecular systems.
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Salas FJ, Núñez-Rojas E, Alejandre J. Stability of formic acid/pyridine and isonicotinamide/formamide cocrystals by molecular dynamics simulations. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-2024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zapata-Escobar A, Manrique-Moreno M, Guerra D, Hadad CZ, Restrepo A. A combined experimental and computational study of the molecular interactions between anionic ibuprofen and water. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:184312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4874258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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McCarthy SP, Roy AK, Kazachenko S, Thakkar AJ. A dispersion-corrected density functional theory study of hexamers of formic acid. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory with dispersion-correcting effective potentials is used to examine the low-lying isomers of the formic acid hexamer. The lowest-energy structure is a chairlike ring of six Z monomers. π-Stacked structures consisting of a dimer and tetramer lie higher in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane P. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Amlan K. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sergey Kazachenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ajit J. Thakkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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Thakkar AJ. Small clusters of formic acid: Tests and applications of density functional theory with dispersion-correcting potentials. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mejía SM, Flórez E, Mondragón F. An orbital and electron density analysis of weak interactions in ethanol-water, methanol-water, ethanol and methanol small clusters. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3701563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Substituent effects on the intramolecular hydrogen bond in 1-hydroxyanthraquinone: AIM and NBO analyses. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-9949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Nordstrom CM, McGrath AJ, Thakkar AJ. Microsolvation of the formic acid dimer — (HCOOH)2(H2O)n clusters with n = 1, . . ., 5. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v10-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and spin-component-scaled Møller–Plesset perturbation theory calculations are used to examine the microsolvation of the formic acid dimer. The lowest energy structures with n water molecules consist of a n-water cluster, not necessarily of lowest energy, with two formic acid molecules attached to its surface by hydrogen bonds. The total number of hydrogen bonds does not correlate directly with relative stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M. Nordstrom
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Alaina J. McGrath
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Ajit J. Thakkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada
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Mejía SM, Espinal JF, Mondragón F. Cooperative effects on the structure and stability of (ethanol)3–water, (methanol)3–water heterotetramers and (ethanol)4, (methanol)4 tetramers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Relationship between calculated NMR data and intermolecular hydrogen bond properties in X-pyridine⋯HF. Chem Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ghiasi R, Monajjemi M. Theoretical study of the dihydrogen bonded HMH…HB≡NH and HMH…HN≡BH complexes (M[dbnd]Be, Mg and Ca): properties and structures. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10241220802230666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Uhm S, Kwon Y, Chung ST, Lee J. Highly effective anode structure in a direct formic acid fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ebrahimi A, Habibi M, Masoodi HR. Theoretical study of the influence of para- and meta-substituents on X-pyridine⋯HF hydrogen bonding. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Heinbuch S, Dong F, Rocca JJ, Bernstein ER. Single photon ionization of hydrogen bonded clusters with a soft x-ray laser: (HCOOH)x and (HCOOH)y(H2O)z. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:244301. [PMID: 17614543 DOI: 10.1063/1.2746036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pure, neutral formic acid (HCOOH)n+1 clusters and mixed (HCOOH)(H2O) clusters are investigated employing time of flight mass spectroscopy and single photon ionization at 26.5 eV using a very compact, capillary discharge, soft x-ray laser. During the ionization process, neutral clusters suffer little fragmentation because almost all excess energy above the vertical ionization energy is taken away by the photoelectron, leaving only a small part of the photon energy deposited into the (HCOOH)n+1+ cluster. The vertical ionization energy minus the adiabatic ionization energy is enough excess energy in the clusters to surmount the proton transfer energy barrier and induce the reaction (HCOOH)n+1+-->(HCOOH)nH+ +HCOO making the protonated (HCOOH)nH+ series dominant in all data obtained. The distribution of pure (HCOOH)nH+ clusters is dependent on experimental conditions. Under certain conditions, a magic number is found at n=5. Metastable dissociation rate constants of (HCOOH)nH+ are measured in the range (0.1-0.8)x10(4) s(-1) for cluster sizes 4<n<9. The rate constants display an odd/even alternating behavior between monomer and dimer loss that can be attributed to the structure of the cluster. When small amounts of water are added to the formic acid, the predominant signals in the mass spectrum are still (HCOOH)nH+ cluster ions. Also observed are the protonated mixed cluster series (HCOOH)n(H2O)mH+ for n=1-8 and m=0-4. A magic number in the cluster series n=5, m=1 is observed. The mechanisms and dynamics of formation of these neutral and ionic clusters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heinbuch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, For Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Vander Auwera J, Didriche K, Perrin A, Keller F. Absolute line intensities for formic acid and dissociation constant of the dimer. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:124311. [PMID: 17411127 DOI: 10.1063/1.2712439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Absolute line intensities in the nu(6) and nu(8) interacting bands of trans-HCOOH, observed near 1105.4 and 1033.5 cm(-1), respectively, and the dissociation constant of the formic acid dimer (HCOOH)(2) have been measured using Fourier transform spectroscopy at a resolution of 0.002 cm(-1). Eleven spectra of formic acid, at 296.0(5) K and pressures ranging from 14.28(25) to 314.0(24) Pa, have been recorded between 600 and 1900 cm(-1) with an absorption path length of 19.7(2) cm. 437 integrated absorption coefficients have been measured for 72 lines in the nu(6) band. Analysis of the pressure dependence yielded the dissociation constant of the formic acid dimer, K(p)=361(45) Pa, and the absolute intensity of the 72 lines of HCOOH. The accuracy of these results was carefully estimated. The absolute intensities of four lines of the weak nu(8) band were also measured. Using an appropriate theory, the integrated intensity of the nu(6) and nu(8) bands was determined to be 3.47 x 10(-17) and 4.68 x 10(-19) cm(-1)(molecule cm(-2)) respectively, at 296 K. Both the dissociation constant and integrated intensities were compared to earlier measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vander Auwera
- Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Tabayashi K, Yamamoto K, Takahashi O, Tamenori Y, Harries JR, Gejo T, Iseda M, Tamura T, Honma K, Suzuki IH, Nagaoka SI, Ibuki T. Inner-shell excitation spectroscopy and fragmentation of small hydrogen-bonded clusters of formic acid after core excitations at the oxygen K edge. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:194307. [PMID: 17129103 DOI: 10.1063/1.2387949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner-shell excitation spectra and fragmentation of small clusters of formic acid have been studied in the oxygen K-edge region by time-of-flight fragment mass spectroscopy. In addition to several fragment cations smaller than the parent molecule, we have identified the production of HCOOH.H+ and H3O+ cations characteristic of proton transfer reactions within the clusters. Cluster-specific excitation spectra have been generated by monitoring the partial ion yields of the product cations. Resonance transitions of O1s(C[double bond]O/OH) electrons into pi(CO)* orbital in the preedge region were found to shift in energy upon clusterization. A blueshift of the O1s(C[double bond]O)-->pi(CO)* transition by approximately 0.2 eV and a redshift of the O1s(OH)-->pi(CO)* by approximately 0.6 eV were observed, indicative of strong hydrogen-bond formation within the clusters. The results have been compared with a recent theoretical calculation, which supports the conclusion that the formic-acid clusters consist of the most stable cyclic dimer andor trimer units. Specifically labeled formic acid-d, HCOOD, was also used to examine the core-excited fragmentation mechanisms. These deuterium-labeled experiments showed that HDO+ was formed via site-specific migration of a formyl hydrogen within an individual molecule, and that HD2O+ was produced via the subsequent transfer of a deuterium atom from the hydroxyl group of a nearest-neighbor molecule within a cationic cluster. Deuteron (proton) transfer from the hydroxyl site of a hydrogen-bond partner was also found to take place, producing deuteronated HCOOD.D+ (protonated HCOOH.H+) cations within the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Tabayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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Karpfen A, Thakkar AJ. Does the most stable formic acid tetramer have π stacking or C–H⋯O interactions? J Chem Phys 2006; 124:224313. [PMID: 16784280 DOI: 10.1063/1.2209687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT), Moller-Plesset (MP) perturbation theory, and coupled-cluster calculations are used to examine low-energy minima on the potential energy surface of the formic acid tetramer (HCOOH)(4). The potential energy surface is rather flat with respect to rotation of one of the dimers, relative to the other dimer in an aligned stack, about the axis passing through the inversion centers of the dimers. Our best calculations suggest that an aligned pi-pi stack of two dimers is very likely to be the global minimum but there are two other pi-pi stacks within 0.5 kcal /mol. Moreover, a fourth pi-pi stack, a planar association of two dimers held together by C-H...O interactions, and a bowl structure all lie within 1 kcal /mol of the lowest-energy structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Karpfen
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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