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Jiménez JM, Perdolt D, Berger T. Reactivity of Hydrogen-Related Electron Centers in Powders, Layers, and Electrodes Consisting of Anatase TiO 2 Nanocrystal Aggregates. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:13809-13818. [PMID: 34239660 PMCID: PMC8256420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates were used as model systems for studying at different water activities the reactivity of electron centers at semiconductor surfaces. The investigated surface conditions evolve from a solid/vacuum interface to a solid/bulk electrolyte interface. Hydrogen-related electron centers were generated either chemically-upon sample exposure to atomic hydrogen at the semiconductor/gas interface-or electrochemically-upon bias-induced charge accumulation at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Based on their corresponding spectroscopic and electrochemical fingerprints, we investigated the reactivity of hydrogen-related electron centers as a function of the interfacial condition and at different levels of complexity, that is, (i) for dehydrated and (partially) dehydroxylated oxide surfaces, (ii) for oxide surfaces covered by a thin film of interfacial water, and (iii) for oxide surfaces in contact with a 0.1 M HClO4 aqueous solution. Visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy evidence a chemical equilibrium between hydrogen atoms in the gas phase and-following their dissociation-electron/proton centers in the oxide. The excess electrons are either localized forming (Vis-active) Ti3+ centers or delocalized as (IR-active) free conduction band electrons. The addition of molecular oxygen to chemically reduced anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates leads to a quantitative quenching of Ti3+ centers, while a fraction of ∼10% of hydrogen-derived conduction band electrons remains in the oxide pointing to a persistent hydrogen doping of the semiconductor. Neither trapped electrons (i.e., Ti3+ centers) nor conduction band electrons react with water or its adsorption products at the oxide surface. However, the presence of an interfacial water layer does not impede the electron transfer to molecular oxygen. At the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, inactivity of trapped electrons with regard to water reduction and electron transfer to oxygen were evidenced by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Jiménez
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Perdolt
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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2
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Neige E, Diwald O. Paramagnetic electron centers in BaTiO 3 nanoparticle powders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12881-12888. [PMID: 34075975 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the emergence and depletion of point defects in BaTiO3 (BTO) nano-structures during materials processing is key to our understanding of their later activity as components in functional dielectric devices or as photocatalysts. In this electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study we investigated BaTiO3 nanoparticle powders produced by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) with powders of TiO2 anatase nanocrystals of comparable size as reference system. Paramagnetic Ti3+ ions located at regular lattice sites and with well-defined EPR signatures were measured in vacuum annealed BaTiO3 nanoparticles, which convert upon further annealing in the temperature range between 873 K and 1173 K from monocrystalline grains with an average size of d = 12 nm, BTO (873 K), to polycrystalline particles with d = 70 nm, BTO (1173 K). Whereas the starting material hosts predominantly polaron-type Ti3+ ions being surrounded by compressed O2- ion octahedra, barium-oxygen divacancy complexes, , become susceptible to electron trapping in polycrystalline and tetragonal BTO (1173 K) particles after pre-annealing at temperatures T > 873 K. The insights obtained provide a base for the detection of local distortion effects, for the identification of charge trapping sites and for the elucidation of their impact on spontaneous polarization in BaTiO3 nanoparticles as photocatalysts or dielectric components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Neige
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Chiesa M, Giamello E. On the Role and Applications of Electron Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Surface Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Some relevant aspects of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) applied to the fields of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis are illustrated in this perspective paper that aims to show the potential of these techniques in describing critical features of surface structures and reactivity. Selected examples are employed covering distinct aspects of catalytic science from morphological analysis of surfaces to detailed descriptions of chemical bonding and catalytic sites topology. In conclusions the pros and cons related to the acquisition of EPR instrumentations in an advanced laboratory of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis are briefly considered.
Graphic Abstract
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4
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Photoactivity under visible light of defective ZnO investigated by EPR spectroscopy and photoluminescence. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chiesa M, Giamello E, Livraghi S, Paganini MC, Polliotto V, Salvadori E. Electron magnetic resonance in heterogeneous photocatalysis research. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:444001. [PMID: 31311893 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab32c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of electron magnetic resonance techniques, and in particular of CW-EPR, to the experimental research on photocatalytic phenomena is illustrated in this paper with selected examples. In the first part of the paper the role of EPR in unravelling the nature and the features of extrinsic point defects in semiconducting oxides is epitomized using the important example of the photoactive nitrogen center in various semiconducting oxides. In the second part we describe how EPR can monitor the processes that follow the initial photoinduced charge separation in photocatalysis, namely the stabilisation, migration and surface reactivity of electrons and holes. Finally, we will discuss how the role of EPR in photocatalysis is not limited to monitor phenomena occurring in the solid or at its surface but it can be extended to the investigation of the liquid phase by employing the spin trapping techniques to monitor the nature and the concentration of the reactive free radicals formed along the photocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125., Torino, Italy
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Electron magnetic resonance as a tool to monitor charge separation and reactivity in photocatalytic materials. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Barzan C, Mino L, Morra E, Groppo E, Chiesa M, Spoto G. Photoinduced Ethylene Polymerization on Titania Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Morra
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spoto
- Department of Chemistry; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
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Márquez A, Berger T, Feinle A, Hüsing N, Himly M, Duschl A, Diwald O. Bovine Serum Albumin Adsorption on TiO 2 Colloids: The Effect of Particle Agglomeration and Surface Composition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2551-2558. [PMID: 28195734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein adsorption at nanostructured oxides strongly depends on the synthesis conditions and sample history of the material investigated. We measured the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to commercial Aeroxide TiO2 P25 nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions. Significant changes in the adsorption capacity were induced by mild sample washing procedures and attributed to the structural modification of adsorbed water and surface hydroxyls. Motivated by the lack of information about the sample history of commercial TiO2 nanoparticle samples, we used vapor-phase-grown TiO2 nanoparticles, a well-established model system for adsorption and photocatalysis studies, and performed on this material for the first time a systematic and quantitative BSA adsorption study. After alternating vacuum and oxygen treatment of the nanoparticle powders at elevated temperatures for surface purification, we determined size distributions covering both the size of the individualized nanoparticles and nanoparticle agglomerates using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in an aqueous dispersion. Quantitative BSA adsorption measurements at different pH values and thus variable combinations of surface-charged proteins and TiO2 nanoparticles revealed a consistent picture: BSA adsorbs only at the outer agglomerate surfaces without penetrating the interior of the agglomerates. This process levels at coverages of single monolayers, which resist consecutive simple washing procedures. A detailed analysis of the protein-specific IR amide bands reveals that the adsorption-induced protein conformational change is associated with a decrease in the helical content. This study underlines that robust qualitative and quantitative statements about protein adsorption and corona formation require well-documented and controllable surface properties of the nanomaterials involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Márquez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Feinle
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstrasse 34/III, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstrasse 34/III, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Idígoras J, Anta JA, Berger T. Charge Transfer Reductive in situ Doping of Mesoporous TiO 2 Photoelectrodes - Impact of Electrolyte Composition and Film Morphology. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:27882-27894. [PMID: 32903294 PMCID: PMC7116043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Some material properties depend not only on synthesis and processing parameters, but may furthermore significantly change during operation. This is particularly true for high surface area materials. We used a combined electrochemical and spectroscopic approach to follow the changes of the photoelectrocatalytic activity and of the electronic semiconductor properties of mesoporous TiO2 films upon charge transfer reductive doping. Shallow donors (i.e. electron/proton pairs) were introduced into the semiconductor by the application of an external potential or, alternatively, by band gap excitation at open circuit conditions. In the latter case the effective open circuit doping potential depends critically on electrolyte composition (e.g. the presence of electron or hole acceptors). Transient charge accumulation (electrons and protons) in nanoparticle electrodes results in a photocurrent enhancement which is attributed to the deactivation of recombination centers. In nanotube electrodes the formation of a space charge layer results in an additional decrease of charge recombination at positive potentials. Doping is transient in nanoparticle films, but turns out to be stable for nanotube arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Idígoras
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan A. Anta
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Thomas Berger
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34/III, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Corresponding author:, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34/III, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria, Phone: +43-662-8044-5931
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Yang Y, Liu G, Irvine JTS, Cheng HM. Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Production in Core-Shell Engineered Rutile TiO2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5850-6. [PMID: 27159036 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rationally designed crystalline Ti(3+) core/amorphous Ti(4+) shell configuration can reverse the population disparity between holes and electrons reaching the surface of microsized rutile TiO2 photocatalyst, thus significantly enhancing its photocatalytic activity by two orders of magnitude in terms of the hydrogen production rate under the irradiation of UV-vis light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, HeFei, 230026, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - John T S Irvine
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Panarelli EG, Livraghi S, Maurelli S, Polliotto V, Chiesa M, Giamello E. Role of surface water molecules in stabilizing trapped hole centres in titanium dioxide (anatase) as monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Chen HYT, Livraghi S, Giamello E, Pacchioni G. Mechanism of the Cyclo-Oligomerisation of C2H2on Anatase TiO2(101) and (001) Surfaces and Their Reduction: An Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Density Functional Theory Study. Chempluschem 2015; 81:64-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Tiffany Chen
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali; Università di Milano-Bicocca; via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Livraghi
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS; Università di Torino; Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS; Università di Torino; Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pacchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali; Università di Milano-Bicocca; via Cozzi 55 20125 Milano Italy
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Kevorkyants R, Sboev M, Chizhov Y. DFT study of molecular hydrogen interaction with photoexcited TiO2 surface: Nanocluster model. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Cheng H, Feng X, Wang D, Xu M, Pandiselvi K, Wang J, Zou Z, Li T. Synthesis of highly stable and methanol-tolerant electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction: Co supporting on N-doped-C hybridized TiO2. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Starokon EV, Parfenov MV, Pirutko LV, Soshnikov IE, Panov GI. Epoxidation of ethylene by anion radicals of α-oxygen on the surface of FeZSM-5 zeolite. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gao H, Qiao B, Wang TJ, Wang D, Jin Y. Cerium Oxide Coating of Titanium Dioxide Pigment to Decrease Its Photocatalytic Activity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402539n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bing Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ting-Jie Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dezheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Andreev AS, Kuznetsov VN, Chizhov YV. DFT model cluster studies of O2 adsorption on hydrogenated titania sub-nanoparticles. J Mol Model 2013; 19:5063-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-2000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chiesa M, Paganini MC, Livraghi S, Giamello E. Charge trapping in TiO2 polymorphs as seen by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9435-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50658d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bauer A, Chevallier L, Hui R, Cavaliere S, Zhang J, Jones D, Rozière J. Synthesis and characterization of Nb-TiO2 mesoporous microsphere and nanofiber supported Pt catalysts for high temperature PEM fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chiesa M, Giamello E, Che M. EPR Characterization and Reactivity of Surface-Localized Inorganic Radicals and Radical Ions. Chem Rev 2009; 110:1320-47. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800366v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elio Giamello
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Che
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy, and Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, UMR 7197-CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris 6 and Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
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Riss A, Elser MJ, Bernardi J, Diwald O. Stability and Photoelectronic Properties of Layered Titanate Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6198-206. [DOI: 10.1021/ja810109g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riss
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Elser
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Bernardi
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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