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Excited-state behavior and photoinduced electron transfer of pH-sensitive Ir(III) complexes with cyclometallation (C/N–) ratios between 0/6 and 3/3. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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2
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Lee S, Han WS. Cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes towards blue-emissive dopant for organic light-emitting diodes: fundamentals of photophysics and designing strategies. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00001a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental photophysics of cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes and surveys design strategies for efficient blue phosphorescent Ir(iii) complexes are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul Women's University
- Seoul 01797
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Han
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul Women's University
- Seoul 01797
- Republic of Korea
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3
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Investigation on the photophysical properties of a series of promising phosphorescent iridium (III) complexes with modified cyclometalating ligands. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Mai S, Plasser F, Dorn J, Fumanal M, Daniel C, González L. Quantitative wave function analysis for excited states of transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Mills IN, Porras JA, Bernhard S. Judicious Design of Cationic, Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes for Photochemical Energy Conversion and Optoelectronics. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:352-364. [PMID: 29336548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The exponential growth in published studies on phosphorescent metal complexes has been triggered by their utilization in optoelectronics, solar energy conversion, and biological labeling applications. Very recent breakthroughs in organic photoredox transformations have further increased the research efforts dedicated to discerning the inner workings and structure-property relationships of these chromophores. Initially, the principal focus was on the Ru(II)-tris-diimine complex family. However, the limited photostability and lack of luminescence tunability discovered in these complexes prompted a broadening of the research to include 5d transition metal ions. The resulting increase in ligand field splitting prevents the population of antibonding eg* orbitals and widens the energy range available for color tuning. Particular attention was given to Ir(III), and its cyclometalated, cationic complexes have now replaced Ru(II) in the vast majority of applications. At the start, this Account documents the initial efforts dedicated to the color tuning of these complexes for their application in light emitting electrochemical cells, an easy to fabricate single-layer organic light emitting device (OLED). Systematic modifications of the ligand sphere of [Ir(ppy)2bpy]+ (ppy: 2-phenylpyridine, bpy: 2,2'-bipyridine) with electron withdrawing and donating substituents allowed access to complexes with luminescence emission maxima throughout the visible spectrum exhibiting room temperature excited state lifetimes ranging from nanoseconds to dozens of microseconds and quantum yields up to 15 times that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The diverse photophysical properties were also beneficial when using these Ir(III) complexes for driving solar fuel-producing reactions. For instance, photocatalytic water-reduction systems were explored to gain access to efficient water splitting systems. For this purpose, a variety of water reduction catalysts were paired with libraries of Ir(III) photosensitizers in high-throughput photoreactors. This parallelized approach allowed exploration of the interplay between the diverse photophysical properties of the Ir compounds and the electron-accepting catalysts. Further work enhanced and simplified the critical electron transfer processes between these two species through the use of bridging functional groups installed on the photosensitizer. Later, a novel approach summarized in this Account explores the possibility of using Zn metal as a solar fuel. Structure-activity relationships of the light-driven reduction of Zn2+ to Zn metal are described. DFT calculations along with cyclic voltammetry were utilized to gain clear insights into the complexes' electronic structures responsible for the effective photochemical properties observed in these dyes. While [Ir(ppy)2bpy]+ and its derivatives were found to be much more photostable than the Ru(II)-tris-diimine complex family, mass spectrometry indicated that the bpy ligand still photodissociated under extensive illumination. An interesting new approach involved the substitution of the bidentate 2,2'-bipyridine with a stronger chelating terpyridine ligand. This approach leaves room for one 2-phenylpyridine ligand and a third, anionic ligand, either Cl- or CN-. This Account reviews the effect of structural modifications on the photophysical properties of these [Ir(tpy)(ppy)X]+ complexes and corroborates the findings with the results obtained through DFT modeling. These complexes found application in photocatalytic CO2 reductions as well as a solvent tolerant light-absorber for the photogeneration of hydrogen. It was also documented that the robustness of these dyes in photoredox processes supersedes those of the commercially available [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 and [Ir(dF(CF3)ppy)2(dtbbpy)]PF6 complexes pioneered in the Bernhard laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac N. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Porras
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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6
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Paul L, Chakrabarti S, Ruud K. Anomalous Phosphorescence from an Organometallic White-Light Phosphor. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4893-4897. [PMID: 28945377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report theoretical results on the possible violation of Kasha's rule in the phosphorescence process of (acetylacetonato)bis(1-methyl-2-phenylimidazole)iridium(III) and show that the anomalous emission from both the T1 and T2 states is key to its white-light phosphorescence. This analysis is supported by the calculated Boltzmann-averaged phosphorescence lifetime of 2.21 μs, estimated including both radiative and nonradiative processes and in excellent agreement with the experimentally reported value of 1.96 ± 0.1 μs. The T2 state is found to be of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer character (dπ → nπ), and the d orbital contribution comes from 5dz2 and 5dx2-y2, whereas the S1 and T1 states both have dπ-pπ character with significant 5dxz orbital contribution, allowing for efficient intersystem crossing from the S1 to the T2 state and, in turn, phosphorescence from the T2 state. Our results open new opportunities for tailoring the phosphorescence wavelength and thus the design of molecules with improved photovoltaic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopa Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta , 92, A.P.C. Ray Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
| | - Swapan Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta , 92, A.P.C. Ray Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Abstract
Phosphorescence is a phenomenon of delayed luminescence that corresponds to the radiative decay of the molecular triplet state. As a general property of molecules, phosphorescence represents a cornerstone problem of chemical physics due to the spin prohibition of the underlying triplet-singlet emission and because its analysis embraces a deep knowledge of electronic molecular structure. Phosphorescence is the simplest physical process which provides an example of spin-forbidden transformation with a characteristic spin selectivity and magnetic field dependence, being the model also for more complicated chemical reactions and for spin catalysis applications. The bridging of the spin prohibition in phosphorescence is commonly analyzed by perturbation theory, which considers the intensity borrowing from spin-allowed electronic transitions. In this review, we highlight the basic theoretical principles and computational aspects for the estimation of various phosphorescence parameters, like intensity, radiative rate constant, lifetime, polarization, zero-field splitting, and spin sublevel population. Qualitative aspects of the phosphorescence phenomenon are discussed in terms of concepts like structure-activity relationships, donor-acceptor interactions, vibronic activity, and the role of spin-orbit coupling under charge-transfer perturbations. We illustrate the theory and principles of computational phosphorescence by highlighting studies of classical examples like molecular nitrogen and oxygen, benzene, naphthalene and their azaderivatives, porphyrins, as well as by reviewing current research on systems like electrophosphorescent transition metal complexes, nucleobases, and amino acids. We furthermore discuss modern studies of phosphorescence that cover topics of applied relevance, like the design of novel photofunctional materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaic cells, chemical sensors, and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Baryshnikov
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University , 18031 Cherkasy, Ukraine
| | - Boris Minaev
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University , 18031 Cherkasy, Ukraine
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Royal Institute of Technology , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Siberian Federal University , Svobodny pr. 79, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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8
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Phosphorescent Neutral Iridium (III) Complexes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:39. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Tuning the phosphorescence and quantum efficiency of heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes based on pyridine-tetrazole as an ancillary ligand: An overview from quantum chemical investigations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Yoshinaga H, Asada T, Koseki S, Yagi S, Matsushita T. Spin–orbit coupling analyses of phosphorescence: the effects of cyclometalated ligand replacement in fac-Ir(ppy)3with various bpy ligands on blue phosphorescence. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Effect of phenylamine moiety on the structure, optical properties, and phosphorescence efficiencies of some red-emitting iridium(III) complexes: A theoretical study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Heil A, Gollnisch K, Kleinschmidt M, Marian CM. On the photophysics of four heteroleptic iridium(III) phenylpyridyl complexes investigated by relativistic multi-configuration methods. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1076902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Wu Z, Mu J, Wang Q, Chen X, Jensen L, Yi C, Li MJ. Hydroxyl and amino functionalized cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and cytotoxicity studies. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Powell B. Theories of phosphorescence in organo-transition metal complexes – From relativistic effects to simple models and design principles for organic light-emitting diodes. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Baryshnikov GV, Minaev BF, Minaeva VA. Electronic structure, aromaticity and spectra of hetero[8]circulenes. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Mori K, Goumans TPM, van Lenthe E, Wang F. Predicting phosphorescent lifetimes and zero-field splitting of organometallic complexes with time-dependent density functional theory including spin-orbit coupling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:14523-30. [PMID: 24664116 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The (photo)physical properties of organometallic complexes are crucially affected by relativistic effects. In a non- or scalar-relativistic picture, triplet states are threefold degenerate. Spin-orbit coupling lifts this degeneracy (zero-field splitting, ZFS) and enables phosphorescence from the three triplet-like states to the ground state. The fine structure and radiative lifetimes of phosphorescent organometallic complexes are important properties for designing efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here we show that experimental ZFSs and phosphorescent lifetimes for a large variety of organometallic complexes are well reproduced by self-consistent spin-orbit coupling TDDFT (SOC-TDDFT) calculations with a continuum solvation model. By comparing with perturbative SOC-TDDFT and gas phase calculations, we find that both full spin-orbit and solvation effects are important for the predicted properties. SOC-TDDFT is thus shown to be a useful predictive tool for the rational design of phosphors in OLEDs and other optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mori
- Ryoka Systems Inc., Science and Technology Systems Division, Tokyo Skytree East Tower 1-1-2, Oshiage, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 131-0045, Japan.
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17
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Kleinschmidt M, van Wüllen C, Marian CM. Intersystem-crossing and phosphorescence rates in fac-IrIII(ppy)3: A theoretical study involving multi-reference configuration interaction wavefunctions. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:094301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4913513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Tian L, Luo Y, Zhang L, Li M, He R, Shen W. Theoretical Insight Into the Role of Triarylboron Substituents in Tetradentate Dianionic Bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) Platinum(II) Chelates – Improving the Performance of Blue Light Emission. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201403092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715,P.R.China, http://chemistry.swu.edu.cn/
| | - Yafei Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715,P.R.China, http://chemistry.swu.edu.cn/
| | - Luqiong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715,P.R.China, http://chemistry.swu.edu.cn/
| | - Ming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715,P.R.China, http://chemistry.swu.edu.cn/
| | - Rongxing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715,P.R.China, http://chemistry.swu.edu.cn/
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715,P.R.China, http://chemistry.swu.edu.cn/
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19
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Koseki S, Yoshinaga H, Asada T, Matsushita T. Spin–orbit coupling analyses of phosphorescent processes in Ir(Zppy)3 (Z = NH2, NO2 and CN). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate combinations of substituents provide brighter blue-color emission in OLEDs. The present MCSCF + SOCI + SOC calculations suggest that the best material for blue-color emission is fac-Ir(5-NO2ppy)3 or fac-Ir(5-NO2-4,6-dfppy)3, or practically fac-Ir(5-CN-3,4,6-tfppy)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Koseki
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
| | - Harunobu Yoshinaga
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
| | - Toshio Asada
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsushita
- The Research Institute for Molecular Electronic Devices (RIMED)
- Osaka Prefecture University
- Sakai 599-8531
- Japan
- JNC Petrochemical Corporation
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20
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Baranoff E, Curchod BFE. FIrpic: archetypal blue phosphorescent emitter for electroluminescence. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8318-29. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02991g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FIrpic is the most investigated bis-cyclometallated iridium complex. This Perspective reviews the main experimental and theoretical aspects of FIrpic as well as its use as sky-blue emitter for OLED.
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21
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Zanoni KPS, Coppo RL, Amaral RC, Murakami Iha NY. Ir(iii) complexes designed for light-emitting devices: beyond the luminescence color array. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:14559-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective highlights the photophysics and recent breakthroughs in the study of emissive Ir(iii) compounds, including a personal account elucidating the role of molecular and electronic structures in controlling the photophysics of heteroleptic [Ir(N^C)2(L^X)]+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassio Papi Silva Zanoni
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
| | - Rodolfo Lopes Coppo
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
| | - Ronaldo Costa Amaral
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
| | - Neyde Yukie Murakami Iha
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Energy Conversion
- Departamento de Química Fundamental
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade de São Paulo – USP
- 05508-000 São Paulo
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22
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Kühn M, Weigend F. Phosphorescence lifetimes of organic light-emitting diodes from two-component time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:224302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4902013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kühn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Nanotechnologie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Structural and spectroscopic properties of Ir(III) complexes with phenylpyridine ligands: Absorption spectra without and with spin–orbit-coupling. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Wu W, Cui X, Zhao J. Hetero Bodipy-dimers as heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers showing a long-lived triplet excited state for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:9009-11. [PMID: 23969566 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45470c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy dimers in which the two different sub-units take an orthogonal orientation were prepared, which show strong absorption of visible light, long-lived triplet excited states (140.9 μs) and high singlet oxygen ((1)O2) quantum yields (64%). The dimers were used for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (quantum yield is up to 3.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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26
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Zhang L, Tian L, Li M, He R, Shen W. A theoretical study on tuning the electronic structures and photophysical properties of newly designed platinum(ii) complexes by adding substituents on functionalized ligands as highly efficient OLED emitters. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:6500-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adding strong π-accepting and electron-donating groups could stabilize MLCT and improve the photophysical properties in platinum(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing, China
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Yi X, Zhang C, Guo S, Ma J, Zhao J. Strongly emissive long-lived3IL excited state of coumarins in cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes used as triplet photosensitizers and application in triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1672-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52306c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Minaev B, Baryshnikov G, Agren H. Principles of phosphorescent organic light emitting devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:1719-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53806k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Guo S, Ma L, Zhao J, Küçüköz B, Karatay A, Hayvali M, Yaglioglu HG, Elmali A. BODIPY triads triplet photosensitizers enhanced with intramolecular resonance energy transfer (RET): broadband visible light absorption and application in photooxidation. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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30
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Zhao J, Wu W, Sun J, Guo S. Triplet photosensitizers: from molecular design to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5323-51. [PMID: 23450221 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Triplet photosensitizers (PSs) are compounds that can be efficiently excited to the triplet excited state which subsequently act as catalysts in photochemical reactions. The name is originally derived from compounds that were used to transfer the triplet energy to other compounds that have only a small intrinsic triplet state yield. Triplet PSs are not only used for triplet energy transfer, but also for photocatalytic organic reactions, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photoinduced hydrogen production from water and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion. A good PS should exhibit strong absorption of the excitation light, a high yield of intersystem crossing (ISC) for efficient production of the triplet state, and a long triplet lifetime to allow for the reaction with a reactant molecule. Most transition metal complexes show efficient ISC, but small molar absorption coefficients in the visible spectral region and short-lived triplet excited states, which make them unsuitable as triplet PSs. One obstacle to the development of new triplet PSs is the difficulty in predicting the ISC of chromophores, especially of organic compounds without any heavy atoms. This review article summarizes some molecular design rationales for triplet PSs, based on the molecular structural factors that facilitate ISC. The design of transition metal complexes with large molar absorption coefficients in the visible spectral region and long-lived triplet excited states is presented. A new method of using a spin converter to construct heavy atom-free organic triplet PSs is discussed, with which ISC becomes predictable, C60 being an example. To enhance the performance of triplet PSs, energy funneling based triplet PSs are proposed, which show broadband absorption in the visible region. Applications of triplet PSs in photocatalytic organic reactions, hydrogen production, triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion and luminescent oxygen sensing are briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E 208 Western Compus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116012, P.R. China.
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Han D, Li H, Shang X, Zhang G, Zhao L. Theoretical study on electronic structures and phosphorescence properties of four tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The geometry structures, electronic structures, absorption, and phosphorescence properties of four tris-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes IrL3, that is, 1 (L = 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato,N,C2′), 2 (L = 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato,N,C2′-5-phenyl), 3 (L = 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato,N,C2′-5-(p-tolyl)), and 4 (L = 2-(4,6-difluorophenyl) benzo[h]isoquinoline), have been investigated under the framework of the time-dependent density functional theory approach. For assumed 2 and 3, the emission energies are nearly the same, consistent with their similar HOMO−LUMO energy gaps. The calculated lowest energy emissions are localized at 523, 605, 616, and 642 nm for 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Calculations of ionization potential and electron affinity were used to evaluate the injection abilities of holes and electrons into these complexes. For 2, the calculated results evidenced a larger 3MLCT contribution (27.0%), a large S0 → S1 transition dipole moment ([Formula: see text]) of 1.43 D, and a small S1−T1 splitting energy ([Formula: see text]) of 0.33 eV, which could result in a large radiative decay rate (kr). We hope that this theoretical work can provide a suitable guide to the future design and synthesis of novel phosphorescent materials for use in the organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Shang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130024, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
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Yao C, Jiao B, Yang X, Xu X, Dang J, Zhou G, Wu Z, Lv X, Zeng Y, Wong WY. Tris(cyclometalated) Iridium(III) Phosphorescent Complexes with 2-Phenylthiazole-Type Ligands: Synthesis, Photophysical, Redox and Electrophosphorescent Behavior. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Srivastava R, Kada Y, Kotamarthi B. Theoretical study of electronic structures and optoelectronic properties of blue emitting heteroleptic Iridium(III) complexes containing 1,1-dithiolates. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Oprea CI, Panait P, Minaev BF, Ågren H, Cimpoesu F, Ferbinteanu M, Gîrţu MA. Comparative computational IR, Raman and phosphorescence study of Ru- and Rh-based complexes. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.777811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu I. Oprea
- a Department of Physics , Ovidius University of Constanţa , Constanţa , Romania
| | - Petre Panait
- a Department of Physics , Ovidius University of Constanţa , Constanţa , Romania
| | - Boris F. Minaev
- b Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology , Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
- c Department of Chemistry , B. Khmelnitsky National University , Cherkassy , Ukraine
| | - Hans Ågren
- b Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology , Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Fanica Cimpoesu
- d Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Institute of Physical Chemistry , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Marilena Ferbinteanu
- e Department of Inorganic Chemistry , University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Mihai A. Gîrţu
- a Department of Physics , Ovidius University of Constanţa , Constanţa , Romania
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Lee CW, Lee JY. Highly electron deficient pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3-b]pyridine as a core structure of a triplet host material for high efficiency green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6185-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Sun J, Zhong F, Zhao J. Observation of the long-lived triplet excited state of perylenebisimide (PBI) in C^N cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes and application in photocatalytic oxidation. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:9595-605. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt33036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Liu L, Huang D, Draper SM, Yi X, Wu W, Zhao J. Visible light-harvesting trans bis(alkylphosphine) platinum(ii)-alkynyl complexes showing long-lived triplet excited states as triplet photosensitizers for triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10694-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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38
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Wei LJ, Gao HL, Cui JZ. A New 2-((Z)-Thiosemicarbazidomethyl)- Quinolin-8-YL Acetate Ligand and its Cu(II) Complex: Syntheses, Structures, and Characterizations. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.668987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-juan Wei
- a Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ling Gao
- a Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P. R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Cui
- a Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University , Tianjin , P. R. China
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Shishkina SN, Galagan RL, Minaev BF. Synthesis of nanostructured polymetallic composites based on palladium and quantum-chemical simulation of initial stages of the process. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427212040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Hsu CC, Lin CC, Chou PT, Lai CH, Hsu CW, Lin CH, Chi Y. Harvesting Highly Electronically Excited Energy to Triplet Manifolds: State-Dependent Intersystem Crossing Rate in Os(II) and Ag(I) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7715-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Chen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Hung Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Wei Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu
Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chen-Huey Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu
Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu
Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Cao Q, Wang J, Tian ZS, Xie ZF, Bai FQ. Theoretical investigation on the photophysical properties of N-heterocyclic carbene iridium (III) complexes (fpmb)xIr(bptz)3-x (x = 1−2). J Comput Chem 2012; 33:1038-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smith ARG, Riley MJ, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Lo SC, Powell BJ. Effects of Fluorination on Iridium(III) Complex Phosphorescence: Magnetic Circular Dichroism and Relativistic Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2821-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201899z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. G. Smith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, ‡School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, and §School of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - M. J. Riley
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, ‡School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, and §School of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - P. L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, ‡School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, and §School of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - I. R. Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, ‡School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, and §School of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - S.-C. Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, ‡School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, and §School of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - B. J. Powell
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, ‡School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, and §School of Mathematics & Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Escudero D, Happ B, Winter A, Hager MD, Schubert US, González L. The Radiative Decay Rates Tune the Emissive Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes: A Computational Study. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:667-71. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Cao Q, Bai FQ, Wang J, Tian ZS, Xie ZF, Zhang HX. Phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes bearing the unique PPh2 unit: The electronic structures, optical properties and phosphorescence mechanism from TD-DFT investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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45
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You Y, Nam W. Photofunctional triplet excited states of cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes: beyond electroluminescence. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7061-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35171d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Oprea CI, Frecuş B, Minaev BF, Gîrţu MA. DFT study of electronic structure and optical properties of some Ru- and Rh-based complexes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Mol Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2011.621454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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47
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A computational approach to the electronic and optical properties of Ru(II) and Ir(III) polypyridyl complexes: Applications to DSC, OLED and NLO. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kadari A, Moncomble A, Ciofini I, Brahimi M, Adamo C. Theoretical Study of Absorption and Emission Properties of Green and Yellow Emitting Iridium(III) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11861-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207008v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Kadari
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Théorique et Chimie Informatique, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32 Al-alia, Babezzouar, Alger, Algeria
- Département de Chimie, Université Mouloud Maamri, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Aurélien Moncomble
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l'Énergie, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l'Énergie, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Méziane Brahimi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Théorique et Chimie Informatique, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32 Al-alia, Babezzouar, Alger, Algeria
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l'Énergie, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Paris, France
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49
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Andreiadis ES, Imbert D, Pécaut J, Calborean A, Ciofini I, Adamo C, Demadrille R, Mazzanti M. Phosphorescent Binuclear Iridium Complexes Based on Terpyridine–Carboxylate: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8197-206. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200704s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugen S. Andreiadis
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Daniel Imbert
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Jacques Pécaut
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
| | - Adrian Calborean
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l′Energie (UMR CNRS 7575), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie-ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l′Energie (UMR CNRS 7575), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie-ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l′Energie (UMR CNRS 7575), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, Chimie-ParisTech, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire Organique et Hybride, UMR5819-SPrAM, CEA-CNRS-University Grenoble I, INAC, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Marinella Mazzanti
- Laboratoire de Reconnaissance Ionique et Chimie de Coordination, SCIB, UMR-E 3 CEA/UJF-Grenoble 1, INAC, Grenoble, F-38054, France
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50
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Smith ARG, Burn PL, Powell BJ. Spin-Orbit Coupling in Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2429-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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