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Maurais J, Wespiser C, Kang H, Ayotte P. Preparation and Characterization of Metastable trans-Dinitrogen Tetroxide. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2353-2360. [PMID: 35414177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under atmospheric conditions, NO2 is in equilibrium with its dimers, N2O4, which can exist in the form of constitutional isomers and stereoisomers whose relative stabilities and reactivities are still being debated. Experimental limitations facing the spectroscopic characterization of the isomers of N2O4 prevent us from determining their relative contributions to reaction mechanisms possibly causing discrepancies in the reported reaction orders and rates. Using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, molecular beam deposition, and matrix isolation techniques, it is shown that the relative abundances of NO2 and its dimers can be controlled by heating or cooling the deposited gas. The comparison of spectra acquired from samples prepared using molecular beam deposition with those obtained using tube dosing deposition demonstrates how the N2O4 isomer distributions are sensitive to details of the experimental conditions and sample preparation protocols. These observations not only provide a better understanding of a possible source for the disagreements found in the literature, but also a methodology to control and quantify the chemical speciation in NO2 vapors in terms of the relative abundances of NO2 and of the various isomers of N2O4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Maurais
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Clément Wespiser
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Patrick Ayotte
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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2
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Greer AJ, Taylor SFR, Daly H, Quesne MG, de Leeuw NH, Catlow CRA, Jacquemin J, Hardacre C. Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Competitive Absorption of CO 2 and NO 2 by a Superbase Ionic Liquid. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:7578-7586. [PMID: 34306836 PMCID: PMC8296676 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A superbase ionic liquid (IL), trihexyltetradecylphosphonium benzimidazolide ([P66614][Benzim]), is investigated for the capture of CO2 in the presence of NO2 impurities. The effect of the waste gas stream contaminant on the ability of the IL to absorb simultaneously CO2 is demonstrated using novel measurement techniques, including a mass spectrometry breakthrough method and in situ infrared spectroscopy. The findings show that the presence of an industrially relevant concentration of NO2 in a combined feed with CO2 has the effect of reducing the capacity of the IL to absorb CO2 efficiently by ∼60% after 10 absorption-desorption cycles. This finding is supported by physical property analysis (viscosity, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and spectroscopic infrared characterization, in addition to density functional theory (DFT) calculations, to determine the structure of the IL-NO2 complex. The results are presented in comparison with another flue gas component, NO, demonstrating that the absorption of NO2 is more favorable, thereby hindering the ability of the IL to absorb CO2. Significantly, this work aids understanding of the effects that individual components of flue gas have on CO2 capture sorbents, through studying a contaminant that has received limited interest previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Greer
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, David
Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - S. F. Rebecca Taylor
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Helen Daly
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthew G. Quesne
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- UK
Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11
0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Nora H. de Leeuw
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- UK
Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11
0FA, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London WC1H 0AJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Johan Jacquemin
- Laboratoire
PCM2E, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
- Materials
Science and Nano-Engineering, Mohammed VI
Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Christopher Hardacre
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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3
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Hernández Rodríguez MJ, Pulido Melián E, Araña J, Navío JA, González Díaz OM, Santiago DE, Doña Rodríguez JM. Influence of Water on the Oxidation of NO on Pd/TiO 2 Photocatalysts. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122354. [PMID: 33260887 PMCID: PMC7760755 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of new photocatalysts were synthesized based on modification with Pd of the commercial P25 photocatalyst (EVONIK®). Two techniques were employed to incorporate Pd nanoparticles on the P25 surface: photodeposition (series Pd-P) and impregnation (series Pd-I). Both series were characterized in depth using a variety of instrumental techniques: BET, DRS, XRD, XPS, TEM, FTIR and FESEM. The modified series exhibited a significant change in pore size distribution, but no differences compared to the original P25 with respect to crystalline phase ratio or particle size were observed. The Pd0 oxidation state was predominant in the Pd-P series, while the presence of the Pd2+ oxidation state was additionally observed in the Pd-I series. The photoactivity tests were performed in a continuous photoreactor with the photocatalysts deposited, by dip-coating, on borosilicate glass plates. A total of 500 ppb of NO was used as input flow at a volumetric flow rate of 1.2 L·min−1, and different relative humidities from 0 to 65% were tested. The results obtained show that under UV-vis or Vis radiation, the presence of Pd nanoparticles favors NO removal independently of the Pd incorporation method employed and independently of the tested relative humidity conditions. This improvement seems to be related to the different interaction of the water with the surface of the photocatalysts in the presence or absence of Pd. It was found in the catalyst without Pd that disproportionation of NO2 is favored through its reaction with water, with faster surface saturation. In contrast, in the catalysts with Pd, disproportionation took place through nitro-chelates and adsorbed NO2 formed from the photocatalytic oxidation of the NO. This different mechanism explains the greater efficiency in NOx removal in the catalysts with Pd. Comparing the two series of catalysts with Pd, Pd-P and Pd-I, greater activity of the Pd-P series was observed under both UV-vis and Vis radiation. It was shown that the Pd0 oxidation state is responsible for this greater activity as the Pd-I series improves its activity in successive cycles due to a reduction in Pd2+ species during the photoactivity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Hernández Rodríguez
- Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Espectroscopia para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM. Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.A.); (O.M.G.D.); (D.E.S.); (J.M.D.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.H.R.); (E.P.M.)
| | - E. Pulido Melián
- Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Espectroscopia para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM. Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.A.); (O.M.G.D.); (D.E.S.); (J.M.D.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.H.R.); (E.P.M.)
| | - J. Araña
- Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Espectroscopia para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM. Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.A.); (O.M.G.D.); (D.E.S.); (J.M.D.R.)
| | - J. A. Navío
- Centro Mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - O. M. González Díaz
- Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Espectroscopia para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM. Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.A.); (O.M.G.D.); (D.E.S.); (J.M.D.R.)
| | - Dunia E. Santiago
- Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Espectroscopia para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM. Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.A.); (O.M.G.D.); (D.E.S.); (J.M.D.R.)
| | - J. M. Doña Rodríguez
- Grupo de Fotocatálisis y Espectroscopia para Aplicaciones Medioambientales (FEAM. Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain; (J.A.); (O.M.G.D.); (D.E.S.); (J.M.D.R.)
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Karimova N, McCaslin LM, Gerber RB. Ion reactions in atmospherically-relevant clusters: mechanisms, dynamics and spectroscopic signatures. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:342-360. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploring models of reactions of N2O4 with ions in water in order to provide molecular-level understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M. McCaslin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry
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5
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Larson C, Li Y, Wu W, Reisler H, Wittig C. Photoinitiated Dynamics in Amorphous Solid Water via Nanoimprint Lithography. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4968-4981. [PMID: 28581292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laser pulses that act on fragile samples often alter them irreversibly, motivating single-pulse data collection. Amorphous solid water (ASW) is a good example. In addition, neither well-defined paths for molecules to travel through ASW nor sufficiently small samples to enable molecular dynamics modeling have been achieved. Combining nanoimprint lithography and photoinitiation overcomes these obstacles. An array of gold nanoparticles absorbs pulsed (10 ns) 532 nm radiation and converts it to heat, and doped ASW films grown at about 100 K are ejected from atop the irradiated nanoparticles into vacuum. The nanoparticles are spaced from one another by sufficient distance that each acts independently. Thus, a temporal profile of ejected material is the sum of about 106 "nanoexperiments," yielding high single-pulse signal-to-noise ratios. The size of a single nanoparticle and its immediate surroundings is sufficiently small to enable modeling and simulation at the atomistic (molecular) level, which has not been feasible previously. An application to a chemical system is presented in which H/D scrambling is used to infer the presence of protons in films composed of D2O and H2O (each containing a small amount of HDO contaminant) upon which a small amount of NO2 has been deposited. The pulsed laser heating of the nanoparticles promotes NO2/N2O4 hydrolysis to nitric acid, whose protons enhance H/D scrambling dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Larson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yuanrui Li
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Hanna Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Curt Wittig
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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6
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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7
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Kebede MA, Bish DL, Losovyj Y, Engelhard MH, Raff JD. The Role of Iron-Bearing Minerals in NO2 to HONO Conversion on Soil Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8649-60. [PMID: 27409359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous acid (HONO) accumulates in the nocturnal boundary layer where it is an important source of daytime hydroxyl radicals. Although there is clear evidence for the involvement of heterogeneous reactions of NO2 on surfaces as a source of HONO, mechanisms remain poorly understood. We used coated-wall flow tube measurements of NO2 reactivity on environmentally relevant surfaces (Fe (hydr)oxides, clay minerals, and soil from Arizona and the Saharan Desert) and detailed mineralogical characterization of substrates to show that reduction of NO2 by Fe-bearing minerals in soil can be a more important source of HONO than the putative NO2 hydrolysis mechanism. The magnitude of NO2-to-HONO conversion depends on the amount of Fe(2+) present in substrates and soil surface acidity. Studies examining the dependence of HONO flux on substrate pH revealed that HONO is formed at soil pH < 5 from the reaction between NO2 and Fe(2+)(aq) present in thin films of water coating the surface, whereas in the range of pH 5-8 HONO stems from reaction of NO2 with structural iron or surface complexed Fe(2+) followed by protonation of nitrite via surface Fe-OH2(+) groups. Reduction of NO2 on ubiquitous Fe-bearing minerals in soil may explain HONO accumulation in the nocturnal boundary layer and the enhanced [HONO]/[NO2] ratios observed during dust storms in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark H Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Gerber RB, Varner ME, Hammerich AD, Riikonen S, Murdachaew G, Shemesh D, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Computational studies of atmospherically-relevant chemical reactions in water clusters and on liquid water and ice surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:399-406. [PMID: 25647299 DOI: 10.1021/ar500431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: Reactions on water and ice surfaces and in other aqueous media are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, but the microscopic mechanisms of most of these processes are as yet unknown. This Account examines recent progress in atomistic simulations of such reactions and the insights provided into mechanisms and interpretation of experiments. Illustrative examples are discussed. The main computational approaches employed are classical trajectory simulations using interaction potentials derived from quantum chemical methods. This comprises both ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and semiempirical molecular dynamics (SEMD), the latter referring to semiempirical quantum chemical methods. Presented examples are as follows: (i) Reaction of the (NO(+))(NO3(-)) ion pair with a water cluster to produce the atmospherically important HONO and HNO3. The simulations show that a cluster with four water molecules describes the reaction. This provides a hydrogen-bonding network supporting the transition state. The reaction is triggered by thermal structural fluctuations, and ultrafast changes in atomic partial charges play a key role. This is an example where a reaction in a small cluster can provide a model for a corresponding bulk process. The results support the proposed mechanism for production of HONO by hydrolysis of NO2 (N2O4). (ii) The reactions of gaseous HCl with N2O4 and N2O5 on liquid water surfaces. Ionization of HCl at the water/air interface is followed by nucleophilic attack of Cl(-) on N2O4 or N2O5. Both reactions proceed by an SN2 mechanism. The products are ClNO and ClNO2, precursors of atmospheric atomic chlorine. Because this mechanism cannot result from a cluster too small for HCl ionization, an extended water film model was simulated. The results explain ClNO formation experiments. Predicted ClNO2 formation is less efficient. (iii) Ionization of acids at ice surfaces. No ionization is found on ideal crystalline surfaces, but the process is efficient on isolated defects where it involves formation of H3O(+)-acid anion contact ion pairs. This behavior is found in simulations of a model of the ice quasi-liquid layer corresponding to large defect concentrations in crystalline ice. The results are in accord with experiments. (iv) Ionization of acids on wet quartz. A monolayer of water on hydroxylated silica is ordered even at room temperature, but the surface lattice constant differs significantly from that of crystalline ice. The ionization processes of HCl and H2SO4 are of high yield and occur in a few picoseconds. The results are in accord with experimental spectroscopy. (v) Photochemical reactions on water and ice. These simulations require excited state quantum chemical methods. The electronic absorption spectrum of methyl hydroperoxide adsorbed on a large ice cluster is strongly blue-shifted relative to the isolated molecule. The measured and calculated adsorption band low-frequency tails are in agreement. A simple model of photodynamics assumes prompt electronic relaxation of the excited peroxide due to the ice surface. SEMD simulations support this, with the important finding that the photochemistry takes place mainly on the ground state. In conclusion, dynamics simulations using quantum chemical potentials are a useful tool in atmospheric chemistry of water media, capable of comparison with experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Benny Gerber
- Institute
of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mychel E. Varner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Audrey D. Hammerich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sampsa Riikonen
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Garold Murdachaew
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorit Shemesh
- Institute
of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Varner ME, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Benny Gerber R. Reaction of a charge-separated ONONO2 species with water in the formation of HONO: an MP2 Molecular Dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:4483-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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