Hadamard-encoded high-resolution NMR spectroscopy via intermolecular single-quantum coherences

Analyzing the special PFG signal attenuation behavior of intermolecular MQC via the effective phase shift diffusion equation method

Inter-molecular multiple quantum coherence (iMQC) has important applications in NMR and MRI. However, the current theoretical methods still have some difficulties in analyzing the behavior of iMQC signal attenuation of pulsed field gradient diffusion experiments. In this paper, the iMQC diffusion experiments were analyzed by an effective phase shift diffusion equation (EPSDE) method, which is based on the idea that the accumulating phase shift (APS) can be viewed as the result of a diffusion process in virtual phase space (VPS) with effective diffusion coefficient K(2)(t) D (rad(2)/s) where K(t)=∫0 (t)γg(t')dt' is a wavenumber and D is the physical diffusion coefficient of the spin carrier in the real space. The term K(t(tot)) z1 needs to be added to the APS when K(t(tot)) is not zero. Most of the time, K(t(tot)) equals zero. However, in iMQC experiments, the condition K(t(tot)) equaling zero or being non-zero for each spin depends on the gradient pulse setting. The signal attenuations of these two types of iMQC, zero or non-zero K(t(tot)), were analyzed in detail for free and restricted diffusions, which shows that there are significant differences between these two types of iMQC. Particularly, if an apparent diffusion coefficient D(app) is used to analyze the signal attenuation, it equals nD for zero K(t(tot)) which agrees with current theoretical and experimental reports, while for non-zero K(t(tot)), it equals (2n - 1) D which agrees with experimental results from the literature; there are no similar theoretical results reported for comparison. The result that D(app) equals (2n - 1) D is important because the higher value of D(app) means that non-zero K(t(tot)) iMQC can potentially provide more contrast and measure slower diffusion rates than zero K(t(tot)) iMQC. The EPSDE method provides a new way to analyze iMQC diffusion experiments.

Determination of residence times of ions in a resistive glass selected ion flow-drift tube using the Hadamard transformation

RATIONALE

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, used for trace gas analyses has certain fundamental limitations that could be alleviated by adding a facility that allows reaction times and ion interaction energies to be varied. Thus, a selected ion flow-drift tube, SIFDT, has been created to explore the influence of an embedded electric field on these parameters and on reaction processes.

METHODS

The new SIFTD instrument was constructed using a miniature resistive glass drift tube. Arrival times of ions, t, analysed by a downstream quadrupole mass spectrometer over the m/z range 10-100 were studied by modulating the injected ion current using a gate lens. Single pulse modulation was compared with pseudorandom time multiplexing exploiting the Hadamard transformation. A simple model involving analysis of ethanol and water vapour mixture in air was used to explore the advantages of the SIFDT concept to SIFT-MS analysis.

RESULTS

It is shown that the resistive glass drift tube is suitable for SIFDT experiments. The Hadamard transformation can be used to routinely determine reagent ion residence time in the flow-drift tube and also to observe differences in arrival times for different product ions. Two-dimensional data combining arrival time and mass spectra can be obtained rapidly. The calculated ion drift velocities vary with the reduced field strength, E/N, and the calculated ion mobilities agree with theoretical and previous literature values.

CONCLUSIONS

This study has provided evidence that the SIFDT-MS technique can be implemented in a miniature and low-cost instrument and two- or three-dimensional data can be obtained (product ion count rates as functions of m/z, t and E/N) using the Hadamard transformation thus providing exciting possibilities for further analytical additions and extensions of the SIFT-MS technique. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Rapid identification of false peaks in the spectrum of Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry with inverse gating technique

With the introduction of inverse gating technique to Hadamard multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry, the false peaks in the spectrum of Hadamard transform could be rapidly identified.