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Zobel JP, Kruse A, Baig O, Lochbrunner S, Bokarev SI, Kühn O, González L, Bokareva OS. Can range-separated functionals be optimally tuned to predict spectra and excited state dynamics in photoactive iron complexes? Chem Sci 2023; 14:1491-1502. [PMID: 36794199 PMCID: PMC9906774 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05839a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory is an efficient computational tool to investigate photophysical and photochemical processes in transition metal complexes, giving invaluable assistance in interpreting spectroscopic and catalytic experiments. Optimally tuned range-separated functionals are particularly promising, as they were created to address some of the fundamental deficiencies present in approximate exchange-correlation functionals. In this paper, we scrutinize the selection of optimally tuned parameters and its influence on the excited state dynamics, using the example of the iron complex [Fe(cpmp)2]2+ with push-pull ligands. Various tuning strategies are contemplated based on pure self-consistent DFT protocols, as well as on the comparison with experimental spectra and multireference CASPT2 results. The two most promising sets of optimal parameters are then employed to carry out nonadiabatic surface-hopping dynamics simulations. Intriguingly, we find that the two sets lead to very different relaxation pathways and timescales. While the set of optimal parameters from one of the self-consistent DFT protocols predicts the formation of long-lived metal-to-ligand charge transfer triplet states, the set in better agreement with CASPT2 calculations leads to deactivation in the manifold of metal-centered states, in better agreement with the experimental reference data. These results showcase the complexity of iron-complex excited state landscapes and the difficulty of obtaining an unambiguous parametrization of long-range corrected functionals without experimental input.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 191090 ViennaAustria
| | - Ayla Kruse
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24 18059 Rostock Germany .,Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Omar Baig
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24 18059 Rostock Germany .,Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Sergey I. Bokarev
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-2418059 RostockGermany,Chemistry Department, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4Garching 85748Germany
| | - Oliver Kühn
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 19 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Olga S. Bokareva
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-2418059 RostockGermany,Institute of Physics, University of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Straße 4034132 KasselGermany
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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Recent developments of photoactive Cu(I) and Ag(I) complexes with diphosphine and related ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Tran JH, Traber P, Seidler B, Görls H, Gräfe S, Schulz M. Ligand‐Induced Donor State Destabilisation – A New Route to Panchromatically Absorbing Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200121. [PMID: 35263478 PMCID: PMC9315043 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intense absorption of light to covering a large part of the visible spectrum is highly desirable for solar energy conversion schemes. To this end, we have developed novel anionic bis(4H‐imidazolato)Cu(I) complexes (cuprates), which feature intense, panchromatic light absorption properties throughout the visible spectrum and into the NIR region with extinction coefficients up to 28,000 M−1 cm−1. Steady‐state absorption, (spectro)electrochemical and theoretical investigations reveal low energy (Vis to NIR) metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer absorption bands, which are a consequence of destabilized copper‐based donor states. These high‐lying copper‐based states are induced by the σ‐donation of the chelating anionic ligands, which also feature low energy acceptor states. The optical properties are reflected in very low, copper‐based oxidation potentials and three ligand‐based reduction events. These electronic features reveal a new route to panchromatically absorbing Cu(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H. Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF) Albert-Einstein-Str.7 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
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Clausing ST, Morales Salazar D, Orthaber A. Preparation, photo- and electrochemical studies of a homoleptic imine-phosphaalkene Cu(I) complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Müller C, Schulz M, Obst M, Zedler L, Gräfe S, Kupfer S, Dietzek B. Role of MLCT States in the Franck-Condon Region of Neutral, Heteroleptic Cu(I)-4 H-imidazolate Complexes: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6607-6616. [PMID: 32701275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the electronic structure of a series of 4H-imidazolate ligands in neutral, heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes is investigated. Remarkable broad and strong ligand-dependent absorption in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum renders the studied complexes promising photosensitizers for photocatalytic applications. The electronic structure of the Cu(I) complexes and the localization of photoexcited states in the Franck-Condon region are unraveled by means of UV-vis absorption and resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The visible absorption bands stem from a superposition of bright metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and π-π* as well as weakly absorbing MLCT states. Additionally, the analysis of involved molecular orbitals and rR spectra upon excitation of MLCT and π-π* states highlights the impact of the electronic structure of the 4H-imidazolate ligands on the properties of the corresponding Cu(I) complexes to avail a toolbox for predictive studies and efficient complex design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Obst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Päpcke A, Friedrich A, Lochbrunner S. Revealing the initial steps in homogeneous photocatalysis by time-resolved spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:153001. [PMID: 31801126 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5ed1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis attracts currently intense research since it can provide efficient routes for generating solar fuels and allows to apply sunlight for an environmentally friendly synthesis of valuable chemical compounds. Accordingly, in future photocatalysis may contribute significantly to a sustainable economy. However, up to now photocatalysis has made it only into some niche applications. The reasons are manifold including too low yields, insufficient stability, and scarce availability of the precious metals and rare earths used in most cases. The design of better systems is the goal of many research activities. They call for a detailed knowledge of the individual steps and the microscopic mechanisms. Time-resolved spectroscopy is a powerful tool to improve our understanding of the individual steps of a photocatalytic process and of the efficiencies and losses associated with them. This allows to address specific weaknesses of the components of a photocatalytic system and to pursue a rational design of the corresponding compounds. In this review an overview is given about what insights can be gained by time-resolved spectroscopy referring mostly to our own results while it has to be stressed that many other groups are also highly successfully working in this area. We restrict ourselves to homogeneous systems which are often easier to analyze and focus on the primary steps occurring after optical excitation. This includes intramolecular relaxation and intersystem crossing in the photosensitizer as well as the first electron transfer step resulting from the interaction of the sensitizer with other components of the system. Ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy turns out to be particularly helpful in analyzing new photosensitizers based on abundant metals, i.e. copper and iron. These sensitizers can suffer from short lifetimes of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer states which are typically involved in the intermolecular charge transfer processes. The latter are investigated on the pico- to microsecond timescale by quenching experiments making use of a streak camera and by pump-probe spectroscopy applying a YAG-laser system for excitation. The experiments with the streak camera allow to discriminate between oxidative and reductive pathways and to determine the corresponding bimolecular quenching rates which are compared to their diffusion limit to obtain a measure for the quenching efficiency. By applying transient absorption spectroscopy, it is furthermore possible to observe appearing charge transfer products and to determine their concentrations. In this way the efficiency of the electron transfer itself can be deduced and the relevance of lossy quenching events can be estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Päpcke
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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