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Zaidi A, Alsvik IL, Øpstad CL, Martin D, Rebman E, Voss G, Sliwka HR, Partali V. Forgotten fatty acids-Surface properties supply conclusive evidence for including carotenoic acids. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:48-53. [PMID: 30261174 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The term "fatty acids" is conceptually well defined with regard to fats, whose extent of saturation or unsaturation is precisely indicated in the content description of foodstuff. In contrast, the term "fatty acid" gives no hint of being associated with "soap" (Na and K salts of fatty acids). Fatty acids in edible fats or in cleaning soaps have one thing in common: they are colorless. The prevalence of colorless fats and unadulterated white soaps has ensured that fatty acids are not associated with color. However, colored conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids do exist, occurring abundantly in nature or manufactured at large scale. We endeavor to extricate conjugated polyenoic acids from oblivion by Based on the presented results (alkalicarotenoates have similar surface properties to alkalicarboxylates, carotenoic acids react like carboxylic acids to lipids), we argue for inclusion of conjugated carotenoic acids in fatty acid inventories and organic chemistry textbooks. Carotenoic acids and -salts have outstanding qualities by combining visibility and traceability with biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inger Lise Alsvik
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christer L Øpstad
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Daniel Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eduard Rebman
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Georg Voss
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans-Richard Sliwka
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Vassilia Partali
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Synthesis, characterization and inhibitory effects of crocetin derivative compounds in cancer and inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:157-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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3
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Surface properties of polyene glycol phospholipid monolayers. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 202:13-20. [PMID: 27884594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied the surface properties of monolayers composed of polyunsaturated conjugated ethylene glycol phospholipids (carotenoid lipids), compared the data with monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to which carotenoids were added and evaluated the impact of the unsaturated glycol lipids on monolayers with the glycerolipid DPPC. The carotenoid based glycol lipids formed monolayers at the air/water interface. Using the Langmuir method we obtained series of pressure-area (π-A) isotherms and determined the limiting area A per molecule of three glycol lipids, C30:9-C0A=42.6±1.4Å2, C30:9-C2A=76.1±2.5Ǻ2 and C30:9-C12A=354.0±12.0Å2 and their mixtures with DPPC at various mole fraction X. C30:9-C0 and C30:9-C2 did not affect significantly the shape of the isotherm, but caused their slight shift toward a lower and larger molecular area, respectively. C30:9-C12 at mole fractions X>0.02 affected the shape of isotherm. The compressibility modulus Cs-1 of monolayers depended on the surface pressure. Cs-1 value was substantially higher for DPPC monolayers in comparison with those of pure glycol lipids. At low surface pressure π=5-10mN/m and low mole fractions X<0.02 the glycol lipids formed complexes with DPPC; at higher surface pressure the separation of pure components took place. The dipole potential of the monolayers composed of cationic glycol lipids C30:9-C2 and C30:9-C12 was higher in comparison with those of zwitterionic DPPC and C30:9-C0. This may be connected with various contributions of dipole moments of the molecules and their orientation in the monolayer.
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Øpstad CL, Zeeshan M, Zaidi A, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Nicholson DG, Surve C, Izower MA, Bk N, Lou HH, Leopold PL, Larsen H, Liberska A, Khalique NA, Raju L, Flinterman M, Jubeli E, Pungente MD. Novel cationic polyene glycol phospholipids as DNA transfer reagents--lack of a structure-activity relationship due to uncontrolled self-assembling processes. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 183:117-36. [PMID: 24814958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cationic glycol phospholipids were synthesized introducing chromophoric, rigid polyenoic C20:5 and C30:9 chains next to saturated flexible alkyl chains of variable lengths C6-20:0. Surface properties and liposome formation of the amphiphilic compounds were determined, the properties of liposome/DNA complexes (lipoplexes) were established using three formulations (no co-lipid, DOPE as a co-lipid, or cholesterol as a co-lipid), and the microstructure of the best transfecting compounds inspected using small angle X-ray diffraction to explore details of the partially ordered structures of the systems that constitute the series. Transfection and cytotoxicity of the lipoplexes were evaluated by DNA delivery to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells using the cationic glycerol phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (EPC) as a reference compound. The uncontrollable self-association of the molecules in water resulted in aggregates and liposomes of quite different sizes without a structure-property relationship. Likewise, adding DNA to the liposomes gave rise to unpredictable sized lipoplexes, which, again, transfected without a structure-activity relationship. Nevertheless, one compound among the novel lipids (C30:9 chain paired with a C20:0 chain) exhibited comparable transfection efficiency and toxicity to the control cationic lipid EPC. Thus, the presence of a rigid polyene chain in this best performing achiral glycol lipid did not have an influence on transfection compared with the chiral glycerolipid reference ethyl phosphocholine EPC with two flexible saturated C14 chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer L Øpstad
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asma Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans-Richard Sliwka
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Vassilia Partali
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - David G Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chinmay Surve
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States
| | - Mitchell A Izower
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States
| | - Natalia Bk
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States
| | - Howard H Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States
| | - Philip L Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology & Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, United States
| | - Helge Larsen
- Department of Physics, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Alexandra Liberska
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nada Abdul Khalique
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Liji Raju
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marcella Flinterman
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emile Jubeli
- Research Division, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Michael D Pungente
- Pre-Medical Unit, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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Øpstad CL, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Elgsaeter A, Leopold P, Jubeli E, Khalique NA, Raju L, Pungente MD. Synthesis, self-assembling and gene delivery potential of a novel highly unsaturated, conjugated cationic phospholipid. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 170-171:65-73. [PMID: 23570750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and self-assembling properties of a model compound in a new class of cationic phospholipids with a highly unsaturated conjugated fatty acid are described. In addition, the potential of this new lipid as a nucleic acid carrier was evaluated through lipoplex formulations employing 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as helper lipid with and without the polycationic peptide protamine, together with a plasmid DNA (pDNA). Lipoplexes composed of this novel unsaturated lipid exhibited pDNA binding and protection from DNase I degradation when formulated with protamine. The new cationic lipid revealed transfection efficiency comparable to the commercial reference 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphophocholine (EPC) in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 (CHO-K1) cells and performed equally to the standard reference Lipofectamine 2000 when the formulation included protamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer L Øpstad
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Hydrophilic carotenoids: recent progress. Molecules 2012; 17:5003-12. [PMID: 22547321 PMCID: PMC6268248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are substantially hydrophobic antioxidants. Hydrophobicity is this context is rather a disadvantage, because their utilization in medicine as antioxidants or in food chemistry as colorants would require some water dispersibility for their effective uptake or use in many other ways. In the past 15 years several attempts were made to synthetize partially hydrophilic carotenoids. This review compiles the recently synthetized hydrophilic carotenoid derivatives.
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Oberts BP, Blanchard GJ. Headgroup-dependent lipid self-assembly on zirconium phosphate-terminated interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13918-13925. [PMID: 19459589 DOI: 10.1021/la900507w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the self-assembly of selected phospholipids on a Zr phosphate-terminated thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on a planar Au surface. The gold substrates were first reacted with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol and then treated with POCl(3) and ZrOCl(2)(aq) prior to exposure to phospholipids. The phospholipids used for adlayer formation were 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (DMPA), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DMPG), and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine] (DMPS), and deposition was accomplished through vesicle fusion. The resulting interfaces were characterized using optical ellipsometry and water contact angle measurements, and cyclic voltammetry was used to interrogate the quality of the phospholipid adlayers. Our data indicate that the strongest lipid-interface interaction is with DMPA, whereas DMPC produces a slightly less organized adlayer. Phospholipids DMPE, DMPG, and DMPS were all found to interact relatively weakly with the zirconated interface, and we understand these results in the context of steric and hydrogen bonding effects in the adlayer that are dominated by the phospholipid headgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Oberts
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
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Oberts BP, Blanchard GJ. Ionic binding of phospholipids to interfaces: dependence on metal ion identity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13025-13033. [PMID: 19572493 DOI: 10.1021/la901922m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report on the deposition of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (DMPA) on selected metal-phosphate-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) constructed on Au. The phosphate-terminated SAMs were reacted with Zr(4+), Cu(+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+), with subsequent exposure of the resulting interface to DMPA unilamellar vesicles. The resulting interface was characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical ellipsometry, water contact angle measurements, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The strongest lipid-metal ion interfacial interactions are with Zr(4+) and Fe(3+), with Ca(2+), Cu(+), Ni(2+), Zn(2+), and Mg(2+) producing somewhat less well organized adlayers. Cu(2+) did not bind strongly to the interfacial phosphate moiety, yielding a lipid bilayer structure. These results can be understood in the context of the strength of the metal bisphosphate complex that forms between the phospholipid and the chemically modified interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Oberts
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
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Willibald J, Rennebaum S, Breukers S, Abdel Hafez SH, Patel A, Øpstad CL, Schmid R, Naess SN, Sliwka HR, Partali V. Hydrophilic carotenoids: facile syntheses of carotenoid oxime hydrochlorides as long-chain, highly unsaturated cationic (bola)amphiphiles. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 161:32-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Breukers S, Øpstad C, Sliwka HR, Partali V. Hydrophilic Carotenoids: Surface Properties and Aggregation Behavior of the Potassium Salt of the Highly Unsaturated Diacid Norbixin. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liang J, Tian YX, Yang F, Zhang JP, Skibsted LH. Antioxidant synergism between carotenoids in membranes. Astaxanthin as a radical transfer bridge. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Oberts BP, Blanchard GJ. Formation of air-stable supported lipid monolayers and bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2962-2970. [PMID: 19437768 DOI: 10.1021/la803486g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have devised a means of depositing planar, air-stable supported lipid adlayers on modified Au substrates. Using the phospholipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), we form planar supported adlayer structures by vesicle fusion. Lipid bilayer formation proceeds on a hydroxythiol-terminated Au surface. Phospholipid monolayers form on hydroxythiol-terminated gold surfaces that have been treated with POCl3 and ZrOCl2(aq) prior to lipid deposition, providing an interface that interacts strongly with the DMPC phosphocholine headgroup. We use FTIR, cyclic voltammetry, optical ellipsometry, and water contact angle measurements to confirm the presence of lipid bilayers or monolayers on the modified Au substrates. For the zirconated surface, we observe the conversion of an initial partial lipid bilayer to a lipid monolayer, over a ca. 20 min time period, on the basis on ellipsometric thickness and contact angle data. 31P NMR measurements show the complexation of the phospholipid headgroup to a Zr-phosphate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Oberts
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1322, USA
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13
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Sliwka HR, Melø TB, Foss BJ, Abdel-Hafez SH, Partali V, Nadolski G, Jackson H, Lockwood SF. Electron- and energy-transfer properties of hydrophilic carotenoids. Chemistry 2007; 13:4458-66. [PMID: 17340673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activities-expressed as the electron-donating properties-of five hydrophilic carotenoids (carotenoid surfactants) and three related hydrophobic carotenoids were investigated by flash photolysis. The electron-transfer rates of the carotenoids to the triplet state of the sensitizer 2-nitronaphthalene and the energy transfer rates of triplet 2-nitronaphthalene to the carotenoids were determined. The results demonstrate that the electron-donating effects of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic carotenoids were comparable when evaluated in acetonitrile. In the presence of water, however, electron transfer (i.e., antioxidant efficiency) was enhanced by a factor of four for the hydrophilic carotenoids. The increased hydrophilicity of carotenoids, therefore, could expand their antioxidant properties, thus facilitating their use as aqueous-phase radical scavengers. At the same time, it was shown that supramolecular assembly ("aggregation") of the amphiphilic carotenoids prevented electron transfer, thus deactivating the antioxidant function. Modulation of the biophysical properties of carotenoids through synthetic modification is capable of increasing the biological and medical utility of this natural class of predominantly hydrophobic antioxidant compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Richard Sliwka
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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14
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Naess SN, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Melø TB, Razi Naqvi K, Jackson HL, Lockwood SF. Hydrophilic carotenoids: surface properties and aggregation of an astaxanthin-lysine conjugate, a rigid, long-chain, highly unsaturated and highly water-soluble tetracationic bolaamphiphile. Chem Phys Lipids 2007; 148:63-9. [PMID: 17531964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The surface and aggregation properties of a synthetic, highly water-soluble carotenoid, the tetracationic astaxanthin-lysine conjugate (Asly), have been examined through measurements of surface tension, optical absorption and dynamic light scattering. The following parameters were determined: critical aggregation concentration c(M), surface concentration Gamma, molecular area a(m), free energy of adsorption and aggregation (DeltaG(ad) degrees and DeltaG(M) degrees , respectively), and the aggregate size r(H). The compound forms true monomolecular solutions in water below c(M); aggregates emerge only at rather high concentrations (> or =2.18 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Nalum Naess
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Lockwood SF, Gross GJ. Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax): antioxidant and antiinflammatory cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:199-216. [PMID: 16252014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2005.tb00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (Cardax), DDA) has cardioprotective effects in the rat, rabbit, and canine models of experimental infarction. It is highly effective by parenteral administration in subchronic and acute dosing regimens. Unpublished data in rats suggest that oral cardioprotection is also readily achievable. DDA-induced myocardial salvage in the canine can reach 100% with a 4-day subchronic dosing regimen. At a single i.v. dose DDA is cardioprotective, when given 2 h before experimental coronary occlusion, but the protection is on the average two-thirds of that achieved with the subchronic regimen in dogs. In conscious animals DDA has no effects on hemodynamic parameters. The primary mechanism of cardioprotection appears to be antioxidant activity involving direct scavenging of superoxide anion, the lynchpin radical in ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, modulation of serum complement activity, as well as the reduction in the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the membrane attack complex (MAC) in infarcted tissue suggest a significant antiinflammatory component in the mechanism of cardioprotective action of DDA. Stoichiometric binding of the meso-form of the compound to human serum albumin (HSA) has been demonstrated in vitro. This binding capacity overcomes the supramolecular assembly of the compound in aqueous solution, which by itself improves the stability and shelf life of aqueous formulations. Non-esterified astaxanthin readily enters cardiac tissue after either oral or parenteral administration, providing a reservoir of a cardioprotective agent with a significant half-life due to favorable ADME in mammals. Due to the well-documented safety profile of non-esterified astaxanthin in humans, disodium disuccinate astaxanthin may well find clinical utility in cardiovascular indications in humans following successful completion of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Lockwood
- Hawaii Biotech, Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Suite 200, Aiea, HI 96701, USA.
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16
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Naess S, Elgsaeter A, Foss B, Li B, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Melø T, Naqvi K. Hydrophilic Carotenoids: Surface Properties and Aggregation of Crocin as a Biosurfactant. Helv Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200690011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Foss BJ, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Köpsel C, Mayer B, Martin HD, Zsila F, Bikadi Z, Simonyi M. Optically Active Oligomer Units in Aggregates of a Highly Unsaturated, Optically Inactive Carotenoid Phospholipid. Chemistry 2005; 11:4103-8. [PMID: 15861483 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomers of glycerophospholipids show low or no optical activity. Accordingly, optical activity was not observed with the R enantiomer of a highly unsaturated carotenoyl lysophospholipid in solution. In spite of this, strong Cotton effects are detected in water. The amphiphilic carotenoid-phospholipid monomers associate to form aggregates, whose optical activity is attributed to oligomeric entities. These small helical assemblies cannot exist independently. Yet, the calculated octamer represents the simplest repeating primary unit that sufficiently expresses the absorption properties and supramolecular optical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Jeanette Foss
- Norges Teknisk Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU) Institutt for Kjemi, Trondheim, Norway
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Foss BJ, Sliwka HR, Partali V, Naess SN, Elgsaeter A, Melø TB, Naqvi KR, O'Malley S, Lockwood SF. Hydrophilic carotenoids: surface properties and aqueous aggregation of a rigid, long-chain, highly unsaturated dianionic bolaamphiphile with a carotenoid spacer. Chem Phys Lipids 2005; 135:157-67. [PMID: 15921976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The water dispersibility of astaxanthin was greatly enhanced by converting it to a disodium disuccinate salt. This carotenoid salt behaved as a bolaamphiphile in water; dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed the formation of stable aggregates with an average hydrodynamic radius close to 1 microm. Larger aggregates were observed in solutions of increased osmolarity. Absorption spectra demonstrated that the aggregates could withstand the addition of 20% acetonitrile before disintegrating to monomers. The physicochemical properties of this astaxanthin derivative in solution were comprehensively studied by measuring surface tension, critical aggregate concentration, surface concentration, molecule area, free energy of adsorption and micellation, adsorption-aggregate energy relationship, and equilibrium constants, and then compared with similar compounds reported previously in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Jeanette Foss
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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