1
|
Yang D, Lee YY, Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Internal Factors Affecting the Crystallization of the Lipid System: Triacylglycerol Structure, Composition, and Minor Components. Molecules 2024; 29:1847. [PMID: 38675667 PMCID: PMC11052365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of lipid crystallization influences the characteristics of lipid. By changing the chemical composition of the lipid system, the crystallization behavior could be controlled. This review elucidates the internal factors affecting lipid crystallization, including triacylglycerol (TAG) structure, TAG composition, and minor components. The influence of these factors on the TAG crystal polymorphic form, nanostructure, microstructure, and physical properties is discussed. The interplay of these factors collectively influences crystallization across various scales. Variations in fatty acid chain length, double bonds, and branching, along with their arrangement on the glycerol backbone, dictate molecular interactions within and between TAG molecules. High-melting-point TAG dominates crystallization, while liquid oil hinders the process but facilitates polymorphic transitions. Unique molecular interactions arise from specific TAG combinations, yielding molecular compounds with distinctive properties. Nanoscale crystallization is significantly impacted by liquid oil and minor components. The interaction between the TAG and minor components determines the influence of minor components on the crystallization process. In addition, future perspectives on better design and control of lipid crystallization are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dubing Yang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuxia Lu
- Guangzhou Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Macridachis-González J, Bayés-García L, Calvet T. An Insight into the Solid-State Miscibility of Triacylglycerol Crystals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4562. [PMID: 33036267 PMCID: PMC7583920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization properties of triacylglycerols (TAGs) strongly determine the functional properties of natural lipids. The polymorphic and mixing phase behavior of TAG molecules have long been, and still are, a hot topic of research with special relevance for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industry. To avoid the difficulties arising from the study of whole real fats, studies at the molecular level on mixtures of a limited number of TAGs has become an indispensable tool to identify the underlying causes of the physical properties in lipid systems. In particular, phase diagrams of binary mixtures of TAGs exhibiting a different degree of heterogeneity (monoacid or mixed fatty acids; molecular symmetry; the presence of cis or trans double bonds) have resulted in a significant breakthrough in our knowledge about structure-interaction-function relationships. The present work aims to provide an overview of the main reports regarding binary and ternary TAG systems, from the early studies to the most recent developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Macridachis-González
- Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geología Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (T.C.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
West R, Rousseau D. Tripalmitin‐Driven Crystallization of Palm Oil: The Role of Shear and Dispersed Particles. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University Toronto M5B 2K3 Ontario Canada
| | - Dérick Rousseau
- Department of Chemistry and Biology Ryerson University Toronto M5B 2K3 Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Dong C. Phase behavior of binary mixtures of three different 1,3-diacylglycerols. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology; Oil and Plant Protein Center; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| | - Cao Dong
- School of Food Science and Technology; Oil and Plant Protein Center; Jiangnan University; Wuxi Jiangsu Province P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bayés-García L, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte MÀ, Ueno S, Sato K. Phase Behavior of Binary Mixture Systems of Saturated-Unsaturated Mixed-Acid Triacylglycerols: Effects of Glycerol Structures and Chain–Chain Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:4417-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bayés-García
- Departament
de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals,
Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Calvet
- Departament
de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals,
Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Àngel Cuevas-Diarte
- Departament
de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals,
Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Satoru Ueno
- Faculty
of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Sato
- Faculty
of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mixing Phase Behavior of 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycerol (POP) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-3-Oleoyl-rac-Glycerol (PPO) in n-Dodecane Solution. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Pattarino F, Bettini R, Foglio Bonda A, Della Bella A, Giovannelli L. Polymorphism and kinetic behavior of binary mixtures of triglycerides. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:87-94. [PMID: 24971693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The work is aimed at investigating the polymorphism and the phase transition kinetics of binary lipid mixtures with potential application in controlled drug delivery. The lipid systems, constituted of glyceryl tristearate (GTS) added with different amounts (1.0-7.5% w/w) of a medium-chain liquid triglyceride (C10-C12 acyl derivative - MCT), were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, by X-ray diffraction and hot-stage microscopy. The liquid lipid, although present in small amount, modified the thermal profile and the diffraction pattern of the systems, indicating that it promoted the formation of the GTS stable polymorph, β, during the re-solidification of the melted mixture. This promotion effect of MCT was concentration-dependent and evident for systems containing MCT>2.5%. Also the kinetics of transformation of GTS polymorphs was affected by the percentage of the liquid component. The α → β-transition was a biphasic process which for GTS-MCT mixture (99:1) superimposed that of pure GTS, while followed a different trend for systems containing percentages of MCT higher than 2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pattarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani, 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Foglio Bonda
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani, 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Della Bella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lorella Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani, 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bouzidi L, Omonov TS, Garti N, Narine SS. Relationships between molecular structure and kinetic and thermodynamic controls in lipid systems. Part I: propensity for oil loss of saturated triacylglycerols. Food Funct 2012; 4:130-43. [PMID: 23070069 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure saturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) in canola oil were used as model systems to analyse oil loss in structured oil both from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Two important parameters which effectively and predictively measure the relative propensity of a solid network to lose/hold oil were defined: (1) the rate of oil loss, K, which is a quantified representation of the kinetics of oil loss and (2) the initial amount of oil susceptible to be lost, i.e., the propensity for oil loss (POL), which is a representation of the thermodynamics of oil binding. It was found that the POL and K values do not always trend in the same fashion, suggesting that the mechanism of oil binding is complex, depending on the structurant's crystalline form locked within the oil network. The two parameters were, however, correlated to the melting and thermal behavior of the structurants, to the polymorphic structures that are obtained during the cooling process and to the habit (shape, size and morphology) of the crystalline phase in the oil. Both POL and K had a strong correlation to the oil loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry Departments, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Relationships between molecular structure and kinetic and thermodynamic controls in lipid systems. Part II: Phase behavior and transformation paths of SSS, PSS and PPS saturated triacylglycerols—Effect of chain length mismatch. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
10
|
Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Relationships between molecular structure and kinetic and thermodynamic controls in lipid systems. Part III. Crystallization and phase behavior of 1-palmitoyl-2,3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (PSS) and tristearoylglycerol (SSS) binary system. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 165:105-19. [PMID: 22119326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The phase behavior of 1-palmitoyl-2,3-distearoyl-sn-glycerol (PSS)/tristearoylglycerol (SSS) binary system was investigated in terms of polymorphism, crystallization and melting behavior, microstructure and solid fat content (SFC) using widely different constant cooling rates. Kinetic phase diagrams were experimentally determined from the DSC heating thermograms and analyzed using a thermodynamic model to account for non-ideality of mixing. The kinetic phase diagram presented a typical eutectic behavior with a eutectic point at the 0.5(PSS) mixture with a probable precipitation line from 0.5(PSS) to 1.0(PSS), regardless of the rate at which the sample was cooled. The eutectic temperature decreased only slightly with increasing cooling rate. PSS has a strong effect on the physical properties of the PSS-SSS mixtures. In fact, the overall phase behavior of the PSS-SSS binary system was determined, for a very large part, by the asymmetrical TAG. Moreover, PSS is a key driver of the high stability observed in crystal growth, polymorphism and phase development. Levels as low as 10% PSS, when cooled slowly, and 30% when cooled rapidly, were found to be sufficient to suppress the effect of thermal processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bouzidi L, Boodhoo MV, Kutek T, Filip V, Narine SS. The binary phase behavior of 1,3-dilauroyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1,2-dilauroyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:607-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Biomaterials Research Program, Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boodhoo MV, Bouzidi L, Narine SS. The binary phase behavior of 1, 3-dipalmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 160:11-32. [PMID: 19501207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The binary phase behavior of purified 1, 3-dipalmitoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (PSP) and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (PPS) was investigated at a very slow (0.1 degrees C/min) and a relatively fast (3.0 degrees C/min) cooling rate. Mixtures with molar fractions of 0.1 increments were studied in terms of melting and crystallization, polymorphism, solid fat content (SFC), hardness and microstructure. Only the alpha-form of a double chain length (DCL) structure was detected for all mixtures in both experiments. The kinetic phase diagram, constructed using heating DSC thermograms, displayed two distinct behaviors separated by a singularity at the 0.5(PSP) composition: a eutectic in the X(PSP)< or =0.5 and a monotectic in the X(PSP)< or =0.5 concentration region. The singularity was attributed to the formation of a 1:1 (mol:mol) molecular compound. Apart from the segment from 0.0(PSP) to the eutectic point, X(E), the simulation of the liquidus line using a model based on the Hildebrand equation suggested that the molecular interactions are strong and tend to favor the formation of unlike pairs in the liquid state and that the miscibility is not significantly dependent on cooling rate. The kinetic effects are manifest in all measured properties, particularly dramatically in the X(PSP)< or =X(E) concentration region. An analysis of induction time as measured by pulse nuclear magnetic resonance (pNMR) showed that PPS retards crystal growth, an effect which can explain the peculiarity of this concentration region. At both cooling rates, fit of the SFC (%) versus time curves to a modified form of the Avrami model revealed two common growth modes for all the mixtures. The polarized light microscope (PLM) of the PSP-PPS mixtures revealed networks made of spherulitic crystallites of size, growth direction and boundaries that are varied and sensitive to composition and cooling rate. The change in the microstructure and final SFC (%), particularly noticeable at compositions close to the eutectic, explain in part the differences seen in relative hardness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Boodhoo
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|