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Chary PS, Shaikh S, Rajana N, Bhavana V, Mehra NK. Unlocking nature's arsenal: Nanotechnology for targeted delivery of venom toxins in cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 162:213903. [PMID: 38824828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present review is to shed light on the nanotechnological approaches adopted to overcome the shortcomings associated with the delivery of venom peptides which possess inherent anti-cancer properties. BACKGROUND Venom peptides although have been reported to demonstrate anti-cancer effects, they suffer from several disadvantages such as in vivo instability, off-target adverse effects, limited drug loading and low bioavailability. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of different classes of nanocarriers while underscoring their advantages, disadvantages and potential to carry such peptide molecules for in vivo delivery. It also discusses various nanotechnological aspects such as methods of fabrication, analytical tools to assess these nanoparticulate formulations, modulation of nanocarrier polymer properties to enhance loading capacity, stability and improve their suitability to carry toxic peptide drugs. CONCLUSION Nanotechnological approaches bear great potential in delivering venom peptide-based molecules as anticancer agents by enhancing their bioavailability, stability, efficacy as well as offering a spatiotemporal delivery approach. However, the challenges associated with toxicity and biocompatibility of nanocarriers must be duly addressed. PERSPECTIVES The everlasting quest for new breakthroughs for safer delivery of venom peptides in human subjects is fuelled by unmet clinical needs in the current landscape of chemotherapy. In addition, exhaustive efforts are required in obtaining and purifying the venom peptides followed by designing and optimizing scale up technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padakanti Sandeep Chary
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Samia Shaikh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naveen Rajana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Valamla Bhavana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Wei Y, Lv J, Zhu S, Wang S, Su J, Xu C. Enzyme-responsive liposomes for controlled drug release. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104014. [PMID: 38705509 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Compared to other nanovectors, liposomes exhibit unique advantages, such as good biosafety and high drug-loading capacity. However, slow drug release from conventional liposomes makes most payloads unavailable, restricting the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, in the last ∼20 years, enzyme-responsive liposomes have been extensively investigated, which liberate drugs under the stimulation of enzymes overexpressed at disease sites. In this review, we elaborate on the research progress on enzyme-responsive liposomes. The involved enzymes mainly include phospholipases, particularly phospholipase A2, matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, and esterases. These enzymes can cleave ester bonds or specific peptide sequences incorporated in the liposomes for controlled drug release by disrupting the primary structure of liposomes, detaching protective polyethylene glycol shells, or activating liposome-associated prodrugs. Despite decades of efforts, there are still a lack marketed products of enzyme-responsive liposomes. Therefore, more efforts should be made to improve the safety and effectiveness of enzyme-responsive liposomes and address the issues associated with production scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China.
| | - Jiajing Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai 200941, China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
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3
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Mansour A, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Ghoniem MG, Adam FA, El-Sherbiny IM. Dual-Enhanced Pluronic Nanoformulated Methotrexate-Based Treatment Approach for Breast Cancer: Development and Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122668. [PMID: 36559161 PMCID: PMC9784442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a prevalent tumor and causes deadly metastatic complications. Myriad cancer types, including breast cancer, are effectively treated by methotrexate (MTX). However, MTX hydrophobicity, adverse effects and the development of resistance have inspired a search for new effective strategies to overcome these challenges. These may include the addition of a bioenhancer and/or encapsulation into appropriate nano-based carriers. In the present study, the anticancer effect of MTX was fortified through dual approaches. First, the concomitant use of piperine (PIP) as a bioenhancer with MTX, which was investigated in the MCF-7 cell line. The results depicted significantly lower IC50 values for the combination (PIP/MTX) than for MTX. Second, PIP and MTX were individually nanoformulated into F-127 pluronic nanomicelles (PIP-NMs) and F-127/P-105 mixed pluronic nanomicelles (MTX-MNMs), respectively, validated by several characterization techniques, and the re-investigated cytotoxicity of PIP-NMs and MTX-MNMs was fortified. Besides, the PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs demonstrated further cytotoxicity enhancement. The PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs combination was analyzed by flow cytometry to understand the cell death mechanism. Moreover, the in vivo assessment of PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs was adopted through the Ehrlich ascites model, which revealed a significant reduction of the tumor weight. However, some results of the tumor markers showed that the addition of PIP-NMs to MTX-MNMs did not significantly enhance the antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Mansour
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y. Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Alaa F. Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Monira G. Ghoniem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A. Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Research Labs, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Fattahi N, Bahari A, Ramazani A, Koolivand D. In vitro immunobiological assays of methotrexate-stearic acid conjugate in human PBMCs. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Zakeri-Milani P, Shirani A, Nokhodchi A, Mussa Farkhani S, Mohammadi S, Shahbazi Mojarrad J, Mahmoudian M, Gholikhani T, Farshbaf M, Valizadeh H. Self-assembled peptide nanoparticles for efficient delivery of methotrexate into cancer cells. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:521-530. [PMID: 32116040 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1734017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The low cellular uptake of Methotrexate (MTX), a commonly used anticancer drug, is a big challenge for efficient cancer therapy. Self-assembled peptide nanoparticles (SAPNs) are one of the major classes of peptide vectors that have gained much attention toward novel drug delivery systems. In the present study, different sequences of cell-penetrating peptides including R2W4R2 and W3R4W3 and their SAPNs (R2W4R2-E12 and W3R4W3-E12) were designed for efficient delivery of MTX into MCF7 breast cancer cells. Based on electron microscopy results, the obtained SAPNs were in nano scale with spherical shape. There was a positive relationship between the free energy of water to octanol transferring and cellular penetration of designed nanostructures. The R2W4R2 possessed proper free energy and ability to form a spherical structure and hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions, therefore, exhibited more cellular penetration than W3R4W3. The cellular uptake of obtained nanoparticles was examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, in which, R2W4R2 and R2W4R2-E12 showed more appropriate penetration into MCF7 cells than W3R4W3 and W3R4W3-E12. The cytotoxicity of MTX-loaded peptides and SAPNs was examined by MTT assay. As a result, at higher concentrations, the R2W4R2 and R2W4R2-E12 showed higher cytotoxic behavior than their counterparts. Despite their enhanced cellular internalization, the cytotoxic behavior of MTX-loaded SAPNs at lower concentrations was relatively less than free MTX, which could be ascribed to the gradual nature of drug detachment from these conjugates. Therefore, R2W4R2 could be considered as an efficient choice to enhance the therapeutic efficiency of MTX in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shirani
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Nokhodchi
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Samaneh Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Shahbazi Mojarrad
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudian
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Gholikhani
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Farshbaf
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Maji D, Lu J, Sarder P, Schmieder AH, Cui G, Yang X, Pan D, Lew MD, Achilefu S, Lanza GM. Cellular Trafficking of Sn-2 Phosphatidylcholine Prodrugs Studied with Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Super-resolution Microscopy. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2018; 1:128-145. [PMID: 31249994 PMCID: PMC6597004 DOI: 10.33218/prnano1(2).180724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the in vivo efficacy of Sn-2 phosphatidylcholine prodrugs incorporated into targeted, non-pegylated lipid-encapsulated nanoparticles was demonstrated in prior preclinical studies, the microscopic details of cell prodrug internalization and trafficking events are unknown. Classic fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, and single-molecule super-resolution microscopy were used to investigate the cellular handling of doxorubicin-prodrug and AlexaFluor™-488-prodrug. Sn-2 phosphatidylcholine prodrugs delivered by hemifusion of nanoparticle and cell phospholipid membranes functioned as phosphatidylcholine mimics, circumventing the challenges of endosome sequestration and release. Phosphatidylcholine prodrugs in the outer cell membrane leaflet translocated to the inner membrane leaflet by ATP-dependent and ATP-independent mechanisms and distributed broadly within the cytosolic membranes over the next 12 h. A portion of the phosphatidylcholine prodrug populated vesicle membranes trafficked to the perinuclear Golgi/ER region, where the drug was enzymatically liberated and activated. Native doxorubicin entered the cells, passed rapidly to the nucleus, and bound to dsDNA, whereas DOX was first enzymatically liberated from DOX-prodrug within the cytosol, particularly in the perinuclear region, before binding nuclear dsDNA. Much of DOX-prodrug was initially retained within intracellular membranes. In vitro anti-proliferation effectiveness of the two drug delivery approaches was equivalent at 48 h, suggesting that residual intracellular DOX-prodrug may constitute a slow-release drug reservoir that enhances effectiveness. We have demonstrated that Sn-2 phosphatidylcholine prodrugs function as phosphatidylcholine mimics following reported pathways of phosphatidylcholine distribution and metabolism. Drug complexed to the Sn-2 fatty acid is enzymatically liberated and reactivated over many hours, which may enhance efficacy overtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolonchampa Maji
- Optical Radiology Lab, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Anne H Schmieder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Grace Cui
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Matthew D Lew
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Optical Radiology Lab, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gregory M Lanza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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7
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Ji X, Guo H, Tang Q, Ma D, Xue W. A targeted nanocarrier based on polyspermine for the effective delivery of methotrexate in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Hayashi JY, Tamanoi F. Exploiting Enzyme Alterations in Cancer for Drug Activation, Drug Delivery, and Nanotherapy. Enzymes 2017; 42:153-172. [PMID: 29054269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of enzyme activity or enzyme levels in cancer tissue have been documented over the years. Taking advantage of these observations, various strategies for drug activation and drug delivery have been developed. One example is a mechanism called "prodrugs" that generates active drugs by enzyme cleavage. Another example is enzyme-induced anticancer drug release mechanisms. This system is constructed by incorporating enzyme-sensitive linkages to materials such as hydrogels and nanodelivery vehicles, including liposomes, polymer micelles, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Various release mechanisms for anticancer drugs and siRNA have been developed. In addition, enzyme cleavage is utilized in nanodelivery vehicles that contain nanomachines. One example is nanovalve that can be opened by enzyme cleavage. Another example is enzyme-induced release of nanoparticles from multistage vehicles. Finally, colon-specific drug delivery by azoreductase cleavable mechanism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Y Hayashi
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Tamanoi
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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9
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Lee Y, Thompson DH. Stimuli-responsive liposomes for drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 9:10.1002/wnan.1450. [PMID: 28198148 PMCID: PMC5557698 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of drug delivery is to increase the bioavailability and reduce the toxic side effects of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by releasing them at a specific site of action. In the case of antitumor therapy, association of the therapeutic agent with a carrier system can minimize damage to healthy, nontarget tissues, while limit systemic release and promoting long circulation to enhance uptake at the cancerous site due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR). Stimuli-responsive systems have become a promising way to deliver and release payloads in a site-selective manner. Potential carrier systems have been derived from a wide variety of materials, including inorganic nanoparticles, lipids, and polymers that have been imbued with stimuli-sensitive properties to accomplish triggered release based on an environmental cue. The unique features in the tumor microenvironment can serve as an endogenous stimulus (pH, redox potential, or unique enzymatic activity) or the locus of an applied external stimulus (heat or light) to trigger the controlled release of API. In liposomal carrier systems triggered release is generally based on the principle of membrane destabilization from local defects within bilayer membranes to effect release of liposome-entrapped drugs. This review focuses on the literature appearing between November 2008-February 2016 that reports new developments in stimuli-sensitive liposomal drug delivery strategies using pH change, enzyme transformation, redox reactions, and photochemical mechanisms of activation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1450. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1450 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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10
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Poloxamer surface modified trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for the effective delivery of methotrexate in osteosarcoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:872-879. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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He H, Sun L, Ye J, Liu E, Chen S, Liang Q, Shin MC, Yang VC. Enzyme-triggered, cell penetrating peptide-mediated delivery of anti-tumor agents. J Control Release 2016; 240:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Núñez-Lozano R, Cano M, Pimentel B, de la Cueva-Méndez G. ‘Smartening’ anticancer therapeutic nanosystems using biomolecules. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 35:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Pan D, Pham CTN, Weilbaecher KN, Tomasson MH, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Contact-facilitated drug delivery with Sn2 lipase labile prodrugs optimize targeted lipid nanoparticle drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:85-106. [PMID: 26296541 PMCID: PMC4709477 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sn2 lipase labile phospholipid prodrugs in conjunction with contact-facilitated drug delivery offer an important advancement in Nanomedicine. Many drugs incorporated into nanosystems, targeted or not, are substantially lost during circulation to the target. However, favorably altering the pharmacokinetics and volume of distribution of systemic drug delivery can offer greater efficacy with lower toxicity, leading to new prolonged-release nanoexcipients. However, the concept of achieving Paul Erhlich's inspired vision of a 'magic bullet' to treat disease has been largely unrealized due to unstable nanomedicines, nanosystems achieving low drug delivery to target cells, poor intracellular bioavailability of endocytosed nanoparticle payloads, and the substantial biological barriers of extravascular particle penetration into pathological sites. As shown here, Sn2 phospholipid prodrugs in conjunction with contact-facilitated drug delivery prevent premature drug diffusional loss during circulation and increase target cell bioavailability. The Sn2 phospholipid prodrug approach applies equally well for vascular constrained lipid-encapsulated particles and micelles the size of proteins that penetrate through naturally fenestrated endothelium in the bone marrow or thin-walled venules of an inflamed microcirculation. At one time Nanomedicine was considered a 'Grail Quest' by its loyal opposition and even many in the field adsorbing the pains of a long-learning curve about human biology and particles. However, Nanomedicine with innovations like Sn2 phospholipid prodrugs has finally made 'made the turn' toward meaningful translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Christine T N Pham
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael H Tomasson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel A Wickline
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory M Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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A micelle-like structure of poloxamer-methotrexate conjugates as nanocarrier for methotrexate delivery. Int J Pharm 2015; 487:177-86. [PMID: 25865570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a novel featured and flexible methotrexate (MTX) formulation, in which MTX was physically entrapped and chemically conjugated in the same drug delivery system. A series of poloxamer-MTX (p-MTX) conjugates was synthesized, wherein MTX was grafted to poloxamer through an ester bond. p-MTX conjugates could self-assemble into micelle-like structures in aqueous environment and the MTX end was in the inner-core of micelles. Moreover, free MTX could be physically entrapped into p-MTX micelles hydrophobic core region to increase the total drug loading. Importantly, the resulting MTX-loaded p-MTX micelles showed a biphasic release of MTX, with a relative fast release of the entrapped MTX (about 6-7h) followed by a sustained release of the conjugated MTX. The pharmacokinetics study showed that the mean residence time (MRT) was extended in the case of MTX-loaded p-MTX micelles, indicating a delayed MTX elimination from the bloodstream and prolonged in vivo residence time. Besides, the area under curve (AUC) of MTX-loaded p-MTX micelles was greater than free MTX, indicating a drug bioavailability improvement. Overall, MTX-loaded p-MTX micelles might be a promising nanosized drug delivery system for the cancer therapy.
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15
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Baker AE, Marchal E, Lund KLA, Thompson A. The use of tin(IV) chloride to selectively cleave benzyl esters over benzyl ethers and benzyl amines. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzyl esters are cleaved upon reaction with SnCl4, resulting in isolation of the corresponding carboxylic acid. Importantly, benzyl ethers, amines, and amides do not undergo debenzylation under these conditions, nor do a variety of other common protecting groups for alcohols, thereby rendering SnCl4 selective amongst Lewis acids. The scope, tolerance, and limitations of the strategy are demonstrated through the analysis of several multifunctional substrates, including those bearing Cbz groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E.G. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Estelle Marchal
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kate-lyn A.R. Lund
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alison Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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16
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Jhaveri A, Deshpande P, Torchilin V. Stimuli-sensitive nanopreparations for combination cancer therapy. J Control Release 2014; 190:352-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Knudsen KB, Northeved H, Kumar PEK, Permin A, Gjetting T, Andresen TL, Larsen S, Wegener KM, Lykkesfeldt J, Jantzen K, Loft S, Møller P, Roursgaard M. In vivo toxicity of cationic micelles and liposomes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:467-77. [PMID: 25168934 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated toxicity of nanocarriers comprised of cationic polymer and lipid components often used in gene and drug delivery, formulated as cationic micelles and liposomes. Rats were injected intravenously with 10, 25 or 100 mg/kg and sacrificed after 24 or 48 h, or 24 h after the last of three intravenous injections of 100 mg/kg every other day. Histological evaluation of liver, lung and spleen, clinical chemistry parameters, and hematology indicated little effect of treatment. DNA strand breaks were increased in the lung and spleen. Further, in the dose response study we found unaltered expression levels of genes in the antioxidant response (HMOX1) and repair of oxidized nucleobases (OGG1), whereas expression levels of cytokines (IL6, CXCL2 and CCL2) were elevated in lung, spleen or liver. The results indicate that assessment of genotoxicity and gene expression add information on toxicity of nanocarriers, which is not obtained by histology and hematology. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This study investigates the toxicity of cationic micelles and liposomes utilized as nanocarriers in gene and drug delivery, demonstrating its effects on the lungs, spleen and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Bram Knudsen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Pramod E K Kumar
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Permin
- DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Gjetting
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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d'Arcy R, Tirelli N. Fishing for fire: strategies for biological targeting and criteria for material design in anti-inflammatory therapies. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard d'Arcy
- School of Medicine/Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- School of Medicine/Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
- School of Materials; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
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19
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Krasnopol’skii YM, Balaban’yan VY, Shobolov DL, Shvets VI. Prospective clinical applications of nanosized drugs. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363213120517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sun Y, Huang Y, Bian S, Liang J, Fan Y, Zhang X. Reduction-degradable PEG-b–PAA-b–PEG triblock copolymer micelles incorporated with MTX for cancer chemotherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 112:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Neutsch L, Wirth EM, Spijker S, Pichl C, Kählig H, Gabor F, Wirth M. Synergistic targeting/prodrug strategies for intravesical drug delivery--lectin-modified PLGA microparticles enhance cytotoxicity of stearoyl gemcitabine by contact-dependent transfer. J Control Release 2013; 169:62-72. [PMID: 23588390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The direct access to the urothelial tissue via intravesical therapy has emerged as a promising means for reducing the high recurrence rate of bladder cancer. However, few advanced delivery concepts have so far been evaluated to overcome critical inherent efficacy limitations imposed by short exposure times, low tissue permeability, and extensive washout. This study reports on a novel strategy to enhance gemcitabine treatment impact on urothelial cells by combining a pharmacologically advantageous prodrug approach with the pharmacokinetic benefits of a glycan-targeted carrier system. The conversion of gemcitabine to its 4-(N)-stearoyl derivative (GEM-C₁₈) allowed for stable, homogeneous incorporation into PLGA microparticles (MP) without compromising intracellular drug activation. Fluorescence-labeled GEM-C₁₈-PLGA-MP were surface-functionalized with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or human serum albumin (HSA) to assess in direct comparison the impact of biorecognitive interaction on binding rate and anchoring stability. MP adhesion on urothelial cells of non-malignant origin (SV-HUC-1), and low- (5637) or high-grade (HT-1376) carcinoma was correlated to the resultant antiproliferative and antimetabolic effect in BrdU and XTT assays. More extensive and durable binding of the WGA-GEM-C₁₈-PLGA-MP induced a change in the pharmacological profile and substantially higher cytotoxicity, allowing for maximum response within the temporal restrictions of instillative administration (120 min). Mechanistically, a direct, contact-dependent transfer of stearoyl derivatives from the particle matrix to the urothelial membrane was found to account for this effect. With versatile options for future application, our results highlight the potential offered by the synergistic implementation of targeting/prodrug strategies in delivery systems tailored to the intravesical route.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Neutsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna A 1090, Austria
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22
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Synergistic effects of secretory phospholipase A2 from the venom of Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus with cancer chemotherapeutic agents. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:565287. [PMID: 23509743 PMCID: PMC3591165 DOI: 10.1155/2013/565287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Healthy cells typically resist hydrolysis catalyzed by snake venom secretory phospholipase A2. However, during various forms of programmed cell death, they become vulnerable to attack by the enzyme. This observation raises the question of whether the specificity of the enzyme for dying cells could be used as a strategy to eliminate tumor cells that have been intoxicated but not directly killed by chemotherapeutic agents. This idea was tested with S49 lymphoma cells and a broad range of antineoplastic drugs: methotrexate, daunorubicin, actinomycin D, and paclitaxel. In each case, a substantial population of treated cells was still alive yet vulnerable to attack by the enzyme. Induction of cell death by these agents also perturbed the biophysical properties of the membrane as detected by merocyanine 540 and trimethylammonium-diphenylhexatriene. These results suggest that exposure of lymphoma cells to these drugs universally causes changes to the cell membrane that render it susceptible to enzymatic attack. The data also argue that the snake venom enzyme is not only capable of clearing cell corpses but can aid in the demise of tumor cells that have initiated but not yet completed the death process.
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Chittasupho C, Jaturanpinyo M, Mangmool S. Pectin nanoparticle enhances cytotoxicity of methotrexate against hepG2 cells. Drug Deliv 2012; 20:1-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2012.739214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Khan ZA, Tripathi R, Mishra B. Methotrexate: a detailed review on drug delivery and clinical aspects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:151-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.642362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bibi S, Lattmann E, Mohammed AR, Perrie Y. Trigger release liposome systems: local and remote controlled delivery? J Microencapsul 2011; 29:262-76. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.646330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Moura JA, Valduga CJ, Tavares ER, Kretzer IF, Maria DA, Maranhão RC. Novel formulation of a methotrexate derivative with a lipid nanoemulsion. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2285-95. [PMID: 22072866 PMCID: PMC3205125 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipid nanoemulsions that bind to low-density lipoprotein receptors can concentrate chemotherapeutic agents in tissues with low-density lipoprotein receptor overexpression and decrease the toxicity of the treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a new formulation using a lipophilic derivative of methotrexate, ie, didodecyl methotrexate (ddMTX), associated with a lipid nanoemulsion (ddMTX-LDE). Methods ddMTX was synthesized by an esterification reaction between methotrexate and dodecyl bromide. The lipid nanoemulsion was prepared by four hours of ultrasonication of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, triolein, and cholesteryloleate. Association of ddMTX with the lipid nanoemulsion was performed by additional cosonication of ddMTX with the previously prepared lipid nanoemulsion. Formulation stability was evaluated, and cell uptake, cytotoxicity, and acute animal toxicity studies were performed. Results The yield of ddMTX incorporation was 98% and the particle size of LDE-ddMTX was 60 nm. After 48 hours of incubation with plasma, approximately 28% ddMTX was released from the lipid nanoemulsion. The formulation remained stable for at least 45 days at 4°C. Cytotoxicity of LDE-ddMTX against K562 and HL60 neoplastic cells was higher than for methotrexate (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] 1.6 versus 18.2 mM and 0.2 versus 26 mM, respectively), and cellular uptake of LDE-ddMTX was 90-fold higher than that of methotrexate in K562 cells and 75-fold in HL60 cells. Toxicity of LDE-ddMTX, administered at escalating doses, was higher than for methotrexate (LD50 115 mg/kg versus 470 mg/kg; maximum tolerated dose 47 mg/kg versus 94 mg/kg) in mice. However, the hematological toxicity of LDE-ddMTX was lower than for methotrexate. Conclusion LDE-ddMTX was stable, and uptake of the formulation by neoplastic cells was remarkably greater than of methotrexate, which resulted in markedly greater cytotoxicity. LDE-ddMTX is thus a promising formulation to be tested in future animal models of cancer or rheumatic disease, wherein methotrexate is widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Moura
- Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Landon CD, Park JY, Needham D, Dewhirst MW. Nanoscale Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia: The Materials Design and Preclinical and Clinical Testing of Low Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes Used in Combination with Mild Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Local Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:38-64. [PMID: 23807899 DOI: 10.2174/1875933501103010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective of liposomal drug delivery is to selectively target drug delivery to diseased tissue, while minimizing drug delivery to critical normal tissues. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of temperature-sensitive liposomes in general and the Low Temperature-Sensitive Liposome (LTSL) in particular. We give a brief description of the material design of LTSL and highlight the likely mechanism behind temperature-triggered drug release. A complete review of the progress and results of the latest preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrate enhanced drug delivery with the combined treatment of hyperthermia and liposomes is provided as well as a clinical perspective on cancers that would benefit from hyperthermia as an adjuvant treatment for temperature-triggered chemotherapeutics. This review discusses the ideas, goals, and processes behind temperature-sensitive liposome development in the laboratory to the current use in preclinical and clinical settings.
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28
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Bildstein L, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Prodrug-based intracellular delivery of anticancer agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:3-23. [PMID: 21237228 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous anticancer agents based on a prodrug approach. However, no attempt has been made to review the ample available literature with a specific focus on the altered cell uptake pathways enabled by the conjugation and on the intracellular drug-release mechanisms. This article focuses on the cellular interactions of a broad selection of parenterally administered anticancer prodrugs based on synthetic polymers, proteins or lipids. The report also aims to highlight the prodrug design issues, which are key points to obtain an efficient intracellular drug delivery. The chemical basis of these molecular concepts is put into perspective with the uptake and intracellular activation mechanisms, the in vitro and in vivo proofs of concepts and the clinical results. Several active targeting strategies and stimuli-responsive architectures are discussed throughout the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bildstein
- UMR CNRS 8612, IFR 141-ITFM, Faculté de Pharmacie, University Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry 92296, France
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Andresen TL, Thompson DH, Kaasgaard T. Enzyme-triggered nanomedicine: drug release strategies in cancer therapy. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:353-63. [PMID: 20939771 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.515950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine as a field has emerged from the early success of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, in particular for treatment of cancer, and the advances made in nano- and biotechnology over the past decade. A prerequisite for nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems to be effective is that the drug payload is released at the target site. A large number of drug release strategies have been proposed that can be classified into certain areas. The simplest and most successful strategy so far, probably due to relative simplicity, is based on utilizing certain physico-chemical characteristics of drugs to obtain a slow drug leakage from the formulations after accumulation in the cancerous site. However, this strategy is only applicable to a relatively small range of drugs and cannot be applied to biologicals. Many advanced drug release strategies have therefore been investigated. Such strategies include utilization of heat, light and ultrasound sensitive systems and in particular pH sensitive systems where the lower pH in endosomes induces drug release. Highly interesting are enzyme sensitive systems where over-expressed disease-associated enzymes are utilized to trigger drug release. The enzyme-based strategies are particularly interesting as they require no prior knowledge of the tumour localization. The basis of this review is an evaluation of the current status of drug delivery strategies focused on triggered drug release by disease-associated enzymes. We limit ourselves to reviewing the liposome field, but the concepts and conclusions are equally important for polymer-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andresen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Roskilde, Denmark.
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30
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Rosenholm JM, Peuhu E, Bate-Eya LT, Eriksson JE, Sahlgren C, Lindén M. Cancer-cell-specific induction of apoptosis using mesoporous silica nanoparticles as drug-delivery vectors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1234-1241. [PMID: 20486218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200902355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX) to cancer cells using poly(ethyleneimine)-functionalized mesoporous silica particles as drug-delivery vectors is reported. Due to its high affinity for folate receptors, the expression of which is elevated in cancer cells, MTX serves as both a targeting ligand and a cytotoxic agent. Enhanced cancer-cell apoptosis (programmed cell death) relative to free MTX is thus observed at particle concentrations where nonspecific MTX-induced apoptosis is not observed in the nontargeted healthy cell line, while corresponding amounts of free drug affect both cell lines equally. The particles remain compartmentalized in endo-/lysosomes during the time of observation (up to 72 h), while the drug is released from the particle only upon cell entry, thereby inducing selective apoptosis in the target cells. As MTX is mainly attached to the particle surface, an additional advantage is that the presented carrier design allows for adsorption (loading) of additional drugs into the pore network for therapies based on a combination of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosenholm
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, 2500 Turku, Finland
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Ferguson EL, Richardson SCW, Duncan R. Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Dextrin−Phospholipase A2 and Its Suitability for Use in Combination Therapy. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:510-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900232a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L. Ferguson
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, U.K
| | - Simon C. W. Richardson
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, U.K
| | - Ruth Duncan
- Centre for Polymer Therapeutics, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, U.K
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Puri A, Loomis K, Smith B, Lee JH, Yavlovich A, Heldman E, Blumenthal R. Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: from concepts to clinic. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2009; 26:523-80. [PMID: 20402623 PMCID: PMC2885142 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v26.i6.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, various nanotechnology platforms in the area of medical biology, including both diagnostics and therapy, have gained remarkable attention. Moreover, research and development of engineered multifunctional nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers have spurred exponential growth in applications to medicine in the last decade. Design principles of these nanoparticles, including nanoemulsions, dendrimers, nano-gold, liposomes, drug-carrier conjugates, antibody-drug complexes, and magnetic nanoparticles, are primarily based on unique assemblies of synthetic, natural, or biological components, including but not limited to synthetic polymers, metal ions, oils, and lipids as their building blocks. However, the potential success of these particles in the clinic relies on consideration of important parameters such as nanoparticle fabrication strategies, their physical properties, drug loading efficiencies, drug release potential, and, most importantly, minimum toxicity of the carrier itself. Among these, lipid-based nanoparticles bear the advantage of being the least toxic for in vivo applications, and significant progress has been made in the area of DNA/RNA and drug delivery using lipid-based nanoassemblies. In this review, we will primarily focus on the recent advances and updates on lipid-based nanoparticles for their projected applications in drug delivery. We begin with a review of current activities in the field of liposomes (the so-called honorary nanoparticles), and challenging issues of targeting and triggering will be discussed in detail. We will further describe nanoparticles derived from a novel class of amphipathic lipids called bolaamphiphiles with unique lipid assembly features that have been recently examined as drug/DNA delivery vehicles. Finally, an overview of an emerging novel class of particles (based on lipid components other than phospholipids), solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers will be presented. We conclude with a few examples of clinically successful formulations of currently available lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Puri
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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