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Yang D, Lee YY, Lu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Internal Factors Affecting the Crystallization of the Lipid System: Triacylglycerol Structure, Composition, and Minor Components. Molecules 2024; 29:1847. [PMID: 38675667 PMCID: PMC11052365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of lipid crystallization influences the characteristics of lipid. By changing the chemical composition of the lipid system, the crystallization behavior could be controlled. This review elucidates the internal factors affecting lipid crystallization, including triacylglycerol (TAG) structure, TAG composition, and minor components. The influence of these factors on the TAG crystal polymorphic form, nanostructure, microstructure, and physical properties is discussed. The interplay of these factors collectively influences crystallization across various scales. Variations in fatty acid chain length, double bonds, and branching, along with their arrangement on the glycerol backbone, dictate molecular interactions within and between TAG molecules. High-melting-point TAG dominates crystallization, while liquid oil hinders the process but facilitates polymorphic transitions. Unique molecular interactions arise from specific TAG combinations, yielding molecular compounds with distinctive properties. Nanoscale crystallization is significantly impacted by liquid oil and minor components. The interaction between the TAG and minor components determines the influence of minor components on the crystallization process. In addition, future perspectives on better design and control of lipid crystallization are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubing Yang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuxia Lu
- Guangzhou Flavours & Fragrances Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yong Wang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- JNU-UPM International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oil Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Regiospecific Positioning of Palmitic Acid in Triacylglycerol Structure of Enzymatically Modified Lipids Affects Physicochemical and In Vitro Digestion Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134015. [PMID: 34209258 PMCID: PMC8271560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripalmitin-(PPP, 81.2%), 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoylglycerol-(POP, 64.4%), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-oleoylglycerol-(PPO, 86.5%), and 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol-(OPO, 50.2%)-rich lipids with different regiospecific positions of palmitic acid (P) were synthesized via acetone fractionation and lipase-catalyzed acidolysis, and their physicochemical and hydrolytic characteristics were compared. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) with higher content of P, wherein P was at the sn-1 (or 3) position, had higher melting points, crystallization temperatures, and packing densities of fat crystals compared to those with a lower content of P, and with P at the sn-2 position. The in vitro digestion degree calculated as released fatty acid (FA) (%) at 30, 60, and 120 min was in the following order: OPO-rich > PPO-rich > POP-rich lipids. At 120 min, in vitro digestion of the OPO-rich lipid released 92.6% of fatty acids, resulting in the highest digestibility, while 89.7% and 87.2% of fatty acids were released from the OPO-rich and PPO-rich lipids, respectively. Over the digestion period, the TAG and monoacylglycerol (MAG) contents decreased, while the diacylglycerol (DAG) content initially increased and then decreased, and the 1,2-DAG content exceeded the 1,3-DAG content. Therefore, the content and stereospecific position of P attached to a specific TAG affected the physicochemical and in vitro digestion characteristics of the lipids.
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Macridachis-González J, Bayés-García L, Calvet T. An Insight into the Solid-State Miscibility of Triacylglycerol Crystals. Molecules 2020; 25:E4562. [PMID: 33036267 PMCID: PMC7583920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization properties of triacylglycerols (TAGs) strongly determine the functional properties of natural lipids. The polymorphic and mixing phase behavior of TAG molecules have long been, and still are, a hot topic of research with special relevance for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industry. To avoid the difficulties arising from the study of whole real fats, studies at the molecular level on mixtures of a limited number of TAGs has become an indispensable tool to identify the underlying causes of the physical properties in lipid systems. In particular, phase diagrams of binary mixtures of TAGs exhibiting a different degree of heterogeneity (monoacid or mixed fatty acids; molecular symmetry; the presence of cis or trans double bonds) have resulted in a significant breakthrough in our knowledge about structure-interaction-function relationships. The present work aims to provide an overview of the main reports regarding binary and ternary TAG systems, from the early studies to the most recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Macridachis-González
- Departament de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geología Aplicada, Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (T.C.)
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Bhaggan K, Smith KW, Blecker C, Danthine S. Polymorphism and Kinetic Behavior of Binary Mixtures of Trisaturated Triacylglycerols Containing Palmitic and Stearic Acid Under Non‐Isothermal Conditions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnadath Bhaggan
- Bunge Loders Croklaan1521 AZWormerveerThe Netherlands
- ULgGxABTAvenue de la Faculté d′agronomie 2B5030GemblouxBelgium
| | - Kevin W. Smith
- Fat Science Consulting Ltd16 Arundel DriveBedfordMK41 8HPUK
| | | | - Sabine Danthine
- ULgGxABTAvenue de la Faculté d′agronomie 2B5030GemblouxBelgium
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Watanabe S, Yoshikawa S, Arishima T, Sato K. Polymorphism and Mixing Phase Behavior in Ternary Mixture Systems of SOS-SSO-OSO: Formation of Molecular Compound Crystals. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Watanabe
- Hannan Section Oils & Fats R&D Department, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd.; 1 Sumiyoshi-cho, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8540 Japan
| | - Shinichi Yoshikawa
- Hannan Section Oils & Fats R&D Department, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd.; 1 Sumiyoshi-cho, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8540 Japan
| | - Toshiharu Arishima
- Hannan Section Oils & Fats R&D Department, Fuji Oil Co., Ltd.; 1 Sumiyoshi-cho, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8540 Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Sato
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528 Japan
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Bhaggan K, Smith KW, Blecker C, Danthine S. Binary Mixtures of Tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP) and 1,3‐Dipalmitoyl‐2‐stearoyl‐
sn
‐glycerol (PSP): Polymorphism and Kinetic Phase Behavior. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnadath Bhaggan
- IOI Loders Croklaan1521 AZWormerveerThe Netherlands
- ULg, GxABT, Passage des Déportés5030GemblouxBelgium
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Daels E, Foubert I, Goderis B. The effect of adding a commercial phytosterol ester mixture on the phase behavior of palm oil. Food Res Int 2017; 100:841-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bayés-García L, Calvet T, Cuevas-Diarte M, Ueno S. From Trioleoyl glycerol to extra virgin olive oil through multicomponent triacylglycerol mixtures: Crystallization and polymorphic transformation examined with differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffration techniques. Food Res Int 2017; 99:476-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Mixing Phase Behavior of 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-Oleoyl-sn-Glycerol (POP) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-3-Oleoyl-rac-Glycerol (PPO) in n-Dodecane Solution. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-014-2534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pattarino F, Bettini R, Foglio Bonda A, Della Bella A, Giovannelli L. Polymorphism and kinetic behavior of binary mixtures of triglycerides. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:87-94. [PMID: 24971693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The work is aimed at investigating the polymorphism and the phase transition kinetics of binary lipid mixtures with potential application in controlled drug delivery. The lipid systems, constituted of glyceryl tristearate (GTS) added with different amounts (1.0-7.5% w/w) of a medium-chain liquid triglyceride (C10-C12 acyl derivative - MCT), were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, by X-ray diffraction and hot-stage microscopy. The liquid lipid, although present in small amount, modified the thermal profile and the diffraction pattern of the systems, indicating that it promoted the formation of the GTS stable polymorph, β, during the re-solidification of the melted mixture. This promotion effect of MCT was concentration-dependent and evident for systems containing MCT>2.5%. Also the kinetics of transformation of GTS polymorphs was affected by the percentage of the liquid component. The α → β-transition was a biphasic process which for GTS-MCT mixture (99:1) superimposed that of pure GTS, while followed a different trend for systems containing percentages of MCT higher than 2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pattarino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani, 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Foglio Bonda
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani, 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Della Bella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lorella Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani, 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Bouzidi L, Omonov TS, Garti N, Narine SS. Relationships between molecular structure and kinetic and thermodynamic controls in lipid systems. Part I: propensity for oil loss of saturated triacylglycerols. Food Funct 2012; 4:130-43. [PMID: 23070069 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pure saturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) in canola oil were used as model systems to analyse oil loss in structured oil both from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Two important parameters which effectively and predictively measure the relative propensity of a solid network to lose/hold oil were defined: (1) the rate of oil loss, K, which is a quantified representation of the kinetics of oil loss and (2) the initial amount of oil susceptible to be lost, i.e., the propensity for oil loss (POL), which is a representation of the thermodynamics of oil binding. It was found that the POL and K values do not always trend in the same fashion, suggesting that the mechanism of oil binding is complex, depending on the structurant's crystalline form locked within the oil network. The two parameters were, however, correlated to the melting and thermal behavior of the structurants, to the polymorphic structures that are obtained during the cooling process and to the habit (shape, size and morphology) of the crystalline phase in the oil. Both POL and K had a strong correlation to the oil loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry Departments, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
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Saitou K, Mitsui Y, Shimizu M, Kudo N, Katsuragi Y, Sato K. Crystallization Behavior of Diacylglycerol-Rich Oils Produced from Rapeseed Oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Relationships between molecular structure and kinetic and thermodynamic controls in lipid systems. Part II: Phase behavior and transformation paths of SSS, PSS and PPS saturated triacylglycerols—Effect of chain length mismatch. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:77-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Relationships between molecular structure and kinetic and thermodynamic controls in lipid systems. Part III. Crystallization and phase behavior of 1-palmitoyl-2,3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol (PSS) and tristearoylglycerol (SSS) binary system. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 165:105-19. [PMID: 22119326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The phase behavior of 1-palmitoyl-2,3-distearoyl-sn-glycerol (PSS)/tristearoylglycerol (SSS) binary system was investigated in terms of polymorphism, crystallization and melting behavior, microstructure and solid fat content (SFC) using widely different constant cooling rates. Kinetic phase diagrams were experimentally determined from the DSC heating thermograms and analyzed using a thermodynamic model to account for non-ideality of mixing. The kinetic phase diagram presented a typical eutectic behavior with a eutectic point at the 0.5(PSS) mixture with a probable precipitation line from 0.5(PSS) to 1.0(PSS), regardless of the rate at which the sample was cooled. The eutectic temperature decreased only slightly with increasing cooling rate. PSS has a strong effect on the physical properties of the PSS-SSS mixtures. In fact, the overall phase behavior of the PSS-SSS binary system was determined, for a very large part, by the asymmetrical TAG. Moreover, PSS is a key driver of the high stability observed in crystal growth, polymorphism and phase development. Levels as low as 10% PSS, when cooled slowly, and 30% when cooled rapidly, were found to be sufficient to suppress the effect of thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8
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Bouzidi L, Boodhoo MV, Kutek T, Filip V, Narine SS. The binary phase behavior of 1,3-dilauroyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1,2-dilauroyl-3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:607-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Biomaterials Research Program, Departments of Physics & Astronomy and Chemistry, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
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