1
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Ondevilla JC, Hanashima S, Mukogawa A, Umegawa Y, Murata M. Diosgenin-induced physicochemical effects on phospholipid bilayers in comparison with cholesterol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127816. [PMID: 33516912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diosgenin (DGN), which is a sterol occurring in plants of the Dioscorea family, has attracted increasing attention for its various pharmacological activities. DGN has a structural similarity to cholesterol (Cho). In this study we investigated the effects of the common tetracyclic cores and the different side chains on the physicochemical properties of lipid bilayer membranes. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that DGN and Cho reduce the phase transition enthalpy to a similar extent. In 2H NMR, deuterated-DGN/Cho and POPC showed similar ordering in POPC bilayers, which revealed that DGN is oriented parallel to the membrane normal like Cho. It was suggested that the affinity of DGN-Cho in membrane is stronger than that of DGN-DGN or Cho-Cho interaction. 31P NMR of POPC in bilayers revealed that, unlike Cho, DGN altered the interactions of POPC headgroups at 30 mol%. These results suggest that DGN below 30 mol% has similar effects with Cho on basic biomembrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Candice Ondevilla
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Akane Mukogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuichi Umegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; ERATO, Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
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2
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Santos FC, Marquês JT, Bento‐Oliveira A, Almeida RF. Sphingolipid‐enriched domains in fungi. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3698-3718. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa C. Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Joaquim T. Marquês
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Andreia Bento‐Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
| | - Rodrigo F.M. Almeida
- Centro de Química Estrutural Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande Portugal
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3
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biological
membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex
in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional
over a wide range of time scales, and characterized
by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these
features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane
behavior. A significant part of the functional processes
in biological membranes takes place at the molecular
level; thus computer simulations are the method of
choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific
molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous
molecules gives rise to function over spatial and
time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this
review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current
state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until
now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture
of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we
also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the
foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton
network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium
transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far
received very little attention; however, the potential
of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A
major milestone for this research would be that one day
we could say that computer simulations genuinely research
biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2 , 16610 Prague , Czech Republic.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland.,Computational Physics Laboratory , Tampere University , P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere , Finland.,MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics
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4
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Guo Y, Wang T, Zhao S, Qiu H, Han M, Dong Z, Wang X. Effect of alkyl chain on cellular uptake and antitumor activity of hydroxycamptothecin nanoparticles based on amphiphilic linear molecules. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:266-272. [PMID: 30189259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-loaded nanoparticles utilizing amphiphilic molecules as nanocarriers were developed broadly for nanoscale drug delivery system. Linear amphiphilic molecule (PEG45C18) based on PEG and alkyl chain was designed and synthesized. To study the influence of alkyl chain on antitumor activity, 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) was selected as the hydrophobic drug, amphiphilic molecule (PEG45C18) and hydrophilic PEG (PEG45) were applied as nanocarriers to form HCPT-loaded nanoparticles (HCPT/PEG45C18 NPs and HCPT/PEG45 NPs). These two nanoparticles presented high drug-loading content, stability, but different release manner and antitumor efficacy. The HCPT/PEG45C18 NPs existed slower release manner but higher antitumor activity than HCPT/PEG45 NPs, IC50 value was decreased approximately 8.5-fold against 4T1 cells in vitro. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of HCPT/PEG45C18 NPs on 4T1-bearing mice was promoted significantly, the inhibition rate based on average tumor weight was 1.5-fold higher than HCPT/PEG45 NPs, besides, HCPT/PEG45C18 NPs exhibited better tumor accumulation than HCPT/PEG45 NPs. These results suggested alkyl chain affect the antitumor activity significantly due to nanoparticles decorated with alkyl chains existing higher endocytosis efficacy to cells. According to the enhanced antitumor efficacy, it was suggested that HCPT/PEG45C18 NPs showed the potential application for cancer therapy in clinic, and alkyl chains should be considered for designing biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanhong Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengqi Dong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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5
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Kamp F, Scheidt HA, Winkler E, Basset G, Heinel H, Hutchison JM, LaPointe LM, Sanders CR, Steiner H, Huster D. Bexarotene Binds to the Amyloid Precursor Protein Transmembrane Domain, Alters Its α-Helical Conformation, and Inhibits γ-Secretase Nonselectively in Liposomes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1702-1713. [PMID: 29717863 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bexarotene is a pleiotropic molecule that has been proposed as an amyloid-β (Aβ)-lowering drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It acts by upregulation of an apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mediated Aβ clearance mechanism. However, whether bexarotene induces removal of Aβ plaques in mouse models of AD has been controversial. Here, we show by NMR and CD spectroscopy that bexarotene directly interacts with and stabilizes the transmembrane domain α-helix of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in a region where cholesterol binds. This effect is not mediated by changes in membrane lipid packing, as bexarotene does not share with cholesterol the property of inducing phospholipid condensation. Bexarotene inhibited the intramembrane cleavage by γ-secretase of the APP C-terminal fragment C99 to release Aβ in cell-free assays of the reconstituted enzyme in liposomes, but not in cells, and only at very high micromolar concentrations. Surprisingly, in vitro, bexarotene also inhibited the cleavage of Notch1, another major γ-secretase substrate, demonstrating that its inhibition of γ-secretase is not substrate specific and not mediated by acting via the cholesterol binding site of C99. Our data suggest that bexarotene is a pleiotropic molecule that interfere with Aβ metabolism through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Kamp
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Holger A. Scheidt
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Edith Winkler
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Gabriele Basset
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Hannes Heinel
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - James M. Hutchison
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Loren M. LaPointe
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center - BMC, Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich 80539, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)−Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Hilsch M, Haralampiev I, Müller P, Huster D, Scheidt HA. Membrane properties of hydroxycholesterols related to the brain cholesterol metabolism. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:720-727. [PMID: 28503207 PMCID: PMC5405690 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to cholesterol, hydroxycholesterols contain an additional hydroxy group in the alkyl chain and are able to efficiently cross the brain-blood barrier. Therefore, they are responsible for the sterol transfer between brain and circulation. The current study compares the membrane properties of several hydroxycholesterols with those of cholesterol using 2H NMR spectroscopy, a membrane permeability assay, and fluorescence microscopy experiments. It is shown that hydroxycholesterols do not exert the unique impact on membrane properties characteristic for cholesterol with regard to the influence on lipid chain order, membrane permeability and formation of lateral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Hilsch
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Haralampiev
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16–18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16–18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Engberg O, Yasuda T, Hautala V, Matsumori N, Nyholm TKM, Murata M, Slotte JP. Lipid Interactions and Organization in Complex Bilayer Membranes. Biophys J 2016; 110:1563-1573. [PMID: 27074681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilayer lipids influence the lateral structure of the membranes, but the relationship between lipid properties and the lateral structure formed is not always understood. Model membrane studies on bilayers containing cholesterol and various phospholipids (PLs) suggest that high and low temperature melting PLs may segregate, especially in the presence of cholesterol. The effect of different PL headgroups on lateral structure of bilayers is also not clear. Here, we have examined the formation of lateral heterogeneity in increasingly complex (up to five-component) multilamellar bilayers. We have used time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy with domain-selective fluorescent probes (PL-conjugated trans-parinaric acid), and (2)H NMR spectroscopy with site or perdeuterated PLs. We have measured changes in bilayer order using such domain-selective probes both as a function of temperature and composition. Our results from time-resolved fluorescence and (2)H NMR showed that in ternary bilayers, acyl chain order and thermostability in sphingomyelin-rich domains were not affected to any greater extent by the headgroup structure of the monounsaturated PLs (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine) in the bilayer. In the complex five-component bilayers, we could not detect major differences between the different monounsaturated PLs regarding cholesterol-induced ordering. However, cholesterol clearly influenced deuterated N-palmitoyl sphingomyelin differently than the other deuterated PLs, suggesting that cholesterol favored N-palmitoyl sphingomyelin over the other PLs. Taken together, both the fluorescence spectroscopy and (2)H NMR data suggest that the complex five-component membranes displayed lateral heterogeneity, at least in the lower temperature regimen examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Engberg
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomokazu Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan; Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Victor Hautala
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Thomas K M Nyholm
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Michio Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan; Lipid Active Structure Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - J Peter Slotte
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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8
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Vogel A, Scheidt HA, Baek DJ, Bittman R, Huster D. Structure and dynamics of the aliphatic cholesterol side chain in membranes as studied by (2)H NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3730-8. [PMID: 26762541 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an evolutionarily highly optimized molecule particularly known for its ability to condense the phospholipids in cellular membranes. Until recently, the accompanying increase in the chain order of the surrounding phospholipids was attributed to the planar and rigid tetracyclic ring structure of cholesterol. However, detailed investigations of cholesterol's aliphatic side chain demonstrated that this side chain is responsible for approximately half of the condensation effect. Therefore, we investigated the structure and dynamics of the aliphatic side chain of cholesterol using (2)H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and microsecond timescale all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in four different model membranes: POPC, DPPC, PSM, and POPC/PSM (1 : 1 mol/mol) and at three different temperatures: 5 °C, 37 °C, and 50 °C. A cholesterol variant, in which 11 hydrogens of the aliphatic side chain were exchanged for deuterium, was used and the respective (2)H NMR spectra confirmed the axially asymmetric rotational diffusion of cholesterol in DPPC and PSM. Furthermore, NMR spectra indicated that some hydrogens showed an unexpected magnetic inequivalency. This finding was confirmed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and detailed analysis revealed that the hydrogens of the methylene groups at C22, C23, and C24 are magnetically inequivalent. This inequivalency is caused by steric clashes of the aliphatic side chain with the ring structure of cholesterol as well as the branched C21 methyl group. These excluded volume effects result in reduced conformational flexibility of the aliphatic side chain of cholesterol and explain its high order (order parameter of 0.78 for chain motions) and large contribution to the condensation effect. Additionally, the motional pattern of the side chain becomes highly anisotropic such that it shows larger fluctuations perpendicular to the ring plane of cholesterol with a biaxiality of the distribution of 0.046. Overall, our results shed light on the mechanism how the aliphatic side chain is able to contribute about half of the condensation effect of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vogel
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Holger A Scheidt
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dong Jae Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany.
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9
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Shaghaghi M, Chen MT, Hsueh YW, Zuckermann MJ, Thewalt JL. Effect of Sterol Structure on the Physical Properties of 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Membranes Determined Using (2)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7654-7663. [PMID: 27341069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a series of phytosterols on lipid chain ordering in 1-palmitoyl((2)H31)-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC-d31) multibilayer vesicles was examined by (2)H NMR spectroscopy at 25 °C. These results, along with existing data for other sterols, indicate that the ordering power of sterols in POPC-d31 depends on subtle aspects of sterol structure. Cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), campesterol, β-sitosterol, ergosterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol all increase the lipid chain order as sterol concentration is increased. However, saturation of the ordering occurs at different sterol concentrations for ergosterol (as previously reported), brassicasterol, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Here our interest lies in finding which part of the sterol structure is responsible for the observed saturation of the palmitoyl chain order as a function of sterol concentration. In particular, we propose that the saturation of the ordering of POPC-d31/brassicasterol and POPC-d31/stigmasterol membranes at quite low sterol concentrations is due to the presence of a double bond at C22. We also discuss how the structural differences between the sterols affect their ability to intercalate between the POPC acyl chains. Furthermore, the effective solubility of sterols in POPC is discussed in relation to the dependence of maximum POPC-d31 chain order vs sterol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei-Ting Chen
- Department of Physics, National Central University , Jung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wei Hsueh
- Department of Physics, National Central University , Jung-Li 32001, Taiwan
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10
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Solanko KA, Modzel M, Solanko LM, Wüstner D. Fluorescent Sterols and Cholesteryl Esters as Probes for Intracellular Cholesterol Transport. Lipid Insights 2016; 8:95-114. [PMID: 27330304 PMCID: PMC4902042 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol transport between cellular organelles comprised vesicular trafficking and nonvesicular exchange; these processes are often studied by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. A major challenge for using this approach is producing analogs of cholesterol with suitable brightness and structural and chemical properties comparable with those of cholesterol. This review surveys currently used fluorescent sterols with respect to their behavior in model membranes, their photophysical properties, as well as their transport and metabolism in cells. In the first part, several intrinsically fluorescent sterols, such as dehydroergosterol or cholestatrienol, are discussed. These polyene sterols (P-sterols) contain three conjugated double bonds in the steroid ring system, giving them slight fluorescence in ultraviolet light. We discuss the properties of P-sterols relative to cholesterol, outline their chemical synthesis, and explain how to image them in living cells and organisms. In particular, we show that P-sterol esters inserted into low-density lipoprotein can be tracked in the fibroblasts of Niemann–Pick disease using high-resolution deconvolution microscopy. We also describe fluorophore-tagged cholesterol probes, such as BODIPY-, NBD-, Dansyl-, or Pyrene-tagged cholesterol, and eventual esters of these analogs. Finally, we survey the latest developments in the synthesis and use of alkyne cholesterol analogs to be labeled with fluorophores by click chemistry and discuss the potential of all approaches for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Solanko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maciej Modzel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lukasz M Solanko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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11
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Kepczynski M, Róg T. Functionalized lipids and surfactants for specific applications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2362-2379. [PMID: 26946243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic lipids and surfactants that do not exist in biological systems have been used for the last few decades in both basic and applied science. The most notable applications for synthetic lipids and surfactants are drug delivery, gene transfection, as reporting molecules, and as support for structural lipid biology. In this review, we describe the potential of the synergistic combination of computational and experimental methodologies to study the behavior of synthetic lipids and surfactants embedded in lipid membranes and liposomes. We focused on select cases in which molecular dynamics simulations were used to complement experimental studies aiming to understand the structure and properties of new compounds at the atomistic level. We also describe cases in which molecular dynamics simulations were used to design new synthetic lipids and surfactants, as well as emerging fields for the application of these compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biosimulations edited by Ilpo Vattulainen and Tomasz Róg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland; Department of Physics, Helsinki University, P.O. Box 64, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Filipe HAL, Santos LS, Prates Ramalho JP, Moreno MJ, Loura LMS. Behaviour of NBD-head group labelled phosphatidylethanolamines in POPC bilayers: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:20066-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An NBD-diC16PE/POPC bilayer with typical fluorophore inverted-snorkelling configurations, and mass density profiles across the membrane. The wide distribution of the NBD fluorophore lies at the origin of its complex emission kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. L. Filipe
- Departamento de Química
- Faculty of Science and Technnology
- University of Coimbra
- Rua Larga
- Portugal
| | - Lennon S. Santos
- Departamento de Química
- Faculty of Science and Technnology
- University of Coimbra
- Rua Larga
- Portugal
| | - J. P. Prates Ramalho
- Departamento de Química
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Évora
- Rua Romão Ramalho
- Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Departamento de Química
- Faculty of Science and Technnology
- University of Coimbra
- Rua Larga
- Portugal
| | - Luís M. S. Loura
- Centro de Química de Coimbra
- Rua Larga
- Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular
- Universidade de Coimbra
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Robalo JR, Ramalho JPP, Huster D, Loura LMS. Influence of the sterol aliphatic side chain on membrane properties: a molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22736-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol provides best hydrophobic matching, induces maximal membrane ordering, and displays highest preference for saturated phospholipid acyl chains, among a homologous ser ies of sterols with side chains of varying lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R. Robalo
- Centro de Química de Évora and Departamento de Química
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Évora
- P-7000-671 Évora
- Portugal
| | - J. P. Prates Ramalho
- Centro de Química de Évora and Departamento de Química
- Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade de Évora
- P-7000-671 Évora
- Portugal
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics
- University of Leipzig
- D-04107 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Luís M. S. Loura
- Centro de Química de Coimbra
- P-3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Coimbra
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