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Hao LS, Zhang MM, Li XF, Xin X, Zhao GL. Efficient regioselective enzymatic acylation of troxerutin: difference characterization of in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. Food Funct 2024; 15:5785-5796. [PMID: 38660890 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a multi-site acylation strategy to improve the lipophilicity and cellular uptake of troxerutin, a natural flavonoid with many health-promoting bioactivities. By clarifying the acylation properties of troxerutin catalyzed by lipases from different sources, a series of troxerutin ester derivatives acylated at different sites was synthesized, including troxerutin dipropyl (TDP), tripropyl (TTP), tetrapropyl (TEP), dibutyl (TDB), monohexyl (TMH), monooctyl (TMO) and monodecyl (TMD) esters. Interestingly, the troxerutin esters acylated at multiple sites with shorter fatty chains (TDP, TTP and TEP) had similar lipophilicity to the mono-acylated esters bearing longer fatty chains (TMH, TMO and TMD, respectively) and meanwhile demonstrated surprisingly lower cytotoxicity than that of the long fatty-chain mono-esters. In particular, the multi-acylated esters with shorter fatty chains showed remarkably higher cellular uptake than the mono-esters with long fatty chains. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion suggested that the multi-acylated esters of troxerutin were more resistant to gastrointestinal degradation than the mono-esters. These results indicated that multi-site acylation with short fatty chains could be an effective alternative to introducing one-site mono-acylation for the modification of troxerutin and other flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Hao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Dongsha Street 24, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xuan Xin
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Dongsha Street 24, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
| | - Guang-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
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Hao L, Zhang M, Li X, Xin X, Lei F, Lai X, Zhao G, Wu H. Highly efficient whole-cell biosynthesis and cytotoxicity of esculin esters. J Biotechnol 2021; 337:46-56. [PMID: 34197823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Esculin is a polyphenol with multiple bioactivities and poor lipophilicity. Therefore, a whole-cell catalytic strategy for esculin acylation was developed to improve its lipophilicity. A total of 12 strains were tested, among which Pseudomonas stutzeri exhibited the highest catalytic activity and mono-acylated regioselectivity. The conversion reached the highest level of 92.7 % at 24 h under the optimal conditions, when vinyl acetate was used as an acyl donor. The catalytic ability of P. stutzeri remained above 60 % after three cycles. Subsequently, five esculin esters with different lengths of fatty chains were synthesized and structurally identified. Of them, esculin-6'-O-octanoate, esculin-6'-O-laurate, and esculin-6'-O-myristate exhibited cytotoxicity on LO2 cells by inducing apoptosis and necrosis. The cytotoxicity of these three esters may attribute to their membrane-disrupting properties. This study provides a novel whole-cell biocatalytic strategy for the acylation of esculin and insight for application of esculin esters as a food additive or drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Xuan Xin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Faling Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Xueneng Lai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Guanglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
| | - Hui Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China.
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New chalcone-type compounds and 2-pyrazoline derivatives: synthesis and caspase-dependent anticancer activity. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:493-509. [PMID: 32100558 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: There is a continuous and urgent need for new anticancer agents with novel structures and target selectivity. Methods & results: The anticancer activity of the prepared compounds was assessed against human lung (A549) and stomach (AGS) cancer cell lines and evaluated in the noncancer human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell line. 2-Pyrazolines were devoid of toxicity in all cell lines used, chalcones bearing a β-(benz)imidazole moiety being toxic toward AGS cell line. Mechanistic studies showed that these compounds trigger loss of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, while eliciting morphological traits compatible with regulated cell death, which was ultimately shown to derive from caspase activation, specifically caspase-3. Conclusion: Chalcones 1-3 have been identified as new and promising anticancer agents toward the AGS cell line.
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