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Thorpe MP, Blackwell DJ, Knollmann BC, Johnston JN. Backbone-Determined Antiarrhythmic Structure-Activity Relationships for a Mirror Image, Oligomeric Depsipeptide Natural Product. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12205-12220. [PMID: 38958200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic oligomeric depsipeptides (COD) are a structural class within naturally occurring compounds with a wide range of biological activity. Verticilide is a COD (24-membered ring) that was identified by its inhibition of insect ryanodine receptor (RyR). We have since found that the enantiomer of verticilide (ent-verticilide, 1) is a potent inhibitor of mammalian RyR2, a cardiac calcium channel, and therefore a potential antiarrhythmic agent. Oddly, nat-verticilide does not inhibit RyR2. To further develop ent-verticilide as an antiarrhythmic, we explored potential SAR through systematic modification of the ester's functionality to both N-H and N-Me amides. The syntheses of these ent-verticilide-inspired analogs are detailed using a monomer-based platform enabled by enantioselective catalysis. Two analogs among 23 exhibited measurable reduction of calcium sparks in a functional assay of RyR2 activity. These findings illustrate the value of natural product-inspired therapeutic development, but the less-studied approach where the non-natural enantiomeric series harbors important SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine P Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Daniel J Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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2
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Chen CL, Huang TS, Chang PH, Hsu CS. Iodide-umpolung catalytic system for non-traditional amide coupling from nitroalkanes and amines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2780-2790. [PMID: 38498332 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00184b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
An N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) catalyst was developed for use in the non-traditional synthesis of amide derivatives from nitroalkanes and amines. In contrast to traditional oxidative catalysis, this catalytic system involves reversing the polarities of two catalytic components (umpolung) by means of a hypervalent iodine reagent. A variety of functional groups were tolerated in the reaction, suggesting that they have the potential for use in other types of oxidative catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Sih Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Che-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510 Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang District, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
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3
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Wang X, Xu S, Tang Y, Lear MJ, He W, Li J. Nitroalkanes as thioacyl equivalents to access thioamides and thiopeptides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4626. [PMID: 37532721 PMCID: PMC10397191 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioamides are an important, but a largely underexplored class of amide bioisostere in peptides. Replacement of oxoamide units with thioamides in peptide therapeutics is a valuable tactic to improve biological activity and resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. This tactic, however, has been hampered by insufficient methods to introduce thioamide bonds into peptide or protein backbones in a site-specific and stereo-retentive fashion. In this work, we developed an efficient and mild thioacylation method to react nitroalkanes with amines directly in the presence of elemental sulfur and sodium sulfide to form a diverse range of thioamides in high yields. Notably, this convenient method can be employed for the controlled thioamide coupling of multifunctionalized peptides without epimerization of stereocenters, including the late stage thioacylation of advanced compounds of biological and medicinal interest. Experimental interrogation of postulated mechanisms currently supports the intermediacy of thioacyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Silong Xu
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhai Tang
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China
| | - Martin J Lear
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Wangxiao He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, China.
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4
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Bing JA, Johnston JN. Enantioselective Synthesis of cis- and trans-Cycloheptyl β-Fluoro Amines by Sequential aza-Henry Addition/Ring-Closing Metathesis. Org Lett 2023; 25:950-955. [PMID: 36735762 PMCID: PMC10240541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 7-membered carbocyclic β-fluoroamines is accomplished by a combination of the enantioselective aza-Henry reaction of aliphatic N-Boc imines and ring-closing metathesis. Use of reductive denitration gives both diastereomers of the β-fluoro amine carbocycle, each with high enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A. Bing
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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5
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Smajlagic I, Johnston JN, Dudding T. Secondary Orbital Effect Involving Fluorine is Responsible for Substrate-Controlled Diastereodivergence in the Catalyzed syn-aza-Henry Reaction of α-Fluoronitroalkanes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204066. [PMID: 36607705 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The fluorine atom is a powerful, yet enigmatic influence on chemical reactions. True to form, fluorine was recently discovered to effect diastereodivergence in an enantioselective aza-Henry reaction, resulting in a very rare case of syn-β-amino nitroalkane products. More bewildering was the observation of an apparent hierarchy of substituents within this substrate-controlled behavior: Ph>F>alkyl. These cases have now been examined comprehensively by computational methods, including both non-fluorinated and α-fluoro nitronate additions to aldimines catalyzed by a chiral bis(amidine) [BAM] proton complex. This study revealed the network of non-covalent interactions that dictate anti- (α-aryl) versus syn-selectivity (α-alkyl) using α-fluoronitronate nucleophiles, and an underlying secondary orbital interaction between fluorine and the activated azomethine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Smajlagic
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St., Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St., Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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6
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Crocker MS, Deng Z, Johnston JN. Preparation of N-Aryl Amides by Epimerization-Free Umpolung Amide Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16708-16714. [PMID: 36067492 PMCID: PMC9634722 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amide synthesis is one of the most widely practiced chemical reactions, owing to its use in drug development and peptide synthesis. Despite the importance of these applications, the attendant effort to eliminate waste associated with these protocols has met with limited success, and pernicious α-epimerization is most often minimized but not eliminated when targeting challenging amides (e.g., N-aryl amides). This effort has focused on what is essentially a single paradigm in amide formation wherein an electrophilic acyl donor reacts with a nucleophilic amine. Umpolung amide synthesis (UmAS) emerged from α-halo nitroalkane reactions with amines and has since been developed into a method for the synthesis of enantiopure amides using entirely catalytic, enantioselective synthesis. However, its inability to forge N-aryl amides has been a longstanding problem, one limiting its application more broadly in drug development where α-chiral N-aryl amides are increasingly common. We report here the reaction of α-fluoronitroalkanes and N-aryl hydroxyl amines for the direct synthesis of N-aryl amides using a simple Brønsted base as the promoter. No other activating agents are required, and experiments guided by mechanistic hypotheses outline a mechanism based on the UmAS paradigm and confirm that the N-aryl amide, not the N-aryl hydroxamic acid, is the direct product. Ultimately, select chiral α-amino-N-aryl amides were prepared with complete conservation of enantioenrichment, in contrast to a parallel demonstration of their ability to epimerize using the conventional amide synthesis alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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7
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Payne JL, Deng Z, Flach AL, Johnston JN. Enantioselective iodolactonization to prepare ε-lactone rings using hypervalent iodine. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7318-7324. [PMID: 35799806 PMCID: PMC9214890 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the rapid growth of enantioselective halolactonization reactions in recent years, most are effective only when forming smaller (6,5,4-membered) rings. Seven-membered ε-lactones, are rarely formed with high selectivity, and never without conformational bias. We describe the first highly enantioselective 7-exo-trig iodolactonizations of conformationally unbiased ε-unsaturated carboxylic acids, effected by an unusual combination of a bifunctional BAM catalyst, I2, and I(iii) reagent (PhI(OAc)2:PIDA). We describe the first highly enantioselective 7-exo-trig iodolactonizations of conformationally unbiased ε-unsaturated carboxylic acids, effected by an unusual combination of a bifunctional BAM catalyst, I2, and I(iii) reagent (PhI(OAc)2:PIDA).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Payne
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Zihang Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Andrew L Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
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8
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White AM, Palombi IR, Malins LR. Umpolung strategies for the functionalization of peptides and proteins. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2809-2823. [PMID: 35382479 PMCID: PMC8905898 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06133j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Umpolung strategies, defined as synthetic approaches which reverse commonly accepted reactivity patterns, are broadly recognized as enabling tools for small molecule synthesis and catalysis. However, methods which exploit this logic for peptide and protein functionalizations are comparatively rare, with the overwhelming majority of existing bioconjugation approaches relying on the well-established reactivity profiles of a handful of amino acids. This perspective serves to highlight a small but growing body of recent work that masterfully capitalizes on the concept of polarity reversal for the selective modification of proteinogenic functionalities. Current applications of umpolung chemistry in organic synthesis and chemical biology as well as the vast potential for further innovations in peptide and protein modification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Isabella R Palombi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Lara R Malins
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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9
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Bing JA, Schley ND, Johnston JN. Fluorine-induced diastereodivergence discovered in an equally rare enantioselective syn-aza-Henry reaction. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2614-2623. [PMID: 35356677 PMCID: PMC8890141 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention to the aza-Henry reaction, particularly over the past two decades, has resulted in a wide range of effective catalysts for the enantio- and diastereoselective versions, driven by the versatility of the β-amino nitroalkane products as precursors to secondary amines and vic-diamines. Despite this broad effort, syn-diastereoselective variants are exceedingly rare. We have discovered a subset of α-fluoro nitroalkane additions that are characterized by an unusual crossover in diastereoselection, often delivering the products with high selectivities. We report here a rigorous comparative analysis of non-fluorinated and α-fluoro nitroalkanes in their additions to azomethines. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis were applied to probe the possibility that this phenomenon might be more widely operative in the enantioselective additions of fluorine-substituted carbon nucleophiles. A complete correlation within four categories is described that uncovered a clear trend, while revealing a dramatic and distinct reversal of diastereoselection that would normally go undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A Bing
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
| | - Jeffrey N Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235-1822 USA
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10
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Ng W, Lam Y, Hu R, Ng W, Yeung Y. Zwitterion‐Catalyzed Amino‐Dibromination of Nitroalkenes: Scope, Mechanism, and Application to The Synthesis of Glycinamides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing‐Hin Ng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Pong Lam
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Rong‐Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wing‐Lok Ng
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong P. R. China
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11
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Wang X, Li J, Hayashi Y. Oxidative peptide bond formation of glycine-amino acid using 2-(aminomethyl)malononitrile as a glycine unit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4283-4286. [PMID: 33913954 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00130b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amide linkage of glycine-amino acid was synthesized by coupling of substituted 2-(aminomethyl)malononitrile as a C-terminal glycine unit and N-terminal amine using CsOAc and O2 in an aqueous solution. This is a coupling reagent-free and catalyst-free peptide synthesis via oxidative amide bond formation. Various tripeptides and tetrapeptides were synthesized efficiently and the sulfide moiety is inert even under an oxygen atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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12
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Hollanders C, Renders E, Gadais C, Masullo D, Van Raemdonck L, Wybon CCD, Martin C, Herrebout WA, Maes BUW, Ballet S. Zn-Catalyzed Nicotinate-Directed Transamidations in Peptide Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Hollanders
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Renders
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlène Gadais
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dario Masullo
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurent Van Raemdonck
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Clarence C. D. Wybon
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wouter A. Herrebout
- Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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