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He Y, Wang S, Wen J, Feng N, Ma R, Zhang H, Chen G, Chu X, Chen Y. Redesigned Guide DNA Enhanced Clostridium butyricum Argonaute Activity for Amplification-Free and Multiplexed Detection of Pathogens. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9750-9759. [PMID: 39052067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum (CbAgo)-based bioassays are popular due to their programmability and directional cleavage capabilities. However, the relatively compact protein structure of CbAgo limits its cleavage activity (even at the optimal temperature), thus restricting its wider application. Here, we observed that guide DNA (gDNA) with specific structural features significantly enhanced CbAgo cleavage efficiency. Then, we invented a novel gDNA containing DNAzyme segments (gDNAzyme) that substantially enhanced the CbAgo cleavage efficency (by 100%). Using a molecular dynamics simulation system, we found that the augmented cleavage efficiency might be attributed to the large-scale global movement of the PIWI domain of CbAgo and an increased number of cleavage sites. Moreover, this gDNAzyme feature allowed us to create a biosensor that simultaneously and sensitively detected three pathogenic bacteria without DNA extraction and amplification. Our work not only dramatically expands applications of the CbAgo-based biosensor but also provides unique insight into the protein-DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Advanced Materials Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Junping Wen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Niu Feng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ruxiang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hetong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Guoxun Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiakun Chu
- Advanced Materials Thrust, Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, Liaoning, China
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Zhou H, Li Y, Wu W. Aptamers: Promising Reagents in Biomedicine Application. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300584. [PMID: 38488739 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers, often termed "chemical antibodies," are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules, which are selected by SELEX. In addition to their high specificity and affinity comparable to traditional antibodies, aptamers have numerous unique advantages such as wider identification of targets, none or low batch-to-batch variations, versatile chemical modifications, rapid mass production, and lack of immunogenicity. These characteristics make aptamers a promising recognition probe for scientific research or even clinical application. Aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials are now emerged as a promising drug delivery system for various diseases with decreased side-effects and improved efficacy. In this review, the technological strategies for generating high-affinity and biostable aptamers are introduced. Moreover, the development of aptamers for their application in biomedicine including aptamer-based biosensors, aptamer-drug conjugates and aptamer functionalized nanomaterials is comprehensively summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Clinical Center for Biotherapy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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Wang J, Huang H, Hanpanich O, Shimada N, Maruyama A. Cationic copolymer and crowding agent have a cooperative effect on a Na +-dependent DNAzyme. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7062-7066. [PMID: 37706516 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01119d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
DNAzymes are promising agents for theranostics and biosensors. Sodium dependent DNAzymes have been developed for sensing and imaging of Na+, but these DNAzymes have low catalytic activity. Herein, we demonstrate that a molecular crowded environment containing 10 to 40 wt% PEG enhanced the catalytic activity of a Na+-dependent DNAzyme, EtNa, although dextran did not. The cationic copolymer poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) at 0.03 wt% (0.3 g L-1) enhanced the reaction rate of EtNa by 10-fold, which is similar to the acceleration induced by 15 wt% (150 g L-1) PEG. A cooperative impact of the copolymer and crowding agent was observed: the combination resulted in an impressive 46-fold acceleration effect. Thus, the use of a cationic copolymer and a crowding agent is a promising strategy to improve the activity of Na+-dependent DNAzyme-based nanomachines, biosensors, and theranostics, especially in environments lacking divalent metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-57, Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| | - He Huang
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-57, Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Orakan Hanpanich
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-57, Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Naohiko Shimada
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-57, Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Maruyama
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259 B-57, Midori, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Kim M, Jo H, Jung GY, Oh SS. Molecular Complementarity of Proteomimetic Materials for Target-Specific Recognition and Recognition-Mediated Complex Functions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208309. [PMID: 36525617 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As biomolecules essential for sustaining life, proteins are generated from long chains of 20 different α-amino acids that are folded into unique 3D structures. In particular, many proteins have molecular recognition functions owing to their binding pockets, which have complementary shapes, charges, and polarities for specific targets, making these biopolymers unique and highly valuable for biomedical and biocatalytic applications. Based on the understanding of protein structures and microenvironments, molecular complementarity can be exhibited by synthesizable and modifiable materials. This has prompted researchers to explore the proteomimetic potentials of a diverse range of materials, including biologically available peptides and oligonucleotides, synthetic supramolecules, inorganic molecules, and related coordination networks. To fully resemble a protein, proteomimetic materials perform the molecular recognition to mediate complex molecular functions, such as allosteric regulation, signal transduction, enzymatic reactions, and stimuli-responsive motions; this can also expand the landscape of their potential bio-applications. This review focuses on the recognitive aspects of proteomimetic designs derived for individual materials and their conformations. Recent progress provides insights to help guide the development of advanced protein mimicry with material heterogeneity, design modularity, and tailored functionality. The perspectives and challenges of current proteomimetic designs and tools are also discussed in relation to future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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Ma X, Li X, Luo G, Jiao J. DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles: Modification, characterization, and biomedical applications. Front Chem 2022; 10:1095488. [PMID: 36583149 PMCID: PMC9792995 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1095488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of technologies based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), bare AuNPs cannot meet the increasing requirements of biomedical applications. Modifications with different functional ligands are usually needed. DNA is not only the main genetic material, but also a good biological material, which has excellent biocompatibility, facile design, and accurate identification. DNA is a perfect ligand candidate for AuNPs, which can make up for the shortcoming of bare AuNPs. DNA-modified AuNPs (DNA-AuNPs) have exciting features and bright prospects in many fields, which have been intensively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we summarize the various approaches for the immobilization of DNA strands on the surface of AuNPs. Representative studies for biomedical applications based on DNA-AuNPs are also discussed. Finally, we present the challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Gangyin Luo
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Gangyin Luo, ; Jin Jiao,
| | - Jin Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Gangyin Luo, ; Jin Jiao,
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Mao X, Liu M, Li Q, Fan C, Zuo X. DNA-Based Molecular Machines. JACS AU 2022; 2:2381-2399. [PMID: 36465542 PMCID: PMC9709946 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial molecular machines have found widespread applications ranging from fundamental studies to biomedicine. More recent advances in exploiting unique physical and chemical properties of DNA have led to the development of DNA-based artificial molecular machines. The unprecedented programmability of DNA provides a powerful means to design complex and sophisticated DNA-based molecular machines that can exert mechanical force or motion to realize complex tasks in a controllable, modular fashion. This Perspective highlights the potential and strategies to construct artificial molecular machines using double-stranded DNA, functional nucleic acids, and DNA frameworks, which enable improved control over reaction pathways and motion behaviors. We also outline the challenges and opportunities of using DNA-based molecular machines for biophysics, biosensing, and biocomputing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhai Mao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaolei Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Spherical nucleic acids-based biosensors for cancer biomarkers detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wan S, Liu S, Sun M, Zhang J, Wei X, Song T, Li Y, Liu X, Chen H, Yang CJ, Song Y. Spatial- and Valence-Matched Neutralizing DNA Nanostructure Blocks Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron Variant Infection. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15310-15317. [PMID: 36073793 PMCID: PMC9469956 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural ligand-receptor interactions that play pivotal roles in biological events are ideal models for design and assembly of artificial recognition molecules. Herein, aiming at the structural characteristics of the spike trimer and infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, we have designed a DNA framework-guided spatial-patterned neutralizing aptamer trimer for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. The ∼5.8 nm tetrahedral DNA framework affords precise spatial organization and matched valence as four neutralizing aptamers (MATCH-4), which matches with nanometer precision the topmost surface of SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer, enhancing the interaction between MATCH-4 and spike trimer. Moreover, the DNA framework provides a dimensionally complementary nanoscale barrier to prevent the spike trimer-ACE2 interaction and the conformational transition, thereby inhibiting SARS-CoV-2-host cell fusion and infection. As a result, the spatial- and valence-matched MATCH-4 ensures improved binding affinity and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its varied mutant strains, particularly the current Omicron variant, that are evasive of the majority of existing neutralizing antibodies. In addition, because neutralizing aptamers specific to other targets can be evolved and assembled, the present design has the potential to inhibit other wide-range and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases and InnoHK Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Sun
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ting Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases and InnoHK Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanling Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Xu T, Zhang C, Xia K, Li W, Cao Y, Gu H. Small DNAs that Bind Nickel(II) Specifically and Tightly. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14912-14917. [PMID: 34734709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal recognition by nucleic acids provides an intriguing route for biosensing of metal. Toward this goal, a key prerequisite is the acquisition of nucleic acids that can selectively respond to specific metals. Herein, we report for the first time the discovery of two small DNAs that can specifically bind Ni2+ and discriminate against similar ions, particularly, Co2+. Their minimal effective constructs are 60-70 nucleotides (nt) in length with Ni2+ binding even at harsh denaturing conditions of 8 M urea and 50 mM EDTA. Using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we estimated the dissociation constant (KD) of a representative DNA to be 24.0 ± 4.5 μM, with a 9:1 stoichiometry of Ni2+ bound to DNA. As being engineered into nanosized particles, these DNAs can act like nanosponges to specifically adsorb Ni2+ from artificial wastewater, demonstrating their potential as a novel molecular tool for high-quality nickel enrichment and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbin Xu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Canyu Zhang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Xia
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yichun Cao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongzhou Gu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 200433, China
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Hu Y. Self-Assembly of DNA Molecules: Towards DNA Nanorobots for Biomedical Applications. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2021; 2021:9807520. [PMID: 36285141 PMCID: PMC9494698 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9807520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology takes DNA molecule out of its biological context to build nanostructures that have entered the realm of robots and thus added a dimension to cyborg and bionic systems. Spurred by spring-like properties of DNA molecule, the assembled nanorobots can be tuned to enable restricted, mechanical motion by deliberate design. DNA nanorobots can be programmed with a combination of several unique features, such as tissue penetration, site-targeting, stimuli responsiveness, and cargo-loading, which makes them ideal candidates as biomedical robots for precision medicine. Even though DNA nanorobots are capable of detecting target molecule and determining cell fate via a variety of DNA-based interactions both in vitro and in vivo, major obstacles remain on the path to real-world applications of DNA nanorobots. Control over nanorobot's stability, cargo loading and release, analyte binding, and dynamic switching both independently and simultaneously represents the most eminent challenge that biomedical DNA nanorobots currently face. Meanwhile, scaling up DNA nanorobots with low-cost under CMC and GMP standards represents other pertinent challenges regarding the clinical translation. Nevertheless, DNA nanorobots will undoubtedly be a powerful toolbox to improve human health once those remained challenges are addressed by using a scalable and cost-efficient method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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