1
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Denkler LM, Aladahalli Shekar M, Ngan TSJ, Wylie L, Abdullin D, Engeser M, Schnakenburg G, Hett T, Pilz FH, Kirchner B, Schiemann O, Kielb P, Bunescu A. A General Iron-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403292. [PMID: 38735849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We report an iron-catalyzed decarboxylative C(sp3)-O bond-forming reaction under mild, base-free conditions with visible light irradiation. The transformation uses readily available and structurally diverse carboxylic acids, iron photocatalyst, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) derivatives as oxygenation reagents. The process exhibits a broad scope in acids possessing a wide range of stereoelectronic properties and functional groups. The developed reaction was applied to late-stage oxygenation of a series of bio-active molecules. The reaction leverages the ability of iron complexes to generate carbon-centered radicals directly from carboxylic acids by photoinduced carboxylate-to-iron charge transfer. Kinetic, electrochemical, EPR, UV/Vis, HRMS, and DFT studies revealed that TEMPO has a triple role in the reaction: as an oxygenation reagent, an oxidant to turn over the Fe-catalyst, and an internal base for the carboxylic acid deprotonation. The obtained TEMPO adducts represent versatile synthetic intermediates that were further engaged in C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions using commercial organo-photocatalysts and nucleophilic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mareen Denkler
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Meghana Aladahalli Shekar
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tak Shing Jason Ngan
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luke Wylie
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hett
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Hendrik Pilz
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrycja Kielb
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ala Bunescu
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Jiang X, Lan Y, Hao Y, Jiang K, He J, Zhu J, Jia S, Song J, Li SJ, Niu L. Iron photocatalysis via Brønsted acid-unlocked ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6115. [PMID: 39033136 PMCID: PMC11271273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Reforming sustainable 3d-metal-based visible light catalytic platforms for inert bulk chemical activation is highly desirable. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a Brønsted acid to unlock robust and practical iron ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) photocatalysis for the activation of multifarious inert haloalkylcarboxylates (CnXmCOO-, X = F or Cl) to produce CnXm radicals. This process enables the fluoro-polyhaloalkylation of non-activated alkenes by combining easily available Selectfluor as a fluorine source. Valuable alkyl fluorides including potential drug molecules can be easily obtained through this protocol. Mechanistic studies indicate that the real light-harvesting species may derive from the in situ-assembly of Fe3+, CnXmCOO-, H+, and acetonitrile solvent, in which the Brønsted acid indeed increases the efficiency of LMCT between the iron center and CnXmCOO- via hydrogen-bond interactions. We anticipate that this Brønsted acid-unlocked iron LMCT platform would be an intriguing sustainable option to execute the activation of inert compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yudong Hao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
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3
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Qin J, Lei H, Gao C, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Xia W. Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer of Fe(III)-OR species in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39011956 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) has been utilized as a powerful strategy in various organic reactions. First-row transition metals, especially iron complexes, show good applications in this process. Fe(III)-Cl and Fe(III)-OR species are two key intermediates involved in the LMCT of iron complexes. This review highlights studies on LMCT of Fe(III)-OR species, including carboxylate-iron and alkoxy-iron species, in organic transformations. Reaction conditions, substrate scope and related mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Chuanhua Gao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yuewen Zheng
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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4
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Yu Q, Zhou D, Yu P, Song C, Ze Tan, Li J. Silver-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Nitrooxylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:5856-5861. [PMID: 38950381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present a silver-catalyzed decarboxylative nitrooxylation via a radical-based approach. The substrate scope of this reaction prototype extends to nonactivated primary and secondary carboxylic acids. This protocol provides a practical method for the synthesis of an unprecedented family of organic nitrates and exhibits wide functional group compatibility. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that a high-valent silver(II) nitrate complex is a versatile NO3 resource pool, allowing for facile C-O bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Donglin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Pingping Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ze Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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5
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Treacy SM, Rovis T. Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Base-Metal Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:1967-1978. [PMID: 38962497 PMCID: PMC11218547 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The absorption of light by photosensitizers has been shown to offer novel reactive pathways through electronic excited state intermediates, complementing ground state mechanisms. Such strategies have been applied in both photocatalysis and photoredox catalysis, driven by generating reactive intermediates from their long-lived excited states. One developing area is photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis, in which coordination of a ligand to a metal center and subsequent excitation with light results in the formation of a reactive radical and a reduced metal center. This mini review concerns the foundations and recent developments in ligand-to-metal charge transfer in transition metal catalysis focusing on the organic transformations made possible through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Treacy
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - T Rovis
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
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6
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Sui X, Dang HT, Porey A, Trevino R, Das A, Fremin SO, Hughes WB, Thompson WT, Dhakal SK, Arman HD, Larionov OV. Acridine photocatalysis enables tricomponent direct decarboxylative amine construction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9582-9590. [PMID: 38939159 PMCID: PMC11206229 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Amines are centrally important motifs in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry, and indispensable intermediates and linchpins in organic synthesis. Despite their cross-disciplinary prominence, synthetic access to amine continues to rely on two-electron approaches based on reductions and additions of organometallic reagents, limiting their accessible chemical space and necessitating stepwise preassembly of synthetic precursors. We report herein a homogeneous photocatalytic tricomponent decarboxylative radical-mediated amine construction that enables modular access to α-branched secondary amines directly from the broad and structurally diverse chemical space of carboxylic acids in a tricomponent reaction with aldehydes and aromatic amines. Our studies reveal the key role of acridine photocatalysis acting in concert with copper and Brønsted acid catalytic processes in facilitating the previously inaccessible homogeneous photocatalytic reaction and provide a streamlined segue to a wide range of amines and nonproteinogenic α-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Sui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Hang T Dang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Arka Porey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Arko Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Seth O Fremin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - William B Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - William T Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Shree Krishna Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA
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7
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Fall A, Magdei M, Savchuk M, Oudeyer S, Beucher H, Brière JF. Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition to chiral azomethine imines upon visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6316-6319. [PMID: 38819219 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01766h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose an eco-efficient redox-neutral iron-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition to chiral azomethine imines upon visible light (427 nm) giving cyclic hydrazine derivatives with dr ranging from 82 : 18 to >96 : 4. This earth-abundant metal promoted sequence proceeds efficiently under ligand-free conditions based on a LMCT process and opens a route to new chiral heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arona Fall
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Mihaela Magdei
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Mariia Savchuk
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sylvain Oudeyer
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Hélène Beucher
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-François Brière
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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8
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Xu Q, Ou W, Hou H, Wang Q, Yu L, Su C. Photosynthesis of C-1-Deuterated Aldehydes via Chlorine Radical-Mediated Selective Deuteration of the Formyl C-H Bond. Org Lett 2024; 26:4098-4103. [PMID: 38708839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
C-1-deuterated aldehydes are essential building blocks in the synthesis of deuterated chemicals and pharmaceuticals. This has led chemists to devise mild methodologies for their efficient production. Ideally, hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDE) is the most effective approach. However, the traditional HDE for creating C-1-deuterated aldehydes often requires a complex system involving multiple catalysts and/or ligands. In this study, we present a mild photocatalytic HDE of the formyl C-H bond with D2O. This process is facilitated by chlorine radicals that are generated in situ from low-cost FeCl3. This strategy demonstrated a broad reaction scope and high functional group tolerance, affording good yields and ≤99% D incorporation. To bridge the gap between research and industrial applications, we designed a new flow photoreactor equipped with a high-intensity light-emitting diode bucket, enabling the synthesis of C-1-deuterated aldehydes on a scale of 85 g. Finally, we successfully produced several important deuterated aldehydes that are integral to the synthesis of deuterated pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Ou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hao Hou
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Engineering Technology Research Center for 2D Materials Information Functional Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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9
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Zuo HD, Chen X, Yuan YY, Zhang Y, Liu JW, Yan SH, Hao WJ, Jiang B. Photocatalytic Bicyclization of Indole-Tethered 1,6-Enynes for Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2,1- jk]carbazoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:3810-3815. [PMID: 38678579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-driven photocatalytic protocol is established for the diastereoselective synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles via a radical-triggered multicomponent bicyclization reaction starting from readily available indole-tethered 1,6-enynes and α-benzyl-α-bromomalonates under mild conditions. This photocatalytic approach exhibits a wide substrate compatibility and excellent tolerability toward various functional groups and boasts the benefit of efficient ring formation and chemical bond creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Dong Zuo
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Ya-Yu Yuan
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Jian-Wu Liu
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Sheng-Hu Yan
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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10
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Kweon J, Park B, Kim D, Chang S. Decarboxylative stereoretentive C-N coupling by harnessing aminating reagent. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3788. [PMID: 38710673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, strategies involving transition-metal catalyzed carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bond coupling have emerged as potent synthetic tools for constructing intricate molecular architectures. Among these, decarboxylative carbon-nitrogen bond formation using abundant carboxylic acids or their derivatives has garnered notable attention for accessing alkyl- or arylamines, one of key pharmacophores. While several decarboxylative amination methods have been developed, the involvement of a common carboradical intermediate currently poses challenges in achieving stereospecific transformation toward chiral alkylamines. Herein, we present a base-mediated, stereoretentive decarboxylative amidation by harnessing 1,4,2-dioxazol-5-one as a reactive and robust amidating reagent under transition-metal-free ambient conditions, encompassing all types of primary, secondary and tertiary carboxylic acids, thereby providing access to the important pharmacophore, α-chiral amines. This method exhibits high functional group tolerance, convenient scalability, and ease of applicability for 15N-isotope labeling, thus accentuating its synthetic utilities. Experimental and computational mechanistic investigations reveal a sequence of elementary steps: i) nucleophilic addition of carboxylate to dioxazolone, ii) rearrangement to form a dicarbonyl N-hydroxy intermediate, iii) conversion to hydroxamate, followed by a Lossen-type rearrangement, and finally, iv) reaction of the in situ generated isocyanate with carboxylate leading to C-N bond formation in a stereoretentive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonguk Kweon
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Bumsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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11
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Porey A, Fremin SO, Nand S, Trevino R, Hughes WB, Dhakal SK, Nguyen VD, Greco SG, Arman HD, Larionov OV. Multimodal Acridine Photocatalysis Enables Direct Access to Thiols from Carboxylic Acids and Elemental Sulfur. ACS Catal 2024; 14:6973-6980. [PMID: 38737399 PMCID: PMC11081195 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Development of photocatalytic systems that facilitate mechanistically divergent steps in complex catalytic manifolds by distinct activation modes can enable previously inaccessible synthetic transformations. However, multimodal photocatalytic systems remain understudied, impeding their implementation in catalytic methodology. We report herein a photocatalytic access to thiols that directly merges the structural diversity of carboxylic acids with the ready availability of elemental sulfur without substrate preactivation. The photocatalytic transformation provides a direct radical-mediated segue to one of the most biologically important and synthetically versatile organosulfur functionalities, whose synthetic accessibility remains largely dominated by two-electron-mediated processes based on toxic and uneconomical reagents and precursors. The two-phase radical process is facilitated by a multimodal catalytic reactivity of acridine photocatalysis that enables both the singlet excited state PCET-mediated decarboxylative carbon-sulfur bond formation and the previously unknown radical reductive disulfur bond cleavage by a photoinduced HAT process in the silane-triplet acridine system. The study points to a significant potential of multimodal photocatalytic systems in providing unexplored directions to previously inaccessible transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Porey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Seth O Fremin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Sachchida Nand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ramon Trevino
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - William B Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Shree Krishna Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Viet D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Samuel G Greco
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Oleg V Larionov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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12
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Badufle M, Robert F, Landais Y. Visible light mediated iron-catalyzed addition of oxamic acids to imines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12528-12532. [PMID: 38638815 PMCID: PMC11024671 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxamic acids where shown to add to imines, providing a broad range of α-aminoacid amides in generally good yields. The process is efficient on pre-formed imines but may also be conducted using a 3-component strategy by simply mixing aldehydes, amines and oxamic acids in the presence of ferrocene, acting both as a photocatalyst under visible light and as a Lewis acid. The reaction proceeds through the addition onto the imine of a carbamoyl radical intermediate generated through a charge transfer from the carboxylate ligand to a Fe(iii) species (LMCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Badufle
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
| | - Yannick Landais
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
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13
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Qian J, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Hu P. Decarboxylative halogenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids catalyzed by iron salts under visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2764-2767. [PMID: 38353608 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06149c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we report a general protocol for the direct decarboxylative chlorination, iodination, and bromination of aliphatic carboxylic acids catalyzed by iron salts under visible light. This method enjoys a broad substrate scope with good functional group compatibility, including complex natural products. Benzylic and allylic C(sp3)-H bonds can be retained under the oxidative halogenation conditions. This method also shows application potential for late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Qian
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weining Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Li LJ, Wei Y, Zhao YL, Gao Y, Hu XQ. Radical-Mediated Decarboxylative C-C and C-S Couplings of Carboxylic Acids via Iron Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:1110-1115. [PMID: 38277128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant success of decarboxylative radical reactions, the catalytic systems vary considerably upon different radical acceptors, requiring renewed case-by-case reaction optimization. Herein, we developed an iron catalytic condition that enables the highly efficient decarboxylation of various carboxylic acids for a range of radical transformations. This operationally simple protocol was amenable to a wide array of radical acceptors, delivering structurally diverse oxime ethers, alkenylation, alkynylation, thiolation, and amidation products in useful to excellent yields (>40 examples, up to 95% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu-Lian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Youn JH, Go SY, Chung H, Lee H, Chung TD, Cheong PHY, Lee HG. Dual Function of N-Iodosuccinimide for C(sp 3)-B Bond Activation. Org Lett 2024; 26:198-203. [PMID: 38153405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for C(sp3)-B bond activation was developed. Using a combination of alkyl trifluoroborates and N-iodosuccinimide (NIS), various C(sp3)-heteroatom bonds were readily generated in an efficient manner. Mechanistic studies revealed the bifunctional ability of NIS: mediating the formation of reactive halogenated intermediates and activating them via halogen bonding. This electrophilic activation of the reaction center enables the utilization of general heteroatom nucleophiles, which are used in a limited capacity in traditional 1,2-metalate rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Youn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yong Go
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lipilin DL, Zubkov MO, Kosobokov MD, Dilman AD. Direct conversion of carboxylic acids to free thiols via radical relay acridine photocatalysis enabled by N-O bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2024; 15:644-650. [PMID: 38179514 PMCID: PMC10762721 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids and thiols are basic chemical compounds with diverse utility and widespread reactivity. However, the direct conversion of unprotected acids to thiols is hampered due to a fundamental problem - free thiols are incompatible with the alkyl radicals formed on decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Herein, we describe a concept for the direct photocatalytic thiolation of unprotected acids allowing unprotected thiols and their derivatives to be obtained. The method is based on the application of a thionocarbonate reagent featuring the N-O bond. The reagent serves both for the rapid trapping of alkyl radicals and for the facile regeneration of the acridine-type photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry L Lipilin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail D Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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17
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Chen SJ, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Copper-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Cross-Coupling Enabled by Redox Buffers: Expanding Synthetic Access to Three-Dimensional Chemical Space. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3604-3615. [PMID: 38051914 PMCID: PMC10902864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCross-coupling methods are the most widely used synthetic methods in medicinal chemistry. Existing reactions are dominated by methods such as amide coupling and arylation reactions that form bonds to sp2-hybridized carbon atoms and contribute to the formation of "flat" molecules. Evidence that three-dimensional structures often have improved physicochemical properties for pharmaceutical applications has contributed to growing demand for cross-coupling methods with sp3-hybridized reaction partners. Substituents attached to sp3 carbon atoms are intrinsically displayed in three dimensions. These considerations have led to efforts to establish reactions with sp3 cross-coupling partners, including alkyl halides, amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. As C(sp3)-H bonds are much more abundant that these more conventional coupling partners, we have been pursuing C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions that achieve site-selectivity, synthetic utility, and scope competitive with conventional coupling reactions.In this Account, we outline Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with diverse nucleophilic partners. These reactions commonly use N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) as the oxidant. The scope of reactivity is greatly improved by using a "redox buffer" that ensures that the Cu catalyst is available in the proper redox state to promote the reaction. Early precedents of catalytic Cu/NFSI oxidative coupling reactions, including C-H cyanation and arylation, did not require a redox buffer, but reactions with other nucleophiles, such as alcohols and azoles, were much less effective under similar conditions. Mechanistic studies show that some nucleophiles, such as cyanide and arylboronic acids, promote in situ reduction of CuII to CuI, contributing to successful catalytic turnover. Poor reactivity was observed with nucleophiles, such as alcohols, that do not promote CuII reduction in the same manner. This insight led to the identification of sacrificial reductants, termed "redox buffers", that support controlled generation of CuI during the reactions and enable successful benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling with diverse nucleophiles. Successful reactions include those that feature direct coupling of (hetero)benzylic C-H substrates with coupling partners (alcohols, azoles) and sequential C(sp3)-H functionalization/coupling reactions. The latter methods feature generation of a synthetic linchpin that can undergo subsequent reaction with a broad array of nucleophiles. For example, halogenation/substitution cascades afford benzylic amines, (thio)ethers, and heterodiarylmethane derivatives, and an isocyanation/amine-addition sequence generates diverse benzylic ureas.Collectively, these Cu-catalyzed (hetero)benzylic C(sp3)-H cross-coupling reactions rapidly access diverse molecules. Analysis of their physicochemical and topological properties highlights the "drug-likeness" and enhanced three-dimensionality of these products relative to existing bioactive molecules. This consideration, together with the high benzylic C-H site-selectivity and the broad scope of reactivity enabled by the redox buffering strategy, makes these C(sp3)-H cross-coupling methods ideally suited for implementation in high-throughput experimentation platforms to explore novel chemical space for drug discovery and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California, 94030, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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18
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III R, Lujan B, Martinez A, Manasi R, DeBow JD, Kou KGM. A Fenton Approach to Aromatic Radical Cations and Diarylmethane Synthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15060-15066. [PMID: 37847050 PMCID: PMC10629232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating carbon-centered radicals to add to electron-deficient systems is a well-precedented process. By coupling the Fe(II)-mediated Fenton reaction with the Fe(III)-mediated single-electron oxidation of anisolic compounds, we demonstrate how electron-rich carbon-centered radicals can react with electron-rich arenes through a radical-polar cascade pathway. This bioinspired approach produces diarylmethane derivatives from simple unfunctionalized precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
Crowley III
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | | | | | - Roni Manasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Justin D. DeBow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Kevin G. M. Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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19
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Wu J, Shu C, Li Z, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Bromination, Chlorination and Thiocyanation Using Inorganic Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309684. [PMID: 37522816 PMCID: PMC10952529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylative halogenation reactions of alkyl carboxylic acids are highly valuable reactions for the synthesis of structurally diverse alkyl halides. However, many reported protocols rely on stoichiometric strong oxidants or highly electrophilic halogenating agents. Herein, we describe visible-light photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative halogenation reactions of N-hydroxyphthalimide-activated carboxylic acids that avoid stoichiometric oxidants and use inexpensive inorganic halide salts as the halogenating agents. Bromination with lithium bromide proceeds under simple, transition-metal-free conditions using an organic photoredox catalyst and no other additives, whereas dual photoredox-copper catalysis is required for chlorination with lithium chloride. The mild conditions display excellent functional-group tolerance, which is demonstrated through the transformation of a diverse range of structurally complex carboxylic acid containing natural products into the corresponding alkyl bromides and chlorides. In addition, we show the generality of the dual photoredox-copper-catalyzed decarboxylative functionalization with inorganic salts by extension to thiocyanation with potassium thiocyanide, which was applied to the synthesis of complex alkyl thiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringZhangjiang Institute for Advanced StudyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNo. 429, Zhangheng Road200213ShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Shu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: National Key Laboratory of Green PesticideCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU)152 Luoyu Road430079WuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhihang Li
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
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