Production of emulsion in tank mixer with sieve bottom

Application of the upcycling trend using ultrafiltrate of water from the production of collagen from fish skin in hair care cosmetics

The aim of the research problem of the article was to try to popularize the upcycling trend in the production of sustainable cosmetics and to confirm their effectiveness. The development of recycled raw materials is a new discovery in the chemical industry. Manufacturers emphasize the production of more environmentally friendly raw materials. Conscious consumers choose cosmetics whose production is based on sustainable development. Instead of throwing away waste from various industries, let us use it to produce active substances used in hair cosmetics. The production of the collagen series was created in accordance with the principles of upcycling, which involves obtaining collagen water, which is waste generated during the production of supplements. The main goal of the work was to learn cosmetic recipes for styling, washing and conditioning hair based on collagen waste, as well as to compare the results of people using the product in question. The aim of the study was also to demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment in preventing split ends and hair breakage, usually caused by mechanical stress (brushing), as well as to confirm the effectiveness of other tests. The article presents procedures and parameters confirming the effectiveness of treatment with the tested hair products. The following tests were carried out: hair thickness and density, colour uniformity, shine factor and scalp hydration. All parameters numerically confirmed the beneficial effects of products containing collagen water used in hair care.

Design of membrane systems

Membrane separation systems have been used in process industry since decades; however, their designs are based mainly on experienced-based and use of trial-and-error approach, especially in case of membrane selection. This chapter reviews recent advancements in the design of membrane systems used either for separation or creation of mixtures from the perspective of industry 4.0 and data management. Additionally, computer-aided design tools have been reviewed with aim of possible use in the design of membrane separation systems.

The Use of Natural Collagen Obtained from Fish Waste in Hair Styling and Care

Chemically speaking, polymers are multi-molecular compounds that have specific physicochemical properties. Hair cosmetics utilize their ability to create a protective film and make the cosmetic formulation more viscous, which facilitates its application. Natural polymers are encountered in nature, but, in hair cosmetics, artificially modified ones are more often used. Unfortunately, artificially modified polymers are characterized by high resistance to biological factors, which creates an ecological problem. Another reason for a search for natural polymers is their milder action when compared to synthetic ones. One of the new sources of obtaining collagen is the waste connective tissue materials of aquatic animals—skins, spines, dorsal chords and scales, and swim bladders. These raw materials are most often disposed of in landfills, processed into fish meal, or destined for food for animals. The conducted research was aimed at proving the action of natural collagen in hair cosmetics as a substitute for synthetic polymers. In the patients using collagen laminate, it is possible to notice the complete elimination of excessive sebum production, restoration of the correct pH value, and reduction in skin inflammations.