1
|
Khan J, Sun Y, Han L. A Comprehensive Review on Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201013. [PMID: 36336653 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural photosynthesis, harnessing the wide range of natural solar energy and utilizing appropriate semiconductor-based catalysts to convert carbon dioxide into beneficial energy species, for example, CO, CH4 , HCOOH, and CH3 COH have been shown to be a sustainable and more environmentally friendly approach. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has been regarded as a highly effective photocatalyst for the CO2 reduction reaction, owing to its cost-effectiveness, high thermal and chemical stability, visible light absorption capability, and low toxicity. However, weaker electrical conductivity, fast recombination rate, smaller visible light absorption window, and reduced surface area make this catalytic material unsuitable for commercial photocatalytic applications. Therefore, certain procedures, including elemental doping, structural modulation, functional group adjustment of g-C3 N4 , the addition of metal complex motif, and others, may be used to improve its photocatalytic activity towards effective CO2 reduction. This review has investigated the scientific community's perspectives on synthetic pathways and material optimization approaches used to increase the selectivity and efficiency of the g-C3 N4 -based hybrid structures, as well as their benefits and drawbacks on photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Finally, the review concludes a comparative discussion and presents a promising picture of the future scope of the improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javid Khan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Adv. Mater. and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Lei Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Joint International Laboratory of Adv. Mater. and Technology for Clean Energy, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Acosta-Angulo B, Lara-Ramos J, Diaz-Angulo J, Torres-Palma R, Martínez-Pachon D, Moncayo-Lasso A, Machuca-Martínez F. Analysis of the Applications of Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithms on Reaction Kinetics: A Prospective Study for Advanced Oxidation Processes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Lara-Ramos
- Universidad del Valle Escuela de Ingeniería Química COLOMBIA
| | | | - Ricardo Torres-Palma
- Universidad de Antioquía: Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales COLOMBIA
| | - Diana Martínez-Pachon
- Universidad Antonio Nariño: Universidad Antonio Narino Facultad de Ciencias COLOMBIA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Apollo S, Aoyi O. Performance and kinetics of a fluidized bed anaerobic reactor treating distillery effluent. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The kinetic analysis of an anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor treating distillery effluent was carried out. Natural zeolite was used as biomass carrier at various organic loading rates and hydraulic retention times (HRT). The degradation followed first order kinetics and fitted Michaelis–Menten kinetic model for substrate utilization. The kinetic analysis showed that 9% of the TOC was nonbiodegradable which corresponds to about 14% COD. The non-biodegradable component was responsible for the dark-brown color of the distillery effluent and therefore there was a need for employing a post-treatment technology for their removal. Biomass yield was found to be 0.4658 g/g while endogenic microorganisms decay coefficient was 0.0293, which suggested that there was a need to install a sludge handling unit prior to post-treatment. The maximum micro-organisms’ growth rate was found to be 0.136 d−1 while the specific growth rate of the micro-organisms reduced with an increase in HRT at constant feed concentration. The specific substrate utilization rate was found to increase linearly with an increase in the ration of food to micro-organisms and the mean cell residence time was found to be at least 2.5 times the HRT due to application of zeolite as microbial support in the reactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Apollo
- Department of Physical Sciences , University of Embu , P.O. Box 6-60100 , Embu , Kenya
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Vaal University of Technology , Private Bag X021 , Vanderbijlpark , South Africa
| | - Ochieng Aoyi
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology , Private Bag 16 , Palapye , Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu X, Tan JZY, Maroto-Valer MM. Investigation of CO2 Photoreduction in an Annular Fluidized Bed Photoreactor by MP-PIC Simulation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022; 61:3123-3136. [PMID: 35431432 PMCID: PMC9007463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Carbon dioxide (CO2) photoreduction is a promising process
for both mitigating CO2 emissions and providing chemicals
and fuels. A gas–solid two-phase annular fluidized bed photoreactor
(FBPR) would be preferred for this process due to its high mass-transfer
rate and easy operation. However, CO2 photoreduction using
the FBPR has not been widely researched to date. The Lagrangian multiphase
particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) simulation with computational fluid dynamic
models is a new and robust approach to explore the multiphase reaction
system in the gas–solid fluidized bed. Therefore, the purpose
of this paper is to investigate CO2 photoreduction in the
FBPR by MP-PIC modeling to understand the intrinsic mechanism of solid
flow, species mass transfer, and CO2 photoreaction. The
MP-PIC models for solid flow in the FBPR were validated by the bed
expansion height and bubble size. The results showed the particle
stress of the Lun model, the drag of the Ergun-WenYu (Gidaspow) model,
and the coefficient of restitution e = 0.95 with
the wall parameters ew = 0.9 and μw = 0.6 are the best fit to the experimental empirical correlations.
The MP-PIC models developed in this work proved to be better than
the Eulerian two-fluid modeling in the prediction of the bed expansion
height and bubble size. It was also found from the simulation results
that the maximum radiation intensity is in the half reactor height
area, and the photocatalytic reaction mainly occurred around the inner
wall. It showed that the gas velocity and catalyst loading were two
crucial operating parameters to control the process. The results reported
here can provide guidance for the operation and reactor design of
the CO2 photoreduction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Lu
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Jeannie Z. Y. Tan
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
- Research Centre for Carbon Solutions (RCCS), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Oliveira GX, Lira JODB, Riella HG, Soares C, Padoin N. Modeling and Simulation of Reaction Environment in Photoredox Catalysis: A Critical Review. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.788653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the pharmaceutical industry’s point of view, photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the field of the synthesis of added-value compounds. With this method, it is possible to excite the catalyst by the action of light, allowing electron transfer processes to occur and, consequently, oxidation and reduction reactions. Thus, in association with photoredox catalysis, microreactor technology and continuous flow chemistry also play an important role in the development of organic synthesis processes, as this technology offers high yields, high selectivity and reduced side reactions. However, there is a lack of a more detailed understanding of the photoredox catalysis process, and computational tools based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to deal with this and boost to reach higher levels of accuracy to continue innovating in this area. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of photoredox catalysis is provided, including the application of this technology for the synthesis of added-value chemicals in microreactors. Moreover, the advantages of the continuous flow system in comparison with batch systems are pointed out. It was also demonstrated how modeling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be critical for the design and optimization of microreactors applied to photoredox catalysis, so as to better understand the reagent interactions and the influence of light in the reaction medium. Finally, a discussion about the future prospects of photoredox reactions considering the complexity of the process is presented.
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis and Performance of Photocatalysts for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production: Future Perspectives. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis for “green” hydrogen production is a technology of increasing importance that has been studied using both TiO2–based and heterojunction composite-based semiconductors. Different irradiation sources and reactor units can be considered for the enhancement of photocatalysis. Current approaches also consider the use of electron/hole scavengers, organic species, such as ethanol, that are “available” in agricultural waste, in communities around the world. Alternatively, organic pollutants present in wastewaters can be used as organic scavengers, reducing health and environmental concerns for plants, animals, and humans. Thus, photocatalysis may help reduce the carbon footprint of energy production by generating H2, a friendly energy carrier, and by minimizing water contamination. This review discusses the most up-to-date and important information on photocatalysis for hydrogen production, providing a critical evaluation of: (1) The synthesis and characterization of semiconductor materials; (2) The design of photocatalytic reactors; (3) The reaction engineering of photocatalysis; (4) Photocatalysis energy efficiencies; and (5) The future opportunities for photocatalysis using artificial intelligence. Overall, this review describes the state-of-the-art of TiO2–based and heterojunction composite-based semiconductors that produce H2 from aqueous systems, demonstrating the viability of photocatalysis for “green” hydrogen production.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zacarías SM, Manassero A, Pirola S, Alfano OM, Satuf ML. Design and performance evaluation of a photocatalytic reactor for indoor air disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23859-23867. [PMID: 33219933 PMCID: PMC7680074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since COVID-19 pandemic, indoor air quality control has become a priority, and the development of air purification devices effective for disinfecting airborne viruses and bacteria is of outmost relevance. In this work, a photocatalytic device for the removal of airborne microorganisms is presented. It is an annular reactor filled with TiO2-coated glass rings and irradiated internally and externally by UV-A lamps. B. subtilis spores and vegetative cells have been employed as model biological pollutants. Three types of assays with aerosolized bacterial suspensions were performed to evaluate distinct purification processes: filtration, photocatalytic inactivation in the air phase, and photocatalytic inactivation over the TiO2-coated rings. The radiation distribution inside the reactor was analysed by performing Monte Carlo simulations of photon absorption in the photocatalytic bed. Complete removal of a high load of microorganisms in the air stream could be achieved in 1 h. Nevertheless, inactivation of retained bacteria in the reactor bed required longer irradiation periods: after 8 h under internal and external irradiation, the initial concentration of retained spores and vegetative cells was reduced by 68% and 99%, respectively. Efficiency parameters were also calculated to evaluate the influence of the irradiation conditions on the photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria attached at the coated rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mercedes Zacarías
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Colectora RN 168 Km 472, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Agustina Manassero
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Colectora RN 168 Km 472, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Silvana Pirola
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Colectora RN 168 Km 472, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Orlando Mario Alfano
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Colectora RN 168 Km 472, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Lucila Satuf
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC, UNL-CONICET), Colectora RN 168 Km 472, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Photocatalysis has been considered future technology for green energy conversion and environmental purification, including carbon dioxide reduction, water splitting, air/water treatment, and antimicrobial purposes. Although various photocatalysts with high activity and stability have already been found, the commercialization of photocatalytic processes seems to be slow; it is thought that the difficulty in scaling up photocatalytic processes might be responsible. Research on the design of photocatalytic reactors using computer simulations has been recently intensive. The computer simulations involve various methods of hydrodynamics, radiation, and mass transport analysis, including the Monte Carlo method, the approximation approach–P1 model, and computational fluid dynamics as a complex simulation tool. This review presents all of these models, which might be efficiently used for the scaling-up of photocatalytic reactors. The challenging aspects and perspectives of computer simulation are also addressed for the future development of applied photocatalysis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Akach J, Kabuba J, Ochieng A. Simulation of the Light Distribution in a Solar Photocatalytic Bubble Column Reactor Using the Monte Carlo Method. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Akach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428
− 00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kabuba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | - Aoyi Ochieng
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Divsalar A, Entesari N, Dods MN, Prosser RW, Egolfopoulos FN, Tsotsis TT. A UV photodecomposition reactor for siloxane removal from biogas: Modeling aspects. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|