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Chilliak S, Musacchio S, Montreuil T, Williams S. Interviewing Asylum-Seeking Children: A Scoping Review of Research to Inform Best Practices. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024:15248380241260014. [PMID: 39049444 DOI: 10.1177/15248380241260014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Immigration interviews with asylum-seeking youth have been largely understudied. In domestic legal settings, children interviewed about abuse and maltreatment provide more detailed, relevant responses when asked open-ended questions and when interviewed in a neutral environment, among other supportive practices. In asylum settings, guidance for interviews with youth derives from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is not clear to what extent best practices are employed during asylum interviews with youth. This scoping review was performed to (a) provide an overview of empirical literature on interviews with children in immigration settings, including border screenings, interviews with representatives, and asylum hearings, (b) explore whether best practices derived from forensic psychology and children's rights are observed in asylum interviews, (c) identify unique interview needs of asylum-seeking youth, and (d) derive implications for research and practice. A scoping review of three databases conducted in October 2023 yielded titles, of which 29 articles met inclusion criteria. These comprised quantitative and qualitative studies in English from 2003 to 2023. Three articles identified were quantitative, and 26 were qualitative. While several articles touched on interview practices and youth's experiences of interviews, only a few examined how asylum-seeking youth responded to different interview factors such as question type and interview setting. Key findings highlight inconsistent application of best practice principles, and several areas where best practices to support asylum-seeking children require clarification through further research.
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Tsur N, Talmon A, Shemesh N. Peritraumatic Pain in Child Maltreatment: A Systematic Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1725-1736. [PMID: 37655587 PMCID: PMC11155214 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231194069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on the link between trauma, child maltreatment (CM), and chronic pain. Although the risk of suffering from chronic pain among CM survivors has been established, much less is known about the experience of pain during CM incidents or whether such peritraumatic pain sensations are associated with later chronic pain. This scoping review was conducted to synthesize the existing literature on pain during and a short time following CM (i.e., peritraumatic pain). Utilizing the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines, the current review included 11 manuscripts, which met the following criteria: (a) refer to physical pain experienced during or a short time after CM, (b) were published in peer-reviewed journals, and (c) were written in English. The review demonstrated that most of the included studies were not intentionally focused on peritraumatic pain, the majority used qualitative research methods, and all were cross-sectional. Furthermore, although validated questionnaires are available, most of the studies did not utilize such measures. Those that intentionally reported pain demonstrated its high intensity and prevalence in CM incidents, indicating that pain is inherently embedded in the experience of maltreatment. The findings spotlight an underdeveloped research realm on a phenomenon that may hold significant empirical, clinical, and legal implications. Research endeavors should initiate interdisciplinary bodies of knowledge to establish well-validated research methodologies that properly quantify peritraumatic pain in trauma and CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Tsur
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Attrash-Najjar A, Katz C. Child Sexual Abuse Studies in Arab Societies: A Systematic Review and Directions for Future Research. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:1300-1324. [PMID: 35044887 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although child sexual abuse (CSA) is acknowledged as a worldwide social phenomenon, less is known about CSA within Arab societies. The current systematic literature review was designed to highlight the empirical knowledge on CSA in Arab societies. Guided by PRISMA principles, key databases were searched, with no time limit, for studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Fifty-seven studies were identified. The majority focused on the prevalence of CSA in various Arab societies around the world, with a wide range of rates reported. It is important to stress two main barriers addressed by the included studies. The first relates to the issue of taboo and the forbidden discussion of sexual content. The second is ethical, in which the researchers expressed their fear of creating emotional distress for their participants. A small group of studies examined parents' perceptions of CSA and the need for parents' involvement in the protection of their children. Another small group of studies focused on professionals' perceptions and experiences in contending with CSA, as well as their distress, conflict, and urgent need for support and guidance. The conclusions from the systematic literature review emphasized the enormous challenge of conducting studies on CSA in Arab societies and the urgent need to advance this research while also including children and adult survivors, whose perceptions and experiences are currently understudied. Moreover, the discussion stresses the need to adopt an intersectionality paradigm in future studies to advance the improvement of CSA policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmit Katz
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Schwab-Reese LM, Cash SJ, Lambert NJ, Lansford JE. "They Aren't Going to Do Jack Shit": Text-Based Crisis Service Users' Perceptions of Seeking Child Maltreatment-Related Support From Formal Systems. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP19066-NP19083. [PMID: 34507498 PMCID: PMC9554280 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211043577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many of the children reported to child protective services (CPS) exhibit signs and symptoms that allow others to recognize their abuse or neglect and intervene; others, especially adolescents, must disclose their experiences to be identified. Relatively little is known about young people's disclosure experiences, but individual, interpersonal, and cultural factors appear to influence when and how young people disclose. Technology-facilitated approaches, such as text- or chat-based hotlines or crisis services, may be one way to help young people share their maltreatment experiences and seek help. The current study contributes to the small body of literature that includes nonsexual maltreatment disclosures and sheds some light on how to support young people during their disclosures. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of all conversations from a text-based crisis service that resulted in a report to CPS (n = 244). Many of the texters had previously sought support from their peers or parents, and some had engaged with more formal systems. Many young people were hesitant to reach out to formal systems in the future, in part because of negative experiences during past disclosure experiences. Young people may be more likely to seek support through their preferred communication medium, so providing text- and chat-based communication may be one way to encourage and facilitate disclosure. As these resources become increasingly available, determining best practices for receiving disclosures through technology-facilitated platforms will be critical.
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Lahtinen HM, Laitila A, Korkman J, Ellonen N, Honkalampi K. Children's Disclosures of Physical Abuse in a Population-Based Sample. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:2011-2036. [PMID: 32627654 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520934443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have explored the disclosure of child physical abuse although child sexual abuse disclosure has been widely studied and debated for years. The present study explores the characteristics of child physical abuse disclosures and compares them to previously published findings on child sexual abuse disclosure from the same data. The data consist of a representative sample of 11,364 sixth and ninth graders. Participants responded to a wide variety of questions concerning experiences of violence, including child physical abuse and child sexual abuse, in the Finnish Child Victim Survey conducted in 2013. Within this sample, the prevalence of child physical abuse was 4.1%. Children reporting abuse experiences also responded to questions regarding disclosure, reactions encountered during disclosure, and potential reasons for nondisclosure. Findings show that most of the children who disclosed physical violence had disclosed to their mother. The overall disclosure rate of child physical abuse was 74%. However, only 42% had disclosed to adults, and even fewer had reported their experiences to authorities (12%). The most common reason for nondisclosure was that the youth did not consider the experience sufficiently serious to report (53%). These findings were largely in line with the child sexual abuse disclosure rates in our previous study. Analyses of variables associated with disclosing to an adult indicate that the strongest factors predicting disclosure to an adult are younger age, female gender, no previous experiences of child physical abuse, and parents knowing who their child spends her or his spare time with. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.
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Manay N, Collin-Vézina D. Recipients of children's and adolescents' disclosures of childhood sexual abuse: A systematic review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 116:104192. [PMID: 31564382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Disclosure of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a complex, multifaceted process with many barriers that are largely shaped by individual, familial, and systemic characteristics. Children and youth tend to withhold or delay disclosure for many years, such that most CSA goes unreported. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence regarding the pathways and recipients of CSA disclosures and to identify potential developmental and gender differences in the recipients of disclosures. Thirty-seven studies conducted between 1990 and 2017 were selected for review. Results indicated that children and youth follow a gradual pattern of disclosure, whereby they first disclose to peers before disclosing to a parent or trusted adult, who can then help the child report to a person of authority. Key developmental patterns in CSA disclosure were identified, whereby older children and adolescents are significantly more likely to turn to peers, keeping the abuse largely hidden from adults. Gender differences were also found, whereby girls are more likely to seek emotional support by disclosing to peers, whereas boys are significantly less likely to disclose the abuse all together; when boys do disclose, they tend to do so for practical reasons, such as protection or accessing services. This review contributes to our understanding of the various pathways of CSA disclosure and highlights the importance of further understanding youth-directed disclosures and how the reactions of informal recipients of disclosures may impact further disclosures to authorities and professionals. Research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manay
- Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Canada Suite 106, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada.
| | - Delphine Collin-Vézina
- Centre for Research on Children and Families, McGill University, Canada Suite 106, Wilson Hall, 3506 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada.
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Okur P, van der Knaap LM, Bogaerts S. A Quantitative Study on Gender Differences in Disclosing Child Sexual Abuse and Reasons for Nondisclosure. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:5255-5275. [PMID: 29294841 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517720732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the available literature on disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA), little is known about how gender affects disclosure. This article aims to quantitatively examine whether gender differences exist in formal (to legal or child protection authorities) and informal (to a family member or friend) disclosure of CSA and, if so, to assess whether this relation is associated with abuse characteristics and attitudes toward gender roles. The study also aimed to examine whether gender differences exist in reasons not to disclose CSA. Data of a sample of 586 participants, who reported to have experienced CSA committed by a single person, have been used for the analyses. There were no gender differences for formal disclosure, but the informal disclosure rate of CSA was 2.4 times higher for women than men, and this effect remained significant after controlling for abuse characteristics and attitudes, even though the gender difference decreased slightly. Furthermore, women and men reported different reasons for not disclosing CSA in their personal network. Women were more worried than men that family and friends would discover the abuse and reported more insecurity of what to do in this situation. Professionals in the field of CSA should consider a gender perspective when developing guidelines. Men have rarely been the subject of studies of disclosure after CSA. Professionals should focus more on general mental health outcomes of men that are not related with CSA directly, but where the effects of CSA may exert more indirectly through associations with other problems in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- FPC De Kijvelanden, Rhoon, The Netherlands
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Yablon YB. Students' willingness to seek help from school staff when coping with parental maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 103:104443. [PMID: 32163766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children who suffer parental maltreatment are unknown to welfare authorities and do not receive any treatment or support. Schools, which serve as a key social resource for child protection and welfare enforcement, also fail to identify these students. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine children's willingness to seek help at school for dealing with parental maltreatment and to reveal those factors that enhance students' willingness to seek help at school. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A national random sample of 859 Israeli students (56 % girls) in 6th-12th grades participated in the study. METHODS Using a sequential mixed-methods research design including both surveys and interviews, the study investigated students' willingness to seek help from their homeroom teacher, school counselor, school teachers, and friends when dealing with neglect, abuse, corporal punishment, and psychological aggression. RESULTS About half of the students who suffer parental maltreatment never sought help in school. Of those who sought help, about 19 % sought from their friends, and 15 % sought help from the school staff in which school counselors (8.2 %) comprised the most common help resource. Three fundamental factors that explained students' willingness to seek help were revealed: An active helper, positive relationship with the helper, and the importance of confidentiality and trust. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the role of active efforts by school for enhancing students' willingness to seek help and the need to devote more attention to friends who serve as a strong help resource and as a possible bridge between peers and the educational team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaacov B Yablon
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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Lev-Wiesel R, First M, Gottfried R, Eisikovits Z. Reluctance Versus Urge to Disclose Child Maltreatment: The Impact of Multi-Type Maltreatment. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:3888-3914. [PMID: 29294614 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516672938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a major public health issue in Israel. According to a recent Israeli national epidemiological survey, approximately half of Jewish and Arab girls and boys between the ages 12 and 17 experienced at least one type of child maltreatment, at any severity level. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of multi-type maltreatment on Israeli children and youth survivors' reluctance versus urge to disclose; with the effects of gender, age, and ethnicity taken into account. The study is important since non-disclosure has deleterious effects in terms of continuation of the abuse, delays in criminal prosecution and commencement of treatment. A self-report questionnaire incorporating the following instruments was administered: the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire. The sample consisted of 6,253 Jewish and Arab children and youth who reported experiencing at least one lifetime child maltreatment event. Study results indicated that children and youth's reluctance to disclose is positively associated with their emotional reactions to disclosure, as well as with higher instances of child maltreatment exposure; whereas urge to talk is negatively correlated with their emotional reactions to disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lev-Wiesel
- 1 The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya First
- 1 The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Ruth Gottfried
- 1 The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapy Research Center, Graduate School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Israel
- 2 Haruv Institute, Israel
- 3 School of Social Work, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, USA
| | - Zvi Eisikovits
- 4 The Center for the Study of Society, University of Haifa, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Daphna-Tekoah
- aFaculty of Social-Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
- bDepartment of Social Work, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
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Lev-Wiesel R, Eisikovits Z, First M, Gottfried R, Mehlhausen D. Prevalence of Child Maltreatment in Israel: A National Epidemiological Study. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2018; 11:141-150. [PMID: 32318144 PMCID: PMC7163892 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-016-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current study is based on data collected from Jewish and Arab 6th, 8th and 10th grade students (age range 12-17) within the Israeli national school system (N = 12,035). Data collection for the study utilized two complementary instruments: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). Study results revealed that the lifetime prevalence of child maltreatment in contemporary Israeli society is within the range of estimates from other countries. However, contrary to others, Israeli boys reported higher rates of abuse, including sexual abuse, compared to girls. Additionally, Arab compared to Jewish children and youth reported higher rates of all types of abuse. The need for widely accepted, uniform definitions of the various child maltreatment types, a standardized methodology of data collection, and regularly updated national and international data bases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lev-Wiesel
- The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Eisikovits
- The Center for the Study of Society, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya First
- The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ruth Gottfried
- The Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Haruv Institute, Jerusalem, Israel
- School of Social Work, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
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Chen YY, Kao MC. Prior disclosure and emotional expression: Interactive effects on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Int J Psychiatry Med 2018; 53:189-196. [PMID: 29271269 DOI: 10.1177/0091217417749790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background Previous research has revealed mixed findings with regard to the effects of disclosure on trauma recovery. More recently, studies on psychological trauma have found associations among religion, meaning, and health. This study investigated prior disclosure as a moderator for the association between religious emotional expression and adaptive trauma processing, as measured by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Methods Using Pennebaker's written emotional expression paradigm, 105 participants were assigned to either a conventional trauma-writing condition or religious trauma-writing condition. PTSD symptoms were assessed at baseline and again at one-month post writing. Results A two-way interaction was found between prior disclosure and writing condition on PTSD symptoms at follow-up. For the religious trauma-writing condition only, there was a significant difference between low versus high disclosure participants in PTSD symptoms at follow-up, such that low prior disclosure participants registered fewer PTSD symptoms than high prior disclosure participants, while prior disclosure did not have such effect in the conventional trauma-writing condition. LIMITATIONS This two-way interaction may be further qualified by other important psychosocial variables, such as differences in personality, coping style, social support, or use of prayer as a form of disclosure, which were not assessed in this study. Conclusion Religious emotional expression may encourage adaptive trauma processing, especially for individuals with low prior disclosure. These findings encourage further investigation of the conditions under which disclosure and religion may be a beneficial factor in trauma adaptation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Y Chen
- 1 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 34911 National Central University , Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Min C Kao
- 1 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 34911 National Central University , Jhongli City, Taiwan
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Engh Kraft L, Rahm G, Eriksson UB. School Nurses Avoid Addressing Child Sexual Abuse. J Sch Nurs 2016; 33:133-142. [DOI: 10.1177/1059840516633729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global public health problem with major consequences for the individual child and society. An earlier Swedish study showed that the school nurses did not initially talk about nor mention CSA as one form of child abuse. For the child to receive adequate support, the disclosure is a precondition and is dependent on an available person prepared to listen. The aim of the study was to explore the ability of the school nurses to detect and support sexually abused children. It is a secondary analysis of focus group interviews with school nurses. Thematic analysis was performed. Results showed that the school nurses avoided addressing CSA due to arousal of strong emotions, ambivalence, and a complicated disclosure process. In order to detect CSA and support abused children, attentiveness of sexual abuse as a possible cause of physical and mental ill-health is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Engh Kraft
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - GullBritt Rahm
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Hassan M, Gary FA, Hotz R, Killion C, Vicken T. Young Victims Telling their Stories of Sexual Abuse in the Emergency Department. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2015; 36:944-52. [PMID: 26735502 DOI: 10.3109/01612840.2015.1063026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Among young children, child sexual abuse is a common type of maltreatment. Child sexual abuse (CSA) is an important national public health problem that has a devastating impact on the emotional and psychological makeup of the child, family, and society. The purpose of this analysis is to explore the young victim's own stories of disclosure of child sexual abuse and is an exploratory case study using reported assault histories of victims of CSA between the ages of 6 and 14, taken in the immediate wake of the assault. The data were extracted from the hospital records of child victims treated in an emergency department between 2006 and 2010. This qualitative research, using thematic analysis, explored the stories of sexual abuse for children as told by them. Two themes emerged regarding the experience of sex abuse and the immediate outcomes on the children: (1) Abuse Circumstances, which included the child's level of awareness of child sexual abuse, predisposing factors, and the perpetrator's preparation (physical, behavioral, and verbal tactics), and (2) Physical/Psychological Suffering associated with disclosure. These have important implications for all service and health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hassan
- a Case Western Reserve University , Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Faye A Gary
- a Case Western Reserve University , Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Renee Hotz
- b University Hospitals (retired) , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Cheryl Killion
- a Case Western Reserve University , Bolton School of Nursing , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
| | - Totten Vicken
- c Case Western Reserve University , Department of Emergency Medicine , Cleveland , Ohio , USA
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