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De Pauw R, Pursch M, Desmet G. Using the column wall itself as resistive heater for fast temperature gradients in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1420:129-34. [PMID: 26476853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new system is proposed for applying fast temperature gradients in liquid chromatography. It consists of a 0.7 mm × 150 mm fused-silica column coated with a 50 μm Nickel-layer, which is connecting with a power source and a temperature control system to perform fast and reproducible temperature gradients using the column wall itself as a resistive heater. Applying a current of 4A and passive cooling results in a maximal heating and cooling rate of, respectively, 71 and -21 °C/min. Multi-segment temperature gradients were superimposed on mobile phase gradients to enhance the selectivity for three sets of mixtures (pharmaceutical compounds, a highly complex mixture and an insecticide sample). This resulted in a higher peak count or better selectivities for the various mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Pauw
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-IR), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Stade Produktions GmbH, Analytical Technology Center, 21677 Stade, Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS-IR), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Borges EM, Volmer DA. Silica, Hybrid Silica, Hydride Silica and Non-Silica Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. Part II: Chemical and Thermal Stability. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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3
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Droux S, Roy M, Félix G. Green chiral HPLC study of the stability of Chiralcel OD under high temperature liquid chromatography and subcritical water conditions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:22-5. [PMID: 24816048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report here the study of the stability under subcritical water conditions of one of the most popular polysaccharide chiral stationary phase (CSP): Chiralcel OD. This CSP was used under high temperature and reversed phase conditions with acetonitrile and 2-propanol as modifier, respectively. The evolution of selectivity and resolution was investigated both in normal and reversed mode conditions with five racemates after packing, heating at 150 °C and separations of some racemic compounds under different high temperatures and mobile phase conditions. The results show that after using at high temperature and subcritical water conditions the selectivity was only moderately affected while the resolution fell dramatically especially in reversed mode due to the creation of a void at the head of the columns which reflects the dissolution of the silica matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Droux
- KIRALYA, Parc Biocitech, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - M Roy
- CINaM (CNRS UMR 7325), Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - G Félix
- CINaM (CNRS UMR 7325), Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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4
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Wang Z, Xia J, Xia Y, Lu C, Shi G, Zhang F, Zhu F, Li Y, Xia L, Tang J. Fabrication and characterization of a zirconia/multi-walled carbon nanotube mesoporous composite. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3931-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Haun J, Oeste K, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Long-term high-temperature and pH stability assessment of modern commercially available stationary phases by using retention factor analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Teutenberg T. Potential of high temperature liquid chromatography for the improvement of separation efficiency—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 643:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Teutenberg T, Hollebekkers K, Wiese S, Boergers A. Temperature and pH-stability of commercial stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1262-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Gu B, Cortes H, Luong J, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Mustacich R. Low Thermal Mass Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1488-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802022z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghe Gu
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Hernan Cortes
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Jim Luong
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Matthias Pursch
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Patric Eckerle
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Robert Mustacich
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667, The Dow Chemical Company, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada, The Dow Chemical Company, Rheinmunster, Germany, and RVM Scientific, Santa Barbara, California
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9
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Heinisch S, Rocca JL. Sense and nonsense of high-temperature liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:642-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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11
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Jandera P. Can the theory of gradient liquid chromatography be useful in solving practical problems? J Chromatogr A 2006; 1126:195-218. [PMID: 16787650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the theory of gradient liquid chromatography and their practical impacts are reviewed. Theoretical models describing retention in reversed-phase, normal-phase and ion-exchange modes are compared. Main attention is focused on practically useful models described by two- or three-parameter equations fitting the experimental data in the range of mobile phase composition utilized for sample migration during gradient elution. The applications of theory for gradient method development, optimization and transfer are addressed. The origins and possibilities for overcoming possible pitfalls are discussed, including the effects of the instrumental dwell volume, uptake of mobile phase components on the column and size of the sample molecules. Special attention is focused on gradient separations of large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, CZ-53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Vanhoenacker G, Sandra P. Elevated temperature and temperature programming in conventional liquid chromatography – fundamentals and applications. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1822-35. [PMID: 16970186 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Temperature, as a powerful variable in conventional LC is discussed from a fundamental point of view and illustrated with applications from the author's laboratory. Emphasis is given to the influence of temperature on speed, selectivity, efficiency, detectability, and mobile phase composition (green chromatography). The problems accompanying the use of elevated temperature and temperature programming in LC are reviewed and solutions are described. The available stationary phases for high temperature operation are summarized and a brief overview of recent applications reported in the literature is given.
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Soukupová K, Krafková E, Suchánková J, Tesarová E. Comparison of zirconia- and silica-based reversed stationary phases for separation of enkephalins. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1087:104-11. [PMID: 16130703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the separation of biologically active peptides on two zirconia-based phases, polybutadiene (PBD)-ZrO2 and polystyrene (PS)-ZrO2, and a silica-based phase C18 was compared. Basic differences in interactions on both types of phases led to quite different selectivity. The retention characteristics were investigated in detail using a variety of organic modifiers, buffers, and temperatures. These parameters affected retention, separation efficiency, resolution and symmetry of peaks. Separation systems consisting of Discovery PBD-Zr column and mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH 2.0 (45:55, v/v) at 70 degrees C and Discovery PS-Zr with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH 3.5 in the same (v/v) ratio at 40 degrees C were suitable for a good resolution of enkephalin related peptides. Mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH 5.0 (22:78, v/v) was appropriate for separation of enkephalins on Supelcosil C18 stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Soukupová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Saito Y, Jinno K, Greibrokk T. Capillary columns in liquid chromatography: between conventional columns and microchips. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1379-90. [PMID: 15638147 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography on columns with small internal diameters has been reviewed as the intermediate technique between conventional liquid chromatography and microchip separations. The development of micro column separations in the early years has been described, starting with the papers of Horváth and co-workers and Ishii and co-workers, continuing into the first part of the eighties, then making a leap in time to recent innovations with small-bore columns. Based on internal diameters a classification of the different analytical HPLC columns has been suggested. The advantages of small-bore columns have been discussed, with particular emphasis on the advantage of coupling to concentration sensitive detectors when the sample amount is limited. Open tubular columns are treated as a part of the historic background. The recent developments include a brief look into the current status of monolithic columns, the use of packed nano columns and micro columns with electrospray mass spectrometry, and the potential of two-dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography. Finally, the coupling of sample preparation to analytical columns and the future applications of the novel technological improvements to the microchip separation methods have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Saito
- School of Materials Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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15
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Jandera P, Blomberg LG, Lundanes E. Controlling the retention in capillary LC with solvents, temperature, and electric fields. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:1402-18. [PMID: 15638149 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Once a suitable stationary phase and column dimensions have been selected, the retention in liquid chromatography (LC) is traditionally adjusted by controlling the mobile phase composition. Solvent gradients enable achievement of good separation selectivity while decreasing the separation time as compared to isocratic elution. Capillary columns allow use of other programming parameters, i.e. temperature and applied electric fields, in addition to solvent gradient elution. This paper presents a review of programmed separation techniques in miniaturized LC, including retention modeling and method transfer from the conventional to micro- and capillary scales. The impact of miniaturized instrumentation on retention and the limitations of capillary LC are discussed. Special attention is focused on the gradient dwell volume effects, which are more important in micro-LC techniques than in conventional analytical LC and may cause significant increase in the time of analysis, unless special instrumentation and (or) pre-column flow-splitting is used. The influence of temperature upon retention is also discussed, and applications where the temperature has been actively used for retention control in capillary LC are included together with the instrumentation utilized. Finally the possibilities of additional selectivity control by applying an electric field over a packed capillary LC column are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice Nám Cs legii 565, CZ 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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