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Mut L, Grobosch T, Binscheck-Domaß T, Frenzel W. Toxicological screening of human plasma by on-line SPE-HPLC-DAD: identification and quantification of acidic and neutral drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:343-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mut
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Grobosch
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Torsten Binscheck-Domaß
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH; Department for Laboratory Medicine and Toxicology; Sylter Str. 2 D-13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frenzel
- Berlin Institute of Technology; Department of Environmental Technology; Straße des 17. Juni 135 D-10623 Berlin Germany
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2
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Zhang X, Wang R, Xie H, Jia Z, Li W, Zhang J, Wang Y. Determination of rifampicin in rat plasma by modified large-volume direct injection RAM-HPLC and its application to a pharmcokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:475-80. [PMID: 25132417 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Rong Wang
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Hua Xie
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
| | - Zhengping Jia
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Wenbing Li
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
| | - Yanling Wang
- PLA Key Laboratory of the Plateau of the Environmental Damage Control, Department of Pharmacy; Lanzhou General Hospital of PLA; Lanzhou 730050 China
- School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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3
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He M, Chen B, Hu B. Recent developments in stir bar sorptive extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2001-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Flieger J, Czajkowska-Żelazko A. Usefulness of the chaotropic effect in sample preparation for chromatographic analysis of acidic xenobiotics in human plasma. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3035-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Medical University of Lublin; Lublin Poland
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5
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Yang SH, Fan H, Classon RJ, Schug KA. Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on-line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2922-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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6
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7
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Adsorption of peptides and small proteins with control access polymer permeation to affinity binding sites. Part II: Polymer permeation-ion exchange separation adsorbents with polyethylene glycol and strong anion exchange groups. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1227:126-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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9
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Kassem MG. Stir bar sorptive extraction for central nervous system drugs from biological fluids. ARAB J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Chigome S, Darko G, Torto N. Electrospun nanofibers as sorbent material for solid phase extraction. Analyst 2011; 136:2879-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Um SY, Chae SW, Park HJ, Chung MW, Choi SO, Lee HJ. Simple determination of azasetron in rat plasma by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3638-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Highly selective and non-conventional sorbents for the determination of biomarkers in urine by liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1029-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Yamamoto E, Kato T, Mano N, Asakawa N. Effective on-line extraction of drugs from plasma using a restricted-access media column in column-switching HPLC equipped with a dilution system: Application to the simultaneous determination of ER-118585 and its metabolites in canine plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Restricted-access media supports for direct high-throughput analysis of biological fluid samples: review of recent applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:577-94. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the use of restricted-access materials (RAMs) for direct injection of biological samples. The fundamental improvements in the preparation of tailored RAMs and the diversity of applications with these phases are presented. Insights into diminishing the matrix effect by the use of RAM supports in methods by LC–MS and into the low number of methods for enantiomeric separations by direct injections of biological samples are addressed. The diversity of systems that incorporate RAMs for selective sample clean-up or fractionation in proteome and peptidome analysis is also covered.
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15
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Um SY, Kim KB, Kim SH, Ju YC, Lee HS, Oh HY, Choi KH, Chung MW. Determination of the active metabolites of sibutramine in rat serum using column-switching HPLC. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2820-6. [PMID: 18666167 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple and direct analysis using column-switching HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of active metabolites of sibutramine, N-mono-desmethyl metabolite (metabolite 1, M1) and N-di-desmethyl metabolite (metabolite 2, M2) in the serum of rats administered sibutramine HCl (5.0 mg/kg, p.o.). Rat serum was directly injected onto the precolumn without sample prepreparation step following dilution with mobile phase A, i. e., methanol-ACN-20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid) (8.3:4.5:87.2 by volume). After the endogenous serum components were eluted to waste, the system was switched and the analytes were eluted to the trap column. Active metabolites M1 and M2 were then back-flushed to the analytical column for separation with mobile phase B, i. e., methanol-ACN-20 mM ammonium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0 with phosphoric acid) (35.8:19.2:45 by volume) and detected at 223 nm. The calibration curves of active metabolites M1 and M2 were linear in the range of 0.1-1.0 microg/mL and 0.15-1.8 microg/mL. This method was fully validated and shown to be specific, accurate (10.4-10.7% error), and precise (1.97-8.79% CV). This simple and rapid analytical method using column-switching appears to be useful for the pharmacokinetic study of active metabolites (M1 and M2) of sibutramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Um
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Huang X, Qiu N, Yuan D. Direct enrichment of phenols in lake and sea water by stir bar sorptive extraction based on poly (vinylpyridine-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic material and liquid chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1194:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Pragst F. Chapter 13 High performance liquid chromatography in forensic toxicological analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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18
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Bugey A, Staub C. Application of monolithic supports to online extraction and LC-MS analysis of benzodiazepines in whole blood samples. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2967-78. [PMID: 17893846 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A column-switching (CS) LC-MS method allowing high-speed determination of benzodiazepines (BZDs) in whole blood is presented. After protein precipitation with ACN followed by evaporation and reconstitution with the loading mobile phase, the online sample clean-up was carried out using a CS device. Two extractive precolumns were evaluated: a conventional restricted access material (RAM) sorbent and a monolithic silica support. Separation was achieved using a Chromolith Performance RP-18e (100 mmx4.6 mm id) monolithic silica column, and detection was performed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS. The method with both supports has been fully validated according to an accuracy profile approach. Finally, the monolithic silica column, demonstrating better validation data and a higher robustness than the RAM sorbent, was used for the analysis of several real forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bugey
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Yang G, Feng S, Liu H, Yin J, Zhang L, Cai L. On-line clean-up and screening of oxacillin and cloxacillin in human urine and plasma with a weak ion exchange monolithic column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 854:85-90. [PMID: 17462966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A weak ion exchange monolithic column prepared by modifying the GMA-MAA-EDMA (glycidyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monoliths with ethylenediamine was applied to remove matrix compounds in biological fluid. Using this monolithic column, on-line clean-up and screening of oxacillin and cloxacillin in human urine and plasma samples had been investigated. Chromatography was performed by reversed-phase HPLC on a C(18) column with ultraviolet detection at 225 nm. Results showed that the ion exchange monolithic column could be used for deproteinization and retaining oxacillin and cloxacillin in human urine and plasma, which provided a simple and fast method for assaying drugs in human urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengliang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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20
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Hyötyläinen T. Principles, developments and applications of on-line coupling of extraction with chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:14-28. [PMID: 17196971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of extraction and chromatographic separation allows the whole analysis to be performed in a closed system. On-line systems are particularly useful when the analytes are labile, the amount of sample is limited, or very high sensitivity is required. Many on-line systems have been developed both for liquid and for solid samples. This review discusses the different instruments that have been constructed and the factors that need to be considered in the coupling. Selected illustrative applications are described to illustrate the potential of the on-line systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Stafiej A, Pyrzynska K, Regan F. Determination of anti-inflammatory drugs and estrogens in water by HPLC with UV detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:985-91. [PMID: 17566331 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method based on LC and UV detection has been developed for the determination of anti-inflammatory compounds and estrogens in water samples. The drugs investigated were diclofenac, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, naproxen, clofibric acid, estriol, 17beta-estradiol, estrone and ethynylestradiol. The detection limits were in the range of 6-74 microg/L and 0.041 -0.16 mg/L for acidic pharmaceuticals and estrogens, respectively, using narrow-bore C18 analytical column. Analyte enrichment from water samples was achieved by SPE procedure using polymeric Strata-X cartridges. Average recoveries obtained from 2.5 L of surface water sample were in the range of 77-98%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stafiej
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Wille SMR, Lambert WEE. Recent developments in extraction procedures relevant to analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1381-91. [PMID: 17468854 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important step in the development of an analytical method but is often regarded as time-consuming, laborious work. Optimum sample preparation leads to enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, however, and reduces amounts of interfering matrix compounds, resulting in less signal suppression or enhancement. Recent developments in extraction techniques that could be of interest in clinical and forensic toxicology, for example liquid-liquid, solid-phase, and headspace extraction, are summarized in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of several extraction techniques are discussed, to enable the reader to choose an appropriate method of extraction for his or her application. Attention is paid to current trends in analytical toxicology, for example miniaturization, high throughput, and automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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23
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Stanley SMR, Wee WK, Lim BH, Foo HC. Direct-injection screening for acidic drugs in plasma and neutral drugs in equine urine by differential-gradient LC–LC coupled MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 848:292-302. [PMID: 17101303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct-injection LC-LC hybrid tandem MS methods have been developed for undertaking broad-based screening for acidic drugs in protein-precipitated plasma and neutral doping agents in equine urine. In both analyses, analytes present in the matrix were trapped using a HLB extraction column before being refocused and separated on a Chromolith RP-18e monolithic analytical column using a controlled differential gradient generated by proportional dilution of the first column's eluent with water. Each method has been optimised by the adoption of a mobile phase and gradient that was tailored to enhance ionisation in the MS source while maintaining good chromatographic behaviour for the majority of the target drugs. The analytical column eluent was fed into the heated nebulizer (HN) part of the Duospray interface attached to a 4000 QTRAP mass spectrometer. Information dependent acquisition (IDA) with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) was configured to trigger a sensitive enhanced product ion (EPI) scan when a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) survey scan signal exceeded the defined criteria. Ninety-one percent of acidic drugs in protein-precipitated plasma and 80% of the neutral compounds in equine urine were detected when spiked at 10 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M R Stanley
- The Singapore Turf Club Laboratory, Singapore Race Course, 1 Turf Club Avenue, Singapore 738078, Singapore.
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24
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Liu M, Hashi Y, Pan F, Yao J, Song G, Lin JM. Automated on-line liquid chromatography–photodiode array–mass spectrometry method with dilution line for the determination of bisphenol A and 4-octylphenol in serum. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:142-8. [PMID: 16934275 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel on-line liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS) system was established with restricted-access media (RAM) pre-column and dilution line combined with a column-switching valve. The serum samples were injected directly onto pre-column under diluted condition by dilution line. After elution of proteins in the serum, the analytes were backflushed onto an ODS analytical column using a six-port column-switching device. The influence of the composition of the mobile phase, for instance, organic modifer, ionic strength, pH, dilution times and the rotation time of the switching valve have been investigated using bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-octyphenol (4-OP) as analytes. The evaluations for peak responses and sensitivity were conducted by MS, and proteins were removed by RAM-column with DAD monitoring at 280 nm. The peak shape was improved by adding a dilution line, especially in the case of large volume injection (LVI), which increased the sensitivity of the analysis. The selective and sensitive quantification of BPA and 4-OP in serum sample could be finished within 25 min. The method had linearity in the range 0.1-500 ng/mL with a limit of quantification for BPA and 4-OP of 0.1 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 80-101% with less than 9.0% RSDs. This on-line LC-MS method demonstrates potential application to evaluating the exposure and risk of BPA and 4-OP in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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25
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Um SY, Jung SH, Jung SJ, Kim JI, Chung SY, Lee HJ, Han SB, Choi SO. Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of fluvastatin in rat plasma by direct injection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1458-62. [PMID: 16682159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for quantification of fluvastatin in rat plasma. Plasma samples were diluted with an equal volume of mobile phase, i.e. acetonitrile-5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) (15:85, v/v), and the mixture was directly injected onto the HPLC system. The analyte was enriched in a pre-treatment column, while endogenous components were eluted to waste. The analyte was then back-flushed onto an analytical column and quantified with fluorescence detection (lambdaex=305 nm; lambdaem=390 nm). The standard curve for the drug was linear in the range 0.5-100 ng mL(-1) in rat plasma. The limit of quantitation for plasma was found to be 0.5 ng mL(-1). This method has been fully validated and shown to be specific, accurate and precise. The method is simple and rapid because of a minimized sample preparation and appears to be useful for the pharmacokinetic study of fluvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Um
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Nokbun-dong 5, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Wei F, Zhang M, Feng YQ. Application of poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith microextraction coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis to the determination of opiates in human urine. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1939-48. [PMID: 16619301 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (MAA-EGDMA) monolith microextraction method coupled with CZE was proposed for rapidly determining a mixture of opiates comprising heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine, papaverine, and narcotine in human urine. The extraction device contained a regular plastic syringe, the poly(MAA-EGDMA) monolithic capillary tube (530 microm id x 3 cm) and a plastic pinhead, which connected the monolithic capillary tube and the syringe without leakage. In the polymer monolith microextraction, the sample solution was ejected via the monolithic capillary tube by a programmable syringe pump, followed by desorption with an aliquot of appropriate solution, which was collected into a vial for the subsequent analysis by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v with temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 25 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field-enhanced sample stacking, detection limits of 6.6-19.5 ng/mL were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 80-2000 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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27
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Cassiano NM, Lima VV, Oliveira RV, de Pietro AC, Cass QB. Development of restricted-access media supports and their application to the direct analysis of biological fluid samples via high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1462-9. [PMID: 16800052 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A quick overview of published methods for analyzing compounds in complex biological samples reveals that the most difficult step is the clean-up or extraction of a required compound from the matrix. The strategy required to analyze exogenous compounds in biological fluids depends greatly upon the nature of the compound and upon the biomatrix. Coupled-column separation using restricted-access media as the first dimension in order to exclude macromolecules and retain micromolecules has been successfully used for a number of biological fluids. This paper presents the history of the development of restricted-access media supports and of their application to the direct injection of biological fluid samples in high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Cassiano
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Cx. Postal 676, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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28
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Choi SO, Um SY, Jung SH, Jung SJ, Kim JI, Lee HJ, Chung SY. Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of zaltoprofen in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 830:301-5. [PMID: 16309979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A direct injection column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for quantification of zaltoprofen in rat plasma. Following dilution with mobile phase A, i.e. acetonitrile-10mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) (12:88, v/v) samples were directly injected to the pre-column without sample pre-purification step. After endogenous plasma components were eluted to waste, the system was switched and the analyte was eluted to the trap column. Zaltoprofen was then back-flushed to the analytical column for separation with mobile phase B, i.e. acetonitrile-10mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) (35:65, v/v) and quantification with an ultraviolet detector at 230 nm. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 40-5000 ngmL(-1). This method has been fully validated and shown to be specific, accurate and precise. The method is simple, rapid and the sample preparation is minimal and appears to be useful for the pharmacokinetic study of zaltoprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ok Choi
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Toxicological Research, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Nokbun-dong 5, Eunpyung-Ku, Seoul, South Korea.
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Fan Y, Zhang M, Feng YQ. Poly(acrylamide-vinylpyridine-N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide) monolithic capillary for in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1099:84-91. [PMID: 16197953 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based on a poly(acrylamide-vinylpyridine-N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide) monolithic capillary was investigated and on-line coupled to HPLC for the determination of trace analytes in aqueous samples. The polymer monolith was conveniently synthesized in a fused silica capillary by in situ polymerization method. Several groups of analytes including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenols, non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists and endocrine disrupting chemicals were extracted by the monolithic capillary. High extraction efficiency was achieved for the analytes investigated and great improvement of the limits of detection were obtained in comparison to that of direct chromatographic analysis and strong hydrophobic and ion-exchange interactions between the analytes and the polymer were confirmed. The newly developed monolithic capillary showed excellent reusability and high stability under extreme pH conditions during extraction. The possibility of applying the established method to water sample analysis was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Lambert JP, Mullett WM, Kwong E, Lubda D. Stir bar sorptive extraction based on restricted access material for the direct extraction of caffeine and metabolites in biological fluids. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075:43-9. [PMID: 15974116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A biocompatible stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) device was prepared using an alkyl-diol-silica (ADS) restricted access material (RAM) as the SBSE coating. The RAM-SBSE bar was able to simultaneously fractionate the protein component from a biological sample, while directly extracting caffeine and its metabolites, overcoming the present disadvantages of direct sampling in biological matrices by SBSE, such as fouling of the extraction coating by proteins. Desorption of the analytes was performed by stirring the bar in a water/ACN mixture (3/1, v/v) and subsequently reconcentrating the sample solution in water to enable HPLC-UV analysis to be performed. The limit of detection, based on a signal to noise ratio of 3, for caffeine was 25 ng/mL in plasma. The method was confirmed to be linear over the range of 0.5-100 microg/mL of caffeine with an average linear coefficient (R2) value of 0.9981. The injection repeatability and intra-assay precision of the method were evaluated over ten injections, resulting in a %RSD of approximately 8%. The RAM-SBSE device was robust (>50 extraction in plasma without significant signal loss) and simple to use, providing many direct extractions and subsequent determination of caffeine and its metabolites in biological fluids. In contrast to existing sample preparation methods for the analysis of caffeine and selected metabolites in biological fluids, this feasibility study using a biocompatible SBSE approach was advantageous in terms of simplifying the sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Merck Frosst Canada & Co, 16711 TransCanada Highway, Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1
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Fan Y, Feng YQ, Zhang JT, Da SL, Zhang M. Poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith in-tube solid phase microextraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography and analysis of amphetamines in urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1074:9-16. [PMID: 15941033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) based on a poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column was investigated for the extraction of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their methylenedioxy derivatives. The monolithic capillary column showed high extraction efficiency towards target analytes, which could be attributed to its larger loading amount of extraction phase than conventional open-tubular extraction capillaries and the convective mass transfer procedure provided by its monolithic structure. The extraction mechanism was studied, and the results indicated that the extraction process of the target analytes was involved with hydrophobic interaction and ion-exchange interaction. The polymer monolith in-tube SPME-HPLC system with UV detection was successfully applied to the determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their methylenedioxy derivatives in urine samples, yielding the detection limits of 1.4 - 4.0 ng/mL. Excellent method reproducibility (RSD < 2.9%) was found over a linear range of 0.05-5 microg/mL, and the time for the whole analysis was only approximately 25 min. The monolithic capillary column was reusable in coping with the complicated urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Kawano SI, Takahashi M, Hine T, Yamamoto E, Asakawa N. On-line pretreatment using methylcellulose-immobilized cation-exchange restricted access media for direct liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric determination of basic drugs in plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2827-32. [PMID: 16144027 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel methylcellulose-immobilized restricted access media column with strong cation-exchange groups on an internal surface (MC-SCX) was evaluated for the direct injection analysis of basic polar drugs in plasma by column-switching liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Analytical conditions, including an automated pretreatment step and MS detection, were optimized for a series of basic drugs (doxepin, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyline, clomipramine). On-line pretreatment with the MC-SCX column followed by fast gradient analysis using a C18 column resulted in a total analysis cycle time of 7 min for each spiked plasma sample. More than 150 plasma samples spiked with target compounds were measured without compromising MS detection (relative standard deviations less than 11% for all compounds, and regression coefficients greater than 0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Kawano
- Analytical Applications Department, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan.
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Rbeida O, Chiap P, Lubda D, Boos KS, Crommen J, Hubert P. Development and validation of a fully automated LC method for the determination of cloxacillin in human plasma using anion exchange restricted access material for sample clean-up. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 36:961-8. [PMID: 15620520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of a preliminary investigation on the plasma profile of cloxacillin after oral administration, a simple and rapid LC method was developed for the direct determination of this compound in human plasma. The on-line sample clean-up was carried out using a weak anion exchanger (diethylaminoethyl groups) as restricted access material (RAM). The effects of the washing liquid pH, the ionic strength and the addition of organic modifier to the washing liquid were studied in order to obtain an efficient sample clean-up and a high recovery of cloxacillin. The separation was achieved on octadecylsilica stationary phase using a mobile phase consisting in a mixture of phosphate buffer (pH 4.0; 25 mM) and acetonitrile (72:28, v/v). The UV detection was performed at 215 nm. The most appropriate regression model of the response function as well as the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were first selected during the pre-validation step. These criteria were then assessed during the formal validation step. The LOQ was 50 ng/ml. The method was also validated with respect to analyte recovery, precision, trueness, accuracy and linearity. Finally, it was successfully applied for the analysis of the first plasma samples obtained from patients having taken an oral dose of 500 mg cloxacillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rbeida
- Department of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Liège, CHU, B36, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
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