1
|
van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niezen LE, Kruijswijk JD, van Henten GB, Pirok BWJ, Staal BBP, Radke W, Philipsen HJA, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ. Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:341041. [PMID: 36965990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a polymeric material are influenced by its underlying molecular distributions, including the molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and/or block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. Due to the limited solubility of polymers, samples are often dissolved in strong solvents. Upon injection of the sample, such solvents may lead to broadened or poorly shaped peaks and, in unfavourable cases, to "breakthrough" phenomena, where a part of the sample travels through the column unretained. To remedy this, a technique called size-exclusion-chromatography gradients or gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) was developed in 2011. In this work, we aim to further explore the potential of gSEC for the analysis of the CCD, also in comparison with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC, which in this work corresponded to gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The influence of the mobile-phase composition, the pore size of the stationary-phase particles, and the column temperature were investigated. The separation of five styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers was studied with one-dimensional RPLC and gSEC. RPLC was shown to lead to a more-accurate CCD in shorter analysis time. The separation of five styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers was also explored using comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC involving gSEC, i.e. SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC. In 2D-LC, the use of gSEC was especially advantageous as no breakthrough could occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy D Kruijswijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van Henten
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harry J A Philipsen
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Knol WC, de Vries QL, Brooijmans T, Gruendling T, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Hyphenation of liquid chromatography and pyrolysis-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry for polymer quantification and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1257:341157. [PMID: 37062568 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) hyphenated to pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) has been demonstrated as a powerful tool in polymer analysis. A main limitation to the wider application of the method are the long second-dimension Py-GC analysis times, resulting in limited first-dimension sampling and/or long overall run times. Therefore, we set out to develop an online hyphenated SEC×Py-MS/FID method, removing the GC separation and allowing for a drastically reduced second-dimension analysis time compared to SEC-Py-GC. The pyrolysis method had a cycle time of 1.31 min, which was facilitated by liquid nitrogen cooling of the programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) used for pyrolysis. The developed method featured no molar mass discrimination for masses above ±1.3 kDa, rendering it applicable to most commercial polymer systems. The method was demonstrated on multiple samples, including a complex industrial sample, yielding chemical composition heterogeneity and in some cases sequence heterogeneity information over the molar mass distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Quincy L de Vries
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton Brooijmans
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Till Gruendling
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Online hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography for polymer characterization. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1690:463800. [PMID: 36681003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the composition and molecular heterogeneities of complex industrial polymers forms the basis of gaining control of the physical properties of materials. In the current work we report on the development of an online method to hyphenate liquid polymer chromatography with pyrolysis-GC (Py-GC). The designed workflow included a 10-port valve for fractionation of the first-dimension effluent. Collected fractions were transferred to the Py-GC by means of a second LC pump, a 6-port valve was used to control injection in the Py-GC, allowing the second pump to operate continuously. The optimized large volume injection (LVI) method was capable of analyzing 117 µL of the LC effluent in a 6 min GC separation with a total cycle time of 8.45 min. This resulted in a total run time of 2.1 h while obtaining 15 Py-GC runs over the molar mass separation. The method was demonstrated on various real-life samples including a complex industrial copolymer with a bimodal molar mass distribution. The developed method was used to monitor the relative concentration of 5 different monomers over the molar mass distribution. Furthermore, the molar mass-dependent distribution of a low abundant comonomer (styrene, <1% of total composition) was demonstrated, highlighting the low detection limits and increased resolving power of this approach over e.g. online NMR or IR spectroscopy. The developed method provides a flexible and widely applicable approach to LC-Py-GC hyphenation without having to resort to costly and specialized instrumentation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehandole A, Walke N, Mahajan S, Aalhate M, Maji I, Gupta U, Mehra NK, Singh PK. Core-Shell Type Lipidic and Polymeric Nanocapsules: the Transformative Multifaceted Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:50. [PMID: 36703085 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst the several nano-drug delivery systems, lipid or polymer-based core-shell nanocapsules (NCs) have garnered much attention of researchers owing to its multidisciplinary properties and wide application. NCs are structured core-shell systems in which the core is an aqueous or oily phase protecting the encapsulated drug from environmental conditions, whereas the shell can be lipidic or polymeric. The core is stabilized by surfactant/lipids/polymers, which control the release of the drug. The presence of a plethora of biocompatible lipids and polymers with the provision of amicable surface modifications makes NCs an ideal choice for precise drug delivery. In the present article, multiple lipidic and polymeric NC (LNCs and PNCs) systems are described with an emphasis on fabrication methods and characterization techniques. Far-reaching applications as a carrier or delivery system are demonstrated for oral, parenteral, nasal, and transdermal routes of administration to enhance the bioavailability of hard-to-formulate drugs and to achieve sustained and targeted delivery. This review provide in depth understanding on core-shell NC's mechanism of absorption, surface modification, size tuning, and toxicity moderation which overshadows the drawbacks of conventional approaches. Additionally, the review shines a spotlight on the current challenges associated with core-shell NCs and applications in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Mehandole
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Nikita Walke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Srushti Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Mayur Aalhate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Indrani Maji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Ujala Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500037, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zdovc B, Li H, Zhao J, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Influence of Microstructure on the Elution Behavior of Gradient Copolymers in Different Modes of Liquid Interaction Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7844-7852. [PMID: 35604324 PMCID: PMC9178556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the influence of microstructure on the chromatographic behavior of gradient copolymers with different gradient strengths and block copolymer with completely segregated blocks by using gradient liquid adsorption chromatography (gLAC) and liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) for one of the copolymer constituents. The copolymers consist of repeating units of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(propylene phthalate) and have comparable average chemical composition and molar mass, and a narrow molar mass distribution to avoid as much as possible the influence of these parameters on the elution behavior of the copolymers. On both reversed stationary phases, the elution volume of gradient copolymers increases with the increasing strength of the gradient. The results indicate that for both modes of liquid interaction chromatography, it is important to consider the effect of microstructure on the elution behavior of the gradient copolymers in addition to the copolymer chemical composition and molar mass in the case of gLAC and the length of the chromatographically visible copolymer constituent in the case of LCCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Heng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography (GPEC): Under-Estimated Powerful Tool for Polymer Characterization—A Perspective. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
A Method for Characterizing the Chemical Heterogeneity of Comb-Copolymers and Its Dependence on Synthesis Routes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121921. [PMID: 34207790 PMCID: PMC8230254 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity in chemical structure of polymers is difficult to characterize and consequently remains an often-overlooked factor in mechanistic studies of functional polymers, as well as in their industrial scale optimization. In this study, we present a method to characterize chemical heterogeneity and apply it to illustrate how it can be affected differently in different synthesis routes. The polymers used are comb-copolymer dispersants used in particulate suspensions which are composed of a polycarboxylate backbone onto which PEG side chains are grafted. The largest use of these polymers concerns concrete, where they are referred to as poly(carboxylate ether) (PCE) superplasticizers and produced at a very large industrial scale. Apart from their practical relevance, PCEs provide a good test case for studying the means and benefits of characterizing chemical heterogeneity. Indeed, the simple addition of a UV detector to a traditional SEC setup with RI detection allowed us to monitor variations in the grafting ratio in dependence on the molecular size. We show that the synthesis pathway significantly impacts the chemical heterogeneity. The suggested method is versatile and can be adapted for a wide range of hydrophilic copolymers. Thus, we present a tool to comprehensively analyze the molecular heterogeneity of dispersants and give a deep insight into their chemical dispersity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang C, Bates MW, Geng Z, Levi AE, Vigil D, Barbon SM, Loman T, Delaney KT, Fredrickson GH, Bates CM, Whittaker AK, Hawker CJ. Rapid Generation of Block Copolymer Libraries Using Automated Chromatographic Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9843-9849. [PMID: 32421319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and scalable strategy is reported for the rapid generation of block copolymer libraries spanning a wide range of compositions starting from a single parent copolymer. This strategy employs automated and operationally simple chromatographic separation that is demonstrated to be applicable to a variety of block copolymer chemistries on multigram scales with excellent mass recovery. The corresponding phase diagrams exhibit increased compositional resolution compared to those traditionally constructed via multiple, individual block copolymer syntheses. Increased uniformity and lower dispersity of the chromatographic libraries lead to differences in the location of order-order transitions and observable morphologies, highlighting the influence of dispersity on the self-assembly of block copolymers. Significantly, this separation technique greatly simplifies the exploration of block copolymer phase space across a range of compositions, monomer pairs, and molecular weights (up to 50000 amu), producing materials with increased control and homogeneity when compared to conventional strategies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Radebe N, Beskers T, Greyling G, Pasch H. Online coupling of thermal field-flow fractionation and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a powerful tool for polymer characterization. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1587:180-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Zheng Z, Yang Y, Huang K, Hu J, Jie S, Li B. Real‐Time Detection of Atmosphere Composition in Three‐Component Gas‐Phase Copolymerization of Olefins. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - JiJiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Suyun Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo‐Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Chen Q, Qi Y, Liu Z, Hao T, Sun X, Qiao M, Ma X, Xu T, Zhao X, Yang C, Chen D. Rational Design of Multifunctional Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Poly(l-histidine) and d-α-Vitamin E Succinate for Reversing Tumor Multidrug Resistance. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2595-2609. [PMID: 29618203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional nanoparticulate system composed of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-histidine)-d-α-vitamin E succinate (MPEG-PLH-VES) copolymers for encapsulation of doxorubicin (DOX) was elaborated with the aim of circumventing the multidrug resistance (MDR) in breast cancer treatment. The MPEG-PLH-VES nanoparticles (NPs) were subsequently functionalized with biotin motif for targeted drug delivery. The MPEG-PLH-VES copolymer exerts no obvious effect on the P-gp expression level of MCF-7/ADR but exhibited a significant influence on the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the reduction of intracellular ATP level, and the inhibition of P-gp ATPase activity of MCF-7/ADR cells. The constructed MPEG-PLH-VES NPs exhibited an acidic pH-induced increase on particle size in aqueous solution. The DOX-encapsulated MPEG-PLH-VES/biotin-PEG-VES (MPEG-PLH-VES/B) NPs were characterized to possess high drug encapsulation efficiency of approximate 90%, an average particle size of approximately 130 nm, and a pH-responsive drug release profile in acidic milieu. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) investigations revealed that the DOX-loaded NPs resulted in an effective delivery of DOX into MCF-/ADR cells and a notable carrier-facilitated escape from endolysosomal entrapment. Pertaining to the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, the DOX-loaded MPEG-PLH-VES/B NPs resulted in more pronounced cytotoxicity to MCF-/ADR cells compared with DOX-loaded MPEG-PLH-VES NPs and free DOX solution. In vivo imaging study in MCF-7/ADR tumor-engrafted mice exhibited that the MPEG-PLH-VES/B NPs accumulated at the tumor site more effectively than MPEG-PLH-VES NPs due to the biotin-mediated active targeting effect. In accordance with the in vitro results, DOX-loaded MPEG-PLH-VES/B NPs showed the strongest inhibitory effect against the MCF-7/ADR xenografted tumors with negligible systemic toxicity, as evidenced by the histological analysis and change of body weight. The multifunctional MPEG-PLH-VES/B nanoparticulate system has been demonstrated to provide a promising strategy for efficient delivery of DOX into MCF-7/ADR cancerous cells and reversing MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China
| | - Qixian Chen
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , PR China
| | - Yan Qi
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China
| | - Tangna Hao
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116011 , PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Sun
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine , Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116044 , PR China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- School of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , PR China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China
| | - Chunrong Yang
- School of pharmacy , Jiamusi University , Jiamusi 154007 , PR China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , 110016 , PR China.,School of Pharmacy , Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Scheerder J, Dollekens R, Langermans H. The colloidal properties of alkaline-soluble waterborne polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Scheerder
- DSM Coating Resins, Sluisweg 12; Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Remy Dollekens
- DSM Coating Resins, Sluisweg 12; Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Harm Langermans
- DSM Materials Science Centre, Urmonderbaan 22; Geleen 6167 RD The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Muza UL, Greyling G, Pasch H. Characterization of Complex Polymer Self-Assemblies and Large Aggregates by Multidetector Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7216-7224. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upenyu L. Muza
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Guilaume Greyling
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and
Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Epping R, Panne U, Falkenhagen J. Critical Conditions for Liquid Chromatography of Statistical Copolymers: Functionality Type and Composition Distribution Characterization by UP-LCCC/ESI-MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1778-1786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo R, Yao Y, Bai S, Wang Y, Shi Z, Zhang J. Determination and correlation of regioselectivity and dead dormant species from head addition in acrylate RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00720e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dead dormant species from head addition in a RAFT process can be separated and quantified by combining chain-extension and GPEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Shaoling Bai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Zhipeng Shi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Y, Pearce E, Lyons JW, Murray D, Chatterjee T, Meunier DM. Fundamental study of the separation of homopolymers from block copolymers by liquid chromatography with preloaded adsorption promoting barriers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1475:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Wei Y, Zhuo R, Jiang X. Separation of polyethylene glycols and maleimide-terminated polyethylene glycols by reversed-phase liquid chromatography under critical conditions. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4305-4313. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moyses S, Ginzburg A. The chromatography of poly(phenylene ether) on a porous graphitic carbon sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1468:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Rollet M, Pelletier B, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide) based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption—3. Study of barrier efficiency according to block copolymers’ chemical composition. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Engler MS, Crotty S, Barthel MJ, Pietsch C, Schubert US, Böcker S. Abundance correction for mass discrimination effects in polymer mass spectra. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1233-1241. [PMID: 28328018 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) is frequently used to analyze homo- and copolymers, i.e. for computing copolymer fingerprints. However, the oligomer abundances are influenced by mass discrimination, i.e. mass- and composition-dependent ionization. We have developed a computational method to correct the abundance bias caused by the mass discrimination. METHODS MALDI-TOFMS in combination with computational methods was used to investigate three random copolymers with different ratios of styrene and isoprene. Furthermore, equimolar high- and low-mass styrene and isoprene homopolymers (2500 and 4200 Da) were mixed and also analyzed by MALDI-TOFMS. The abundances of both copolymers and homopolymers were corrected for mass discrimination effects with our new method. RESULTS The novel computational method was integrated into the existing COCONUT software. The method was demonstrated using the measured styrene and isoprene co- and homopolymers. First, the method was applied to homopolymer spectra. Subsequently, the copolymer fingerprint was computed from the copolymer MALDI mass spectra and the correcting function applied. The changes in the composition are plausible, indicating that correction of copolymer abundances was reasonable. CONCLUSIONS Our computational method may help to avoid erroneous conclusions when analyzing copolymer MS spectra. The software is freely available and represents a step towards comprehensive computational support in polymer science. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Engler
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Crotty
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus J Barthel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Pietsch
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böcker
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei YZ, Zhuo RX, Jiang XL. Separation of polyethylene glycols and amino-terminated polyethylene glycols by high-performance liquid chromatography under near critical conditions. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1447:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Caltabiano AM, Foley JP, Barth HG. Size exclusion chromatography of synthetic polymers and biopolymers on common reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:74-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Berek D. Critical assessment of “critical” liquid chromatography of block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:93-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thevarajah JJ, Sutton AT, Maniego AR, Whitty EG, Harrisson S, Cottet H, Castignolles P, Gaborieau M. Quantifying the Heterogeneity of Chemical Structures in Complex Charged Polymers through the Dispersity of Their Distributions of Electrophoretic Mobilities or of Compositions. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1674-81. [PMID: 26674535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of synthetic and natural polymers used in industrial and medical applications is expanding; thus, it becomes increasingly important to improve and develop methods for their molecular characterization. Free-solution capillary electrophoresis is a robust technique for the separation and characterization of both natural and synthetic complex charged polymers. In the case of polyelectrolytes, free-solution capillary electrophoresis is in the "critical conditions" (CE-CC): it allows their separation by factors other than molar mass for molar masses typically higher than 20000 g/mol. This method is thus complementary to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). SEC is widely used to determine molar mass distributions and their dispersities. Utilizing CE-CC, an analogous calculation of dispersity based on the distributions of electrophoretic mobilities was derived and the heterogeneity of composition or branching in different polysaccharides or synthetic polymers was obtained in a number of experimental cases. Calculations are based on a ratio of moments and could therefore be compared to simulations of polymerization processes, in analogy to the work performed on molar mass distributions. Among four possible types of dispersity, the most precise values were obtained with the calculation analogous with the dispersity of molar mass distribution Mw/Mn. In addition, the dispersity value allows conclusions based on a single value: the closer the dispersity is to 1, the more homogeneous the polymer is in terms of composition or branching. This approach allows the analysis of dispersity of important molecular attributes of polymers other than molar mass and aims at improving the overall molecular characterization of both synthetic and natural polymers. The dispersity can also be monitored online while performing a chemical reaction within the CE instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon Harrisson
- IMRCP, UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Hervé Cottet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon CC 1706, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tarasova IA, Goloborodko AA, Perlova TY, Pridatchenko ML, Gorshkov AV, Evreinov VV, Ivanov AR, Gorshkov MV. Application of Statistical Thermodynamics To Predict the Adsorption Properties of Polypeptides in Reversed-Phase HPLC. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6562-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Tarasova
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton A. Goloborodko
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Y. Perlova
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Pridatchenko
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Gorshkov
- N.
N. Semenov’s Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Evreinov
- N.
N. Semenov’s Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett
Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mikhail V. Gorshkov
- Institute
for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141707 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TN, Gigmes D. Separation of parent homopolymers from poly(ethylene oxide) and polystyrene-based block copolymers by liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of desorption – 1. Determination of the suitable molar mass range and optimization of chromatographic conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1392:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Li Z, Qiu L, Chen Q, Hao T, Qiao M, Zhao H, Zhang J, Hu H, Zhao X, Chen D, Mei L. pH-sensitive nanoparticles of poly(L-histidine)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate for anti-tumor drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:137-50. [PMID: 25242647 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel pH-sensitive polymer, poly(L-histidine)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PLH-PLGA-TPGS), was synthesized to design a biocompatible drug delivery system for cancer chemotherapy. The structure of the PLH-PLGA-TPGS copolymer was confirmed by (1)H-NMR, FTIR and GPC. The apparent pKa of the PLH-PLGA-TPGS copolymer was calculated to be 6.33 according to the acid-base titration curve. The doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded nanoparticles (PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles and PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles) and corresponding blank nanoparticles were prepared by a co-solvent evaporation method. The blank PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles showed an acidic pH-induced increase in particle size. The DOX-loaded nanoparticles based on PLH-PLGA-TPGS showed a pH-triggered drug-release behavior under acidic conditions. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity experiment on MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells showed that the DOX-loaded PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles resulted in lower cell viability versus the PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles and free DOX solution. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that DOX-loaded PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles were internalized by MCF-7/ADR cells after 1 and 4h incubation and most of them accumulated in lysosomes to accelerate DOX release under acidic conditions. In summary, the PLH-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles have great potential to be used as carriers for anti-tumor drug delivery.
Collapse
|
29
|
Guo R, Mei P, Zhong Q, Yao Y, Su Q, Zhang J. Well-defined triblock copolymers with a photolabile middle block of poly(phenyl vinyl ketone): facile synthesis, chain-scission mechanism and controllable photocleavability. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined triblock copolymers with a photocleavable middle block were synthesized by RAFT polymerization and the photodegradation process was tracked by GPEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Pengbo Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rollet M, Pelletier B, Berek D, Maria S, Phan TNT, Gigmes D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Poly(ethylene oxide) and Polystyrene Based Block Copolymers by Liquid Chromatography under Limiting Conditions of Desorption−2. Studies of Samples Obtained from ATRP and NMP. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1188.ch020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bérengère Pelletier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dusan Berek
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sébastien Maria
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Theoretical and experimental aspects of multiple detection analysis of polymers are critically revised for size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In particular, different combinations of detectors, the importance of the injected mass and the influence of the tacticity of polymers are evaluated in respect to the accuracy of the weight fractions of the polymer components. It is also shown how overlapping detector responses of the chemical components will affect the accuracy of the weight fractions. The calculation of the weight fractions is performed with equations derived for n different chemical components and detectors by using the slopes and intercepts of the linear response equations. Several detector combinations of dual detection in SEC are evaluated with PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymers to determine the comonomer compositions and for the first time different combinations of triple detections are performed for the determination of the weight fractions of a blend of three homopolymers, respectively. The correct determination of the weight fractions of minor and main components of polymers is strongly affected by the chosen combination of detectors, the injected mass and the intercept of the response calibrations. It is shown how these conditions have to be changed to obtain correct quantifications of the weight fractions according to the experimental setups. The experimental results are approved with online SEC-(1)H/NMR where no response factors are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund , Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
34
|
Scheerder J, Langermans H. The synthesis, interfacial, and colloidal properties of waterborne cationic methacrylic co-polymers. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
35
|
Rollet M, Pelletier B, Altounian A, Berek D, Maria S, Beaudoin E, Gigmes D. Separation of Parent Homopolymers from Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene Triblock Copolymers by Means of Liquid Chromatography: 1. Comparison of Different Methods. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2694-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Bérengère Pelletier
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Anaïs Altounian
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Dusan Berek
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská
Cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sébastien Maria
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Emmanuel Beaudoin
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université,
CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR7273, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ghareeb HO, Radke W. Characterization of cellulose acetates according to DS and molar mass using two-dimensional chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
37
|
Yang S, Neimark AV. Critical conditions of polymer chromatography: An insight from SCFT modeling. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:244903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4810747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
38
|
Chojnacka A, Kempe K, van de Ven HC, Englert C, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, Janssen HG, Schoenmakers P. Molar mass, chemical-composition, and functionality-type distributions of poly(2-oxazoline)s revealed by a variety of separation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
39
|
Chromatographic examination of the chemical composition and sequence distribution of copolymers from ethyl and benzyl diazoacetate. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Rollet M, Glé D, Phan TNT, Guillaneuf Y, Bertin D, Gigmes D. Characterization of Functional Poly(ethylene oxide)s and Their Corresponding Polystyrene Block Copolymers by Liquid Chromatography under Critical Conditions in Organic Solvents. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301199m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rollet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - David Glé
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Faculté de Saint-Jerome, avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen,
service 542, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gao H, Siegwart DJ, Jahed N, Sarbu T, Matyjaszewski K. Characterization of α,ω-dihydroxypolystyrene by gradient polymer elution chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156855505774597713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
42
|
Guo R, Shi Z, Wang X, Dong A, Zhang J. Separation and quantification of dead species in styrene RAFT polymerization by gradient polymer elution chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
43
|
Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
44
|
Hydrolytic degradation of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide 50/50)-di-acrylate network as studied by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
45
|
Runyon JR, Williams SKR. Composition and molecular weight analysis of styrene-acrylic copolymers using thermal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6774-9. [PMID: 21855881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermal field-flow fractionation coupled with online multiangle light scattering, differential refractive index and quasielastic light scattering (ThFFF-MALS/dRI/QELS) was used to simultaneously determine the molecular weight (MW) and composition of polystyrene-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PS-PBA) and polystyrene-poly(methyl acrylate) (PS-PMA) copolymers. The online measurement of the normal diffusion coefficient (D) by QELS allowed calculation of the copolymer thermal diffusion coefficient (D(T)) of sample components as they eluted from the ThFFF channel. DT was found to be independent of MW for copolymers with similar compositions and dependent on composition for copolymers with similar MW in a non-selective solvent. By using a solvent that is non-selective to both blocks of the copolymer, it was possible to establish a universal calibration plot of DT versus mole fraction of one of the monomer chemistries comprising the copolymer. PS-PBA and PS-PMA linear diblock polymers were determined to vary in composition from 100/0 to 20/80 wt% PS/acrylate and ranged in MWs between 30 and 360 kDa. The analysis of a PS-PBA miktoarm star copolymer revealed a polydisperse material with a weight percent PBA of 50-75% and MW ranging from 100 to 900 kDa. The presented ThFFF-MALS/dRI/QELS method allowed rapid characterization of polymers with MW and chemical distributions in a single analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ray Runyon
- Laboratory for Advanced Separations Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Piel C, Albrecht A, Neubauer C, Klampfl CW, Reussner J. Improved SEC-FTIR method for the characterization of multimodal high-density polyethylenes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2607-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Barz M, Luxenhofer R, Zentel R, Vicent MJ. Overcoming the PEG-addiction: well-defined alternatives to PEG, from structure–property relationships to better defined therapeutics. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00406e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
48
|
Inglis AJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Visualizing the efficiency of rapid modular block copolymer construction. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
49
|
Separation of statistical poly[(N-vinyl pyrrolidone)-co-(vinyl acetate)]s by reversed-phase gradient liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:237-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
50
|
Transfer-volume effects in two-dimensional chromatography: adsorption-phenomena in second-dimension size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:1147-52. [PMID: 21227427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gradient-elution LC × LC is a valuable technique for the characterization of complex biological samples as well as for synthetic polymers. Breakthrough and viscous fingering may yield misleading information on the sample characteristics or deteriorate separation. In LC × SEC another phenomenon may jeopardize the separation. If the analytes adsorb on the SEC column under the injection-plug conditions, peak splitting may occur. In LC × LC the effluent from the first column is the sample solvent for the analytes injected into the second dimension. If a gradient-elution LC × SEC setup is used (i.e. if reversed-phase gradient-elution LC is coupled to organic SEC and if normal-phase gradient-elution LC is coupled to SEC with a polar solvent), the percentage of weak solvent may be significant, especially at short analysis times. In this case adsorption in the first-dimension-effluent zone on the second-dimension SEC column can become an issue and two peaks--the first eluting in size-exclusion mode and the second undergoing adsorption--can be obtained. The work presented in this paper documents peak splitting in LC × SEC of polymers. The adsorption of the polymer on the size-exclusion column was proven in one-dimensional isocratic runs. The observed effects were modeled and visualized through simulation. Studies on the influence of the transfer volume were carried out. Keeping the transfer volume as small as possible helped to minimize peak splitting due to adsorption.
Collapse
|