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Ianni F, Carotti A, Protti M, Favilli A, Gerli S, Furlanetto S, Mercolini L, Sardella R. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols with amylose- and cellulose-phenylcarbamate-based stationary phases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115720. [PMID: 37729743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing technological advancement in the (ultra)high-performance liquid chromatography tandem (high-resolution) mass spectrometry platforms have largely contributed to steeply intensify the interest towards lipidomics research. However, mass spectrometers alone are unable to distinguish between enantiomers. This obstacle is especially evident in the case of glycerolipids analysis due the prochiral nature of glycerol. Until a couple of decades ago, the stereoselective analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) was performed on the end products generated either from their enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, namely on mono- or diacyl-sn-glycerols (MAGs and DAGs, respectively). These were then mostly analyzed with Pirkle-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) after dedicated multi-step derivatization procedures. One of the most significant drawbacks of these traditional methods for enantioselective TAGs analysis (actually of the produced MAGs and DAGs, often investigated as target species per se) was the difficulty to totally abolish the migration of fatty acyls between glycerol positions. This made difficult to control and keep unaltered the stereochemistry of the original molecules. Over the last two decades, it has been widely demonstrated that the enantioselective analysis of intact TAGs as well as of non-derivatized MAGs and DAGs can be efficiently obtained using polysaccharide-based CSPs incorporating either amylose- or cellulose-phenylcarbamate derivatives chiral selectors. In this paper, the enantioselective methods developed with these CSPs for the enantioselective direct LC analysis of MAGs, DAGs and TAGs embedding different types of fatty acid residues are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Favilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandro Gerli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandra Furlanetto
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy; Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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2
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Gong X, Chen W, Zhang K, Li T, Song Q. Serially coupled column liquid chromatography: An alternative separation tool. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464278. [PMID: 37572536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of liquid chromatography (LC) in recent decades, it remains a challenge to achieve the desired chromatographic separation of complex matrices using a single column. Multi-column LC techniques, particularly serially coupled column LC (SCC-LC), have emerged as a promising solution to overcome this challenge. While more attention has been focused on heart-cutting or comprehensive two-dimensional LC, reviews specifically focusing on SCC-LC, which offers advantages in terms of precision and facile instrumentation, are scarce. Here, our concerns are devoted to the progress summary regarding the instrumentation and applications of SCC-LC. Emphasis is placed on column selection aiming to enlarge peak capacity, selectivity, or both through the optimization of combination types (e.g. RPLC-RPLC, -RPLC-HILIC, and achiral-chiral LC), connection devices (e.g. zero dead volume connector, tubing, and T-type connector), elution program (i.e. isocratic or gradient) and detectors (e.g. mass spectrometer, ultraviolet detector, and fluorescence detector). The application of SCC-LC in pharmaceutical, biological, environmental, and food fields is also reviewed, and future perspectives and potential directions for SCC-LC are discussed. We envision that the review can give meaningful information to analytical scientists when facing heavy chromatographic separation tasks for complicated matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Gong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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3
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Kozlov O, Horáková E, Rademacherová S, Maliňák D, Andrýs R, Prchalová E, Lísa M. Direct Chiral Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Monoacylglycerol and Diacylglycerol Isomers for the Study of Lipase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5109-5116. [PMID: 36893116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The fast and selective separation method of intact monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG) isomers using chiral supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) was developed and employed to study lipase selectivity in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols (TGs). The synthesis of 28 enantiomerically pure MG and DG isomers was performed in the first stage using the most commonly occurring fatty acids in biological samples such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids. To develop the SFC separation method, different chromatographic conditions such as column chemistry, mobile phase composition and gradient, flow rate, backpressure, and temperature were carefully assessed. Our SFC-MS method used a chiral column based on a tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) derivative of amylose and neat methanol as a mobile phase modifier, which provides baseline separation of all the tested enantiomers in 5 min. This method was used to evaluate hydrolysis selectivity of lipases from porcine pancreas (PPL) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) using nine TGs differing in acyl chain length (14-22 carbon atoms) and number of double bonds (0-6) and three DG regioisomer/enantiomers as hydrolysis intermediate products. PFL exhibited preference of the fatty acyl hydrolysis from the sn-1 position of TG more pronounced for the substrates with long polyunsaturated acyls, while PPL did not show considerable stereoselectivity to TGs. Conversely, PPL preferred hydrolysis from the sn-1 position of prochiral sn-1,3-DG regioisomer, whereas PFL exhibited no preference. Both lipases showed selectivity for the hydrolysis of outer positions of DG enantiomers. The results show complex reaction kinetics of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis given by different stereoselectivities for substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kozlov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Horáková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sára Rademacherová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Dávid Maliňák
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Prchalová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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4
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Lipase and Its Unique Selectivity: A Mini-Review. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7609019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrary to other solid catalysts, enzymes facilitate more sophisticated chemical reactions because most enzymes specifically interact with substrates and release selective products. Lipases (triacylglycerol hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3), which can catalyze the cleavage and formation of various acyl compounds, are one of the best examples of enzymes with a unique substrate selectivity. There are already several commercialized lipases that have become important tools for various lipid-related studies, although there is still a need to discover novel lipases with unique substrate selectivity to facilitate more innovative reactions in human applications such as household care, cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals. In this mini-review, we focus on concisely demonstrating not only the general information of lipases but also their substate selectivities: typoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. We highlight the essential studies on selective lipases in terms of enzymology. Furthermore, we introduce several examples of analysis methodology and experimental requirements to determine each selectivity of lipases. This work would stress the importance of integrating our understanding of lipase chemistry to make further advances in the relevant fields.
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5
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Calderón C, Lämmerhofer M. Enantioselective metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114430. [PMID: 34757254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics strives to capture the entirety of the metabolites in a biological system by comprehensive analysis, often by liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. A particular challenge thereby is the differentiation of structural isomers. Common achiral targeted and untargeted assays do not distinguish between enantiomers. This may lead to information loss. An increasing number of publications demonstrate that the enantiomeric ratio of certain metabolites can be meaningful biomarkers of certain diseases emphasizing the importance of introducing enantioselective analytical procedures in metabolomics. In this work, the state-of-the-art in the field of LC-MS based metabolomics is summarized with focus on developments in the recent decade. Methodologies, tagging strategies, workflows and general concepts are outlined. Selected biological applications in which enantioselective metabolomics has documented its usefulness are briefly discussed. In general, targeted enantioselective metabolomics assays are often based on a direct approach using chiral stationary phases (CSP) with polysaccharide derivatives, macrocyclic antibiotics, chiral crown ethers, chiral ion exchangers, donor-acceptor phases as chiral selectors. Rarely, these targeted assays focus on more than 20 analytes and usually are restricted to a certain metabolite class. In a variety of cases, pre-column derivatization of metabolites has been performed, especially for amino acids, to improve separation and detection sensitivity. Triple quadrupole instruments are the detection methods of first choice in targeted assays. Here, issues like matrix effect, absence of blank matrix impair accuracy of results. In selected applications, multiple heart cutting 2D-LC (RP followed by chiral separation) has been pursued to overcome this problem and alleviate bias due to interferences. Non-targeted assays, on the other hand, are based on indirect approach involving tagging with a chiral derivatizing agent (CDA). Besides classical CDAs numerous innovative reagents and workflows have been proposed and are discussed. Thereby, a critical issue for the accuracy is often neglected, viz. the validation of the enantiomeric impurity in the CDA. The majority of applications focus on amino acids, hydroxy acids, oxidized fatty acids and oxylipins. Some potential clinical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Calderón
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Choi Y, Park JY, Chang PS. Direct and simultaneous analysis of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of high-oleic oil model by chiral stationary phase HPLC-ELSD. Food Chem 2021; 367:130750. [PMID: 34390909 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel HPLC-based method for direct separation of trioleoylglycerol (TOG), a major component in high-oleic oils, and its seven hydrolysis products (i.e., oleic acid, monooleoylglycerol (MOG) and dioleoylglycerol (DOG) isomers) was established using a chiral stationary phase column, Chiralpak IA. Within 20 min, all species including enantiomeric MOG (1-sn-MOG and 3-sn-MOG) and DOG (1,2-sn-DOG and 2,3-sn-DOG) were baseline-resolved with resolution factors over 1.5 between adjacent peaks. The established method was used for investigating the integral stereoselectivity, which is the selectivity concerning all hydrolysis steps, of lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) with TOG as substrate. The time-course of DOGs and MOGs indicated that PFL had selectivity for TOG hydrolysis in the order of sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 position, while it preferred to hydrolyze 2,3-sn-DOG over 1,2-sn-DOG. Being rapid and accurate to evaluate integral stereoselectivity, this method could promote the development and application of lipases with target stereochemistry in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Agricultural Microorganism and Enzyme, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Noncovalent interactions in high-performance liquid chromatography enantioseparations on polysaccharide-based chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Ianni F, Blasi F, Giusepponi D, Coletti A, Galli F, Chankvetadze B, Galarini R, Sardella R. Liquid chromatography separation of α- and γ-linolenic acid positional isomers with a stationary phase based on covalently immobilized cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate). J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460461. [PMID: 31445805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) and its most important positional isomer γ-linolenic acid (GLA), are essential fatty acids (vitamin F). Therefore, ALA- and GLA-rich edible oils hold great potential in human and animal nutrition, as well as in nutraceutics and cosmetics. Quality control and nutritional validation of oil products is thus of increasing importance. In the present study, the cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase was successfully used for separation of ALA and GLA, a major challenge in the liquid chromatography of these isomers. The chromatographic conditions were firstly optimized on a HPLC system with UV detection, and the use of a reversed-phase eluent system made up of aqueous 10 mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile (40/60, v/v; wspH6.0) with a 25 °C column temperature resulted optimal for the simultaneous discrimination of the two isomers at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate (α = 1.10; RS = 1.21). The method was then optimized for LC-MS/MS implementation. The proposed innovative separation method holds a great potential for the quantification of ALA and GLA in food and biological matrices, thus opening the way to further investigations involving the two positional isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Blasi
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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9
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Structures and Binary Mixing Characteristics of Enantiomers of 1-Oleoyl-2,3-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (S-OPP) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (R-PPO). J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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No DS, Zhao T, Kim BH, Choi HD, Kim IH. Enrichment of erucic acid from crambe oil in a recirculated packed bed reactor via lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Lísa M, Holčapek M. Characterization of triacylglycerol enantiomers using chiral HPLC/APCI-MS and synthesis of enantiomeric triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1852-9. [PMID: 23298510 DOI: 10.1021/ac303237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the first systematic characterization of triacylglycerol (TG) enantiomers in real samples using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is performed. Our chiral HPLC/APCI-MS method is based on the use of two cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) columns connected in series using a gradient of hexane-2-propanol mobile phase. All TG enantiomers containing 1-8 DBs and different fatty acyl chain lengths are separated using our chiral HPLC method except for TGs having a combination of saturated and di- or triunsaturated fatty acyls in sn-1 and sn-3 positions. In our work, the randomization reaction of monoacyl TG standards is used for the preparation of all TG enantiomers and regioisomers in a mixture, while the stereospecific esterification of 1,2- or 2,3-isopropylidene-sn-glycerols by selected fatty acids is used for the synthesis of TG enantiomers. The composition of TG enantiomers and regioisomers in hazelnut oil and human plasma samples is determined. Unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially esterified in sn-2 position in hazelnut oil, while no significant preference of saturated or unsaturated fatty acyls is observed in case of human plasma sample. Fatty acids with the higher number of DBs are preferred in sn-1 position of TG enantiomers in hazelnut oil unlike to moderate sn-3 preference in human plasma. The characterization of cholesteryl esters from TG fraction of human plasma sample using our chiral HPLC/APCI-MS method is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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12
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Zhao T, Kim BH, Hong SI, Yoon SW, Kim CT, Kim Y, Kim IH. Lipase-Catalyzed Production of Pinolenic Acid Concentrate from Pine Nut Oil Using a Recirculating Packed Bed Reactor. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C267-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Itabashi Y. Chiral separation of glycerolipids by high-performance liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4010/jln.21.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Lee BM, Choi JH, Hong SI, Yoon SW, Kim BH, Kim CT, Kim CJ, Kim Y, Kim IH. Enrichment of pinolenic acid from pine nut oil via lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis with an immobilizedCandida antarcticalipase. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2011.590983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Itabashi Y. Development and application of chromatographic methods for glycerolipid analysis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2011. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2011.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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17
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Deng L, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Direct separation of monoacylglycerol isomers by enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Rodriguez JA, Mendoza LD, Pezzotti F, Vanthuyne N, Leclaire J, Verger R, Buono G, Carriere F, Fotiadu F. Novel chromatographic resolution of chiral diacylglycerols and analysis of the stereoselective hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by lipases. Anal Biochem 2007; 375:196-208. [PMID: 18162167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we propose a general and accessible method for the resolution of enantiomeric 1,2-sn- and 2,3-sn-diacylglycerols based on derivatization by isocyanates, which can be easily used routinely by biochemists to evaluate the stereopreferences of lipases in a time course of triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolysis. Diacylglycerol (DAG) enantiomers were transformed into carbamates using achiral and commercially available reagents. Excellent separation and resolution factors were obtained for diacylglycerols present in lipolysis reaction mixtures. This analytical method was then applied to investigate the stereoselectivity of three model lipases (porcine pancreatic lipase, PPL; lipase from Rhizomucor miehei, MML; and recombinant dog gastric lipase, rDGL) in the time course of hydrolysis of prochiral triolein as a substrate. From the measurements of the diglyceride enantiomeric excess it was confirmed that PPL was not stereospecific (position sn-1 vs sn-3 of triolein), whereas MML and rDGL preferentially hydrolyzed the ester bond at position sn-1 and sn-3, respectively. The enantiomeric excess of DAGs was not constant with time, decreasing with the course of hydrolysis. This was due to the fact that DAGs can be products of the stereospecific hydrolysis of TAGs and substrates for stereospecific hydrolysis into monoacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Enzymology at Interfaces and Physiology of Lipolysis, CNRS-UPR 9025-IBSM, 13009 Marseille, France
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19
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Deng L, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Direct separation of regioisomers and enantiomers of monoacylglycerols by tandem column high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:93-9. [PMID: 17692859 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An HPLC-based method for direct separation of the regioisomers and enantiomers of monoacylglycerols (MAGs), i.e. sn-1-MAG, sn-2-MAG and sn-3-MAG, has been established. The method employs a tandem column system, in which two different columns (a conventional silica gel column and an enantioselective column) are connected in series. Three isomers of monooleoylglycerols (MOGs) and monolinoleoylglycerols (MLGs) were resolved on the system with resolution factor (R(s)) of more than 1.1 between adjacent peaks. In addition, all types of oleoylglycerols, i.e. trioleoylglycerol (TOG), sn-1,2-dioleoylglycerol (DOG), sn-2,3-DOG, sn-1,3-DOG, sn-1-MOG, sn-3-MOG and sn-2-MOG, were successfully separated on the tandem column system, although baseline separation of the enantiomers was not achieved. By means of the established analytical method, the reaction course of Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-mediated esterification of glycerol with oleic acid was monitored. It was found that sn-1-MOG and sn-2,3-DOG were preferably generated over sn-3-MOG and sn-1,2-DOG, respectively, in the early stage of the reaction, and the maximal enantiomer excess (%ee) of sn-1-MOG and sn-2,3-DOG were 32 and 53%, respectively, at 2 h. The enantiomeric purities of these chiral acylglycerols decreased after prolonged reaction. The mechanisms for the formation of these chiral acylglycerols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8610, Japan
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20
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Seo JS, Yoon CM, Gong YD. Solid-phase synthesis of sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-diacylglycerols via ring-opening of the glycidyl-bound resin. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2007; 9:366-9. [PMID: 17373851 DOI: 10.1021/cc060139r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A general method developed for the parallel solid-phase synthesis of sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-diacyglycerol derivatives. The technique relies on the use of carboxylic acid-promoted epoxide ring-opening reactions of the glycidyl-bound resin 3. The polymer-bound monoacylglycerol 5, formed in this manner, is transformed to the respective polymer-bound diacylglycerols 7 and 9 by reaction of the free alcohol moiety with a second carboxylic acid under conditions that lead to retention or inversion of C-2 stereochemistry. The sequence is completed by BCl3-promoted cleavage of 7 and 9 to form the sn-1,2- and sn-2,3-diacylglycerols, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-soo Seo
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, 305-600, Korea
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21
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Enzymatic preparation of enantiomerically pure sn
-2,3-diacylglycerols: A stereoselective ethanolysis approach. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-006-1245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Huidobro AL, Rupérez FJ, Barbas C. Tandem column for the simultaneous determination of arginine, ibuprofen and related impurities by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1119:238-45. [PMID: 16364348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen arginate is a rapidly absorbed salt designed to promote more rapid onset of analgesia than commercially available forms of ibuprofen. Ibuprofen and arginine have very different polarities and this becomes in a chromatographic problem, further complicated with the determination of related compounds, which is necessary in stability assays of the pharmaceutical forms. The common solution is the employment of two separate methods, but this is time consuming. A LC method has been developed to determinate both compounds and related impurities in one run. Ibuprofen, arginine and three ibuprofen related impurities (B, E and J) have been baseline separated with isocratic conditions at pH 3.0 and run time under 20 min by employing a tandem combination of two different stationary phases: first a ZORBAX SB-C18 column from Agilent (250 mm x 4.6 mm and 5 microm) and downstream a SUPELCOSIL LC-NH2 column from Supelco (150 mm x 4.6 mm and 3 microm). The octadecyldiisobutylsilane column provides the separation of ibuprofen and its impurities by a hydrophobic mechanism, whereas aminopropyl column offers selective retention of arginine by dipolar interaction mechanism. Method has been successfully validated following ICH guidelines and it has been demonstrated to be reliable for arginine, ibuprofen and related impurities determination in sachets of two different dosages as pharmaceutical forms. Moreover, stress test has proved the selectivity of the method for degradation products, such as those that can emerge throughout long-term stability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Huidobro
- Sección de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Kuksis A, Itabashi Y. Regio- and stereospecific analysis of glycerolipids. Methods 2005; 36:172-85. [PMID: 15896980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years researchers have recognized the potential value of comprehensive lipid profiling (lipidomics), which was invented and promoted by lipidologists who recognized the many valuable applications that grew out of the fields of DNA profiling (genomics) and protein profiling (proteonomics). Through lipid class-selective intrasource ionization and subsequent analysis of two-dimensional cross-peak intensities, the chemical identity and mass composition of individual molecular species of most lipid classes can now be determined in a chloroform extract. There remains, however, the necessity to distinguish the enantiomers and isobaric regioisomers resulting from enzymatic and chemical reactions, which conventional high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) has been slow to accommodate, and tandem MS unable to provide. While reversed-phase HPLC can separate regioisomers, normal-phase HPLC can resolve diastereomers, and chiral-phase HPLC can effect dramatic resolution of enantiomers, the full potential of the combined systems has seldom been exploited. The present chapter calls attention to both recent and earlier combinations of these methodologies with mass spectrometry, which allows the HPLC/ESI (electrospray ionization)-MS/MS separation and identification of enantiomeric diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and glycerophospholipids as well as their isobaric regioisomers. These developments permit further expansion of lipid profiling (lipidomics) and better understanding of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnis Kuksis
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L6.
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