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Baumann M, Wold C, Uliyanchenko E, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J. Characterization of copolymers of polycarbonate and polydimethylsiloxane by 2D chromatographic separation, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and FTIR spectroscopy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2020.1820170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baumann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Steffen Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Brüll R. Separation of Branched Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Structures by Solvent Gradient at Near-Critical Conditions and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5422-5429. [PMID: 29600700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Branching is a molecular metric that strongly influences the application properties of polymers. Consequently, detailed information on the microstructure is required to gain a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships. In the present case, we employ high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize the branching in a poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC). To this end, a method was developed based on a mobile phase gradient in a very narrow range (±1.4 vol %) around the point of adsorption (98.9/1.1 vol % chloroform/methyl tert-butyl ether), which we refer to as solvent gradient at near-critical conditions. Application of such gentle gradient enabled separation of PC according to end-groups. The separation mechanism was confirmed by collecting fractions of a separated sample and subsequently analyzing these by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Hyphenating the developed gradient method with size-exclusion chromatography as the second dimension (2D-LC) enabled separation of linear and branched PC chains and determination of the molar mass distribution of the fractions. A reversed elution order was observed for branched species in 2D-LC, meaning that low molar mass chains exhibited higher elution volumes in the first dimension than higher molar masses. This finding was explained by influences of end-groups as well as the architecture of the branched polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Apel
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Moyses
- SABIC, 1600 Industrial Boulevard , Sugar Land , Texas 77478 , United States
| | - Stijn Rommens
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wold
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Rode K, Brüll R. Selective chromatographic separation of polycarbonate according to hydroxyl end-groups using a porous graphitic carbon column. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Uliyanchenko E. Applications of Hyphenated Liquid Chromatography Techniques for Polymer Analysis. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Donato P, Cacciola F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Mass spectrometry detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography: basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:523-559. [PMID: 22383300 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The review, as can be deduced from the title, focuses on both theoretical and practical aspects of the use of mass spectrometry as a third, added dimension to a comprehensive LC (LC × LC) system, generating the most powerful analytical tool today for non-volatile analytes. The first part deals with the technical requirements for linkage of an LC × LC system to an MS one, including the choice of the mobile phase (buffer and salts), flow rate (splitting), type of ionization (interface); advantages and disadvantages of off-line and on-line methods are discussed, as well. A discussion of the various aspects of instrumentation is provided, both from a chromatographic and mass spectrometry standpoint, with particular emphasis directed to the choice of column sets, spatial resolution, mass resolving power, mass accuracy, and tandem-MS capabilities. The extent to which mass spectrometry may be of aid in unraveling column-outlet multicompound bands is highlighted, along with its effectiveness as a chromatographic detector of excellent sensitivity, universality yet with potential in terms of selectivity and amenability to quantitative analysis over a wide dynamic range. The following section of the review contains significant applications of comprehensive two-dimensional LC coupled to MS in different areas of research, with details on interfaces, column stationary phases, modulation and MS parameters. It is not the intention of the authors to provide a comprehensive description of the techniques, but merely to discuss only those aspects which are essential for successful applications of the LC-MS combination. The reader will be acquainted with the enormous potential of this hyphenated technique, and the factors and instrumental developments that have concurred to make it emerge to a central role in specialized fields, such as proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Donato
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J, Bressler I. Copolymer Composition Determined by LC-MALDI-TOF MS Coupling and “MassChrom2D” Data Analysis. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J. LC-MALDI-TOF Imaging MS: A New Approach in Combining Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry of Copolymers. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9153-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202380n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany
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Development of high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared and light scattering detectors for characterization of chemical composition and molecular weight heterogeneities in polyolefin copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Moyses S, Ness J, Papakonstantopoulos G. 2-D chromatography applied to the study of block copolymers synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled free-radical seeded emulsion polymerization. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3511-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of diblock copolymers: Simulation at various adsorption interaction conditions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4825-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Moyses S. 2‐D chromatography with optimized size exclusion chromatography resolution and multi‐angle light scattering coupling. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1480-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dugo P, Cacciola F, Kumm T, Dugo G, Mondello L. Comprehensive multidimensional liquid chromatography: Theory and applications. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:353-68. [PMID: 17655853 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatographic (LC x LC) techniques can be considered innovative methods only recently developed and adopted in many configurations. The revolutionary aspect of comprehensive two-dimensional techniques, with respect to classical multidimensional (MD) chromatography, is that the entire sample is subjected to the 2D advantage. The major benefit is that the separation capacities of each dimension are multiplied, offering a high peak capacity to resolve samples of great complexity. The first part of the present review briefly describes the theoretical and practical aspects related to the development of a multidimensional comprehensive liquid chromatographic method. Applicational experiences in comprehensive liquid chromatography are then described, divided into four groups, according to the HPLC modes used in the two dimensions and to the nature of the samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dugo
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli alimenti e dell'ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze, Università di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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Stoll DR, Li X, Wang X, Carr PW, Porter SEG, Rutan SC. Fast, comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:3-43; discussion 2. [PMID: 17888443 PMCID: PMC3205947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absolute need to improve the separating power of liquid chromatography, especially for multi-constituent biological samples, is becoming increasingly evident. In response, over the past few years, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC). Just as 1DLC is preferred to 1DGC based on its compatibility with biological materials we believe that ultimately 2DLC will be preferred to the much more highly developed 2DGC for such samples. The huge advantage of 2D chromatographic techniques over 1D methods is inherent in the tremendous potential increase in peak capacity (resolving power). This is especially true of comprehensive 2D chromatography wherein it is possible, under ideal conditions, to obtain a total peak capacity equal to the product of the peak capacities of the first and second dimension separations. However, the very long timescale (typically several hours to tens of hours) of comprehensive 2DLC is clearly its chief drawback. Recent advances in the use of higher temperatures to speed up isocratic and gradient elution liquid chromatography have been used to decrease the time needed to do the second dimension LC separation of 2DLC to about 20s for a full gradient elution run. Thus, fast, high temperature LC is becoming a very promising technique. Peak capacities of over 2000 and rates of peak capacity production of nearly 1 peak/s have been achieved. In consequence, many real samples showing more than 200 peaks with signal to noise ratios of better than 10:1 have been run in total times of under 30 min. This report is not intended to be a comprehensive review of 2DLC, but is deliberately focused on the issues involved in doing fast 2DLC by means of elevating the column temperature; however, many issues of broader applicability will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R. Stoll
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaoping Li
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Carr
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sarah E. G. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
| | - Sarah C. Rutan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA
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Yohannes G, Wiedmer SK, Hiidenhovi J, Hietanen A, Hyötyläinen T. Comprehensive two-dimensional field-flow fractionation-liquid chromatography in the analysis of large molecules. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3091-8. [PMID: 17348634 DOI: 10.1021/ac062169m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel, comprehensive two-dimensional asymmetric field-flow fractionation-liquid chromatographic system is described (AsFlFFF-RPLC). The interface is based on a switching valve, and the whole sample is analyzed in both dimensions. The system proved to be repeatable and quantitative in the characterization of egg white proteins. Four peaks at 4, 5.5-6.0, 7.5-8.0, and 10.0-11.0 nm, and corresponding to lysozyme, ovalbumin, transferrin, and a dimer of transferrin, were obtained in the AsFlFFF first-dimension system. Lysozyme also produced an additional peak, which overlapped with ovalbumin. Twelve compounds were separated in the LC second-dimension system. Identifications were made with the help of standards (ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, lysozyme) and by comparison of the peak areas, particle sizes, and retention data with values given in the literature. The effect of heat on egg white denaturation was studied, and the unfolding of peptide bonds of the protein was found to be pronounced when the sample was heated in phosphate solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebrenegus Yohannes
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Coulier L, Kaal E, Hankemeier T. Hyphenation of infrared spectroscopy to liquid chromatography for qualitative and quantitative polymer analysis: Degradation of poly(bisphenol A)carbonate. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:34-42. [PMID: 16735038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyphenation of infrared spectroscopy (IR) to liquid chromatography (LC) has been applied to study chemical changes in poly(bisphenol A)carbonate (PC) as a result of degradation. Especially coupling of LC to FTIR through solvent elimination is a sensitive approach to identify changes in functionality observed in the LC chromatograms as has been demonstrated by coupling of liquid chromatography under critical conditions (LCCC) to IR. Furthermore, an example is shown in which two-dimensional liquid chromatography, i.e. LCCC x SEC, was coupled to IR by means of a flow cell. This resulted in data sets containing most probably valuable data, but extracting relevant information from these large data sets is not straightforward at all. Therefore, multivariate data analysis (MVDA) of SEC-FTIR data was used to extract relevant data from large data sets. This approach revealed chemical differences due to degradation that could not be detected by other means. Spectral features could be identified that allowed to quantitatively predict the degradation of poly(bisphenol A)carbonate as a function of degradation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Coulier
- Packaging Research and Polymer Analysis Group, Analytical Sciences Department, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Pól J, Hohnová B, Jussila M, Hyötyläinen T. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the analysis of acidic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:64-71. [PMID: 16725147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel method utilising comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of organic acids in atmospheric aerosols. The system was applied to the analysis of methanolic extracts of filters from a high volume sampler. The enhanced separation power of two-dimensional separation was demonstrated in the analysis of both rural and urban samples. Quantification was performed for compounds for which standards were available. Limit of detection was 2-200 ng/ml. Average reproducibility of retention times in each dimensions was 0.1%, and average reproducibility of peak areas was 8% (10 microg/ml, n=3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pól
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Shellie RA, Haddad PR. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:405-15. [PMID: 16927069 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Having nearly exhausted the possibilities for generating peak capacity through improvements in column technology, chromatographers are increasingly looking to alternative ways of maximising chromatographic separation. In recent years there has been increasing activity in the field of comprehensive multidimensional separations to meet analysis demands. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LCxLC) approaches offer high peak capacity which leads to significantly improved analytical performance over single-column liquid chromatography. There are several closely related avenues available for achieving an LCxLC separation and this review pays special attention to the different valve-based interfaces that have been used to comprehensively couple the first and second dimension columns in LCxLC systems. A brief discussion of column choices for selected applications and the conditions employed is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
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Rittig F, Fandrich N, Urtel M, Schrepp W, Just U, Weidner SM. Structure Determination of Polyacetals by Liquid Chromatography and Hyphenated Techniques. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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