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Li Z. Preparation of Two-Dimensional Polyaniline Sheets with High Crystallinity via Surfactant Interface Self-Assembly and Their Encryption Application. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1285. [PMID: 38732754 PMCID: PMC11085674 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years in the field of traditional materials, traditional polyaniline has faced a number of scientific problems such as an irregular morphology, high difficulty in crystallization, and difficulty in forming an ordered structure compared to the corresponding inorganic materials. In response to these urgent issues, this study determines how to prepare a highly ordered structure in polyaniline formed at the gas-liquid interface. By dynamically arranging aniline monomers into a highly ordered structure with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant, aniline polymerization is initiated at the gas-liquid interface, resulting in two-dimensional polyaniline crystal sheets with a highly ordered structure. By elucidating the microstructure, crystallization process, and molecular structure of the two-dimensional polyaniline crystal sheets, the practical application of polyaniline as an encryption label in the field of electrochromism has been further expanded, thus making polyaniline widely used in the field of information encryption. Therefore, the synthesis of flaky polyaniline crystal sheets has a role in scientific research and practical application, which will arouse the interest and exploration of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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2
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Two-dimensional separation of water-soluble polymers using size exclusion and reversed phase chromatography employing capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464051. [PMID: 37209520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials are readily available, durable materials that have piqued the interest of many diverse fields, ranging from biomedical engineering to construction. The physiochemical properties of a polymer dictate the behavior and function, where large polydispersity among polymer properties can lead to problems; however, current polymer analysis methods often only report results for one particular property. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) applications have become increasingly popular due to the ability to implement two chromatographic modalities in one platform, meaning the ability to simultaneously address multiple physiochemical aspects of a polymer sample, such as functional group content and molar mass. The work presented employs size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography, through two coupling strategies: SEC x RP and RP x RP separations of the water-soluble polymers poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA). Capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber (polyester and polypropylene) stationary phases were used for the RP separations. Particularly attractive is the fact that they are easily implemented as the second dimension in 2DLC workflows due to their low backpressure (<1000 psi at ∼70 mm sec-1) and fast separation times. In-line multi-angle light scattering (MALS) was also implemented for molecular weight determinations of the polymer samples, with the molecular weight of PMA ranging from 5 × 104 to 2 × 105 g mol-1, while PSSA ranges from 105 to 108 g mol-1. While the orthogonal pairing of SEC x RP addresses polymer sizing and chemistry, this approach is limited by long separation times (80 min), the need for high solute concentrations (PMA = 1.79 mg mL-1 and PSSA = 0.175 mg mL-1 to yield comparable absorbance responses) due to on-column dilution and subsequently limited resolution in the RP separation space. With RP x RP couplings, separation times were significantly reduced (40 min), with lower sample concentrations (0.595 mg mL-1 of PMA and 0.05 mg mL-1 of PSSA) required. The combined RP strategy provided better overall distinction in the chemical distribution of the polymers, yielding 7 distict species versus 3 for the SEC x RP coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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3
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Niezen LE, Kruijswijk JD, van Henten GB, Pirok BWJ, Staal BBP, Radke W, Philipsen HJA, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ. Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:341041. [PMID: 36965990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a polymeric material are influenced by its underlying molecular distributions, including the molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and/or block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. Due to the limited solubility of polymers, samples are often dissolved in strong solvents. Upon injection of the sample, such solvents may lead to broadened or poorly shaped peaks and, in unfavourable cases, to "breakthrough" phenomena, where a part of the sample travels through the column unretained. To remedy this, a technique called size-exclusion-chromatography gradients or gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) was developed in 2011. In this work, we aim to further explore the potential of gSEC for the analysis of the CCD, also in comparison with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC, which in this work corresponded to gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The influence of the mobile-phase composition, the pore size of the stationary-phase particles, and the column temperature were investigated. The separation of five styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers was studied with one-dimensional RPLC and gSEC. RPLC was shown to lead to a more-accurate CCD in shorter analysis time. The separation of five styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers was also explored using comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC involving gSEC, i.e. SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC. In 2D-LC, the use of gSEC was especially advantageous as no breakthrough could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy D Kruijswijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van Henten
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harry J A Philipsen
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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4
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Brooijmans T, Gonzalez PC, Pirok B, Schoenmakers P, Peters R. Two-dimensional tools for analyzing polymer microstructure; coupling non-aqueous ion-exchange chromatography to size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Groeneveld G, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Perspectives on the future of multi-dimensional platforms. Faraday Discuss 2020; 218:72-100. [PMID: 31140485 DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) formats have emerged to help address separation problems that are too complex for conventional one-dimensional LC. There are a number of obstacles to the proliferation of 2D-LC that are gradually being removed. Reliable commercial instrumentation has become available and data analysis software is being improved. Detector-sensitivity and phase-system compatibility issues can largely be solved by using active-modulation strategies. The remaining challenge, developing good and fast 2D-LC methods within a reasonable time, may be solved with smart algorithms. The technology platform that has been developed for 2D-LC also creates a number of other possibilities. Between the two separation stages, all kinds of physical (e.g. dissolution) or chemical (e.g. enzymatic or light-induced degradation) processes can be made to take place, allowing a wide variety of experiments to be performed within a single, efficient and automated analysis. All these developments are discussed in this paper and a number of critical issues are identified. A practical example, the characterization of polysorbates by high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, is described as a culmination of recent developments in 2D-LC and as an illustration of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Groeneveld
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Zhang M, Hao N, Gao Y, Li L, Ye X. Characterization of mixed solutions of hyperbranched and linear polystyrenes by a combination of size‐exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Nairong Hao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yating Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
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7
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Chen Y, Li J, Schmitz OJ. Development of an At-Column Dilution Modulator for Flexible and Precise Control of Dilution Factors to Overcome Mobile Phase Incompatibility in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10251-10257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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8
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The retention behavior of diblock copolymers in gradient chromatography; Similarities of diblock copolymers and homopolymers. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Yang P, Bai L, Wang W, Rabasco J. Analysis of hydrophobically modified ethylene oxide urethane rheology modifiers by comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1560:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Yang P, Gao W, Shulman JE, Chen Y. Separation and identification of polymeric dispersants in detergents by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:111-117. [PMID: 29960735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric dispersants are an important ingredient in many consumer products. Their separations and identifications in final product formulation can be very challenging due to the presence of multiple polymeric dispersants at different levels and the presence of other polymeric and small-molecule components. In this study, using nearly comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), various water-soluble polymer and co-polymer dispersants were separated with aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in the first dimension (1D) and gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in the second dimension (2D). Detection of the polymeric dispersants was accomplished by evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). A large ID (8.0 mm) SEC column used in common one-dimensional SEC practices was directly adopted in the 2D setup for rapid method development. A close representation of fully comprehensive 2D separation was achieved even with 60% of 1D eluent diverted to waste, demonstrating the flexibility and versatility of having SEC in 1D for two dimensional separation of polymers. Important method parameters, such as 2D column dimensions and flow rate, gradient conditions, and buffer pH were studied. Practical aspects of routine industrial applications such as solvent consumption and analysis time were also considered. This method was exploited for quick identification of polymeric dispersants in commercial detergent samples. Nine detergent samples were screened and polymeric dispersants and additional polymer features were detected in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Wei Gao
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jan E Shulman
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yunshen Chen
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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11
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Brüll R. Separation of Branched Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Structures by Solvent Gradient at Near-Critical Conditions and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5422-5429. [PMID: 29600700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Branching is a molecular metric that strongly influences the application properties of polymers. Consequently, detailed information on the microstructure is required to gain a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships. In the present case, we employ high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize the branching in a poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC). To this end, a method was developed based on a mobile phase gradient in a very narrow range (±1.4 vol %) around the point of adsorption (98.9/1.1 vol % chloroform/methyl tert-butyl ether), which we refer to as solvent gradient at near-critical conditions. Application of such gentle gradient enabled separation of PC according to end-groups. The separation mechanism was confirmed by collecting fractions of a separated sample and subsequently analyzing these by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Hyphenating the developed gradient method with size-exclusion chromatography as the second dimension (2D-LC) enabled separation of linear and branched PC chains and determination of the molar mass distribution of the fractions. A reversed elution order was observed for branched species in 2D-LC, meaning that low molar mass chains exhibited higher elution volumes in the first dimension than higher molar masses. This finding was explained by influences of end-groups as well as the architecture of the branched polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Apel
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Moyses
- SABIC, 1600 Industrial Boulevard , Sugar Land , Texas 77478 , United States
| | - Stijn Rommens
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wold
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
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12
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Zhou X, Chen C, Ye X, Song F, Fan G, Wu F. Study of Separation and Identification of the Active Ingredients in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Based on a Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography by Coupling Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography and Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:75-81. [PMID: 27737927 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, by coupling reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), a two-dimensional liquid chromatography system was developed for separation and identification of the active ingredients in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE). By applying the semi-preparative C18 column as the first dimension and the core-shell column as the second dimension, a total of 896 peaks of GJE were separated. Among the 896 peaks, 16 active ingredients including geniposide, gardenoside, gardoside, etc. were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. The results indicated that the proposed two-dimensional RPLC/HILIC system was an effective method for the analysis of GJE and might hold a high potential to become a useful tool for analysis of other complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280 Outer Ring East Road University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280 Outer Ring East Road University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280 Outer Ring East Road University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Fenyun Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280 Outer Ring East Road University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guorong Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fuhai Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280 Outer Ring East Road University Town, Guangzhou 510006, PR China .,School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou 510310, PR China
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13
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Li Z, Chen K, Guo MZ, Tang DQ. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography and its application in traditional Chinese medicine analysis and metabonomic investigation. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:21-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Meng-zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Dao-quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
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14
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Characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The great impact of cardiovascular diseases in human health has led to the development of a huge number of drugs and therapies to improve the treatment of these diseases. Cardiovascular drug analysis in biological fluids constitutes an important challenge for analytical scientists. There is a clear need for reliable methods to carry out both qualitative and quantitative analysis in a short time of analysis. Different problems such as drug monitoring, analysis of metabolites, study of drugs interactions, drugs residues or degradation products, chiral separation, and screening and confirmation of drugs of abuse in doping control must be solved. New trends in sample preparation, instrumental and column technology advances in LC and innovations in MS are described in this work.
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16
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Guo R, Mei P, Zhong Q, Yao Y, Su Q, Zhang J. Well-defined triblock copolymers with a photolabile middle block of poly(phenyl vinyl ketone): facile synthesis, chain-scission mechanism and controllable photocleavability. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-defined triblock copolymers with a photocleavable middle block were synthesized by RAFT polymerization and the photodegradation process was tracked by GPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Pengbo Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
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17
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Application of two-dimensional chromatography to the characterization of macromolecules and biomacromolecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:193-215. [PMID: 25404163 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymeric materials are heterogeneous with respect to different structural features, for instance molar mass, composition, and architecture. One-dimensional separation methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are insufficient to fully resolve the multidimensional distributions of such complex materials. Therefore, two-dimensional separation methods are increasingly employed to characterize macromolecules. The present article describes in detail the advantages and experimental aspects of two-dimensional macromolecular separations. Selected examples will be discussed to explain the strategies used to separate macromolecules with respect to specific structural features.
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18
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Cabooter D, Choikhet K, Lestremau F, Dittmann M, Desmet G. Towards a generic variable column length method development strategy for samples with a large variety in polarity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:174-186. [PMID: 25465015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of a novel set-up for the sequential analysis of compounds with a large variety in polarity on HILIC and reversed-phase columns, coupled in series, is discussed. For this purpose, a commercially available ultra-high performance LC system, equipped with two switching valves is employed. The switching valves allow connecting the HILIC and reversed-phase columns either in series or in parallel to the system. An interface to couple the HILIC and reversed-phase columns is developed and optimized. The sample is first injected onto a HILIC column. Apolar compounds in the sample are not retained and will elute close to or within the void volume of the HILIC column. Accurate switching of the valves allows redirecting these compounds towards a trap loop while more polar compounds are retained and separated on the HILIC column. After separation and detection of the polar compounds, the configuration of the valves is switched again to direct the apolar compounds from the trap loop towards a reversed-phase column for separation. To deal with the incompatibility of the mobile phases of HILIC and reversed-phase column separations, commercially available Jet weaver mixers are included in the set-up to allow for an intermediate solvent exchange. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated for the analysis of pharmaceuticals that can be found in waste water and surface water. It is demonstrated that the set-up provides robust analyses with peak capacities that are intermediate to one-dimensional and two-dimensional separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Monika Dittmann
- Agilent Technologies R&D, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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20
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Venkatramani CJ, Girotti J, Wigman L, Chetwyn N. Assessing stability-indicating methods for coelution by two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3214-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larry Wigman
- SMACQC, Genentech Inc; South San Francisco CA USA
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21
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Branched polymers characterized by comprehensive two-dimensional separations with fully orthogonal mechanisms: molecular-topology fractionation×size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:54-64. [PMID: 25282310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer separations under non-conventional conditions have been explored to obtain a separation of long-chain branched polymers from linear polymers with identical hydrodynamic size. In separation media with flow-through channels of the same order as the size of the analyte molecules in solution, the separation and the elution order of polymers are strongly affected by the flow rate. At low flow rates, the largest polymers are eluted last. At high flow rates, they are eluted first. By tuning the channel size and flow rate, conditions can be found where separation becomes independent of molar mass or size of linear polymers. Long-chain branched polymers did experience lower migration rates under these conditions and can be separated from linear polymers. This type of separation is referred to as molecular-topology fractionation (MTF) at critical conditions. Separation by comprehensive two-dimensional molecular-topology fractionation and size-exclusion chromatography (MTF×SEC) was used to study the retention characteristics of MTF. Branching selectivity was demonstrated for three- and four-arm "star" polystyrenes of 3-5×10(6)g/mol molar mass. Baseline separation could be obtained between linear polymer, Y-shaped molecules, and X-shaped molecules in a single experiment at constant flow rate. For randomly branched polymers, the branching selectivity inevitably results in an envelope of peaks, because it is not possible to fully resolve the huge numbers of different branched and linear polymers of varying molar mass. It was concluded that MTF involves partial deformation of polymer coils in solution. The increased coil density and resistance to deformation can explain the different retention behavior of branched molecules.
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22
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Reproducibility of retention time and peak area in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:279-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Synthetic polymers and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) are a synergistic combination. LC × LC provides unique insights in mutually dependent molecular distributions. Synthetic polymers offer clear demonstrations of the value of LC × LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , Faculty of Science, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Van Hoeylandt T, Chen K, Du Prez F, Lynen F. Deconvolution of overlapping spectral polymer signals in size exclusion separation-diode array detection separations by implementing a multivariate curve resolution method optimized by alternating least square. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1342:63-9. [PMID: 24726681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peaks eluting from a size exclusion separation (SEC) are often not completely baseline-separated due to the inherent dispersity of the polymer. Lowering the flow rate is sometimes a solution to obtain a better physical separation, but results in a longer retention time, which is often not desirable. The chemometrical deconvolution method discussed in this work provides the possibility of calculating the contribution of each peak separately in the total chromatogram of overlapping peaks. An in-house-developed MATLAB script differentiates between compounds based on their difference in UV-spectrum and retention time, using the entire 3D retention time UV-spectrum. Consequently, the output of the script offers the calculated chromatograms of the separate compounds as well as their respective UV-spectrum, of which the latter can be used for peak identification. This approach is of interest to quantitate contributions of different polymer types with overlapping UV-spectra and retention times, as is often the case in, for example, copolymer or polymer blend analysis. The applicability has been proven on mixtures of different polymer types: polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethoxyethyl acrylate). This paper demonstrates that both qualitative and quantitative analyses are possible after deconvolution and that alternating concentrations of adjacent peaks do not significantly influence the obtained accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van Hoeylandt
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kai Chen
- Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent, Belgium.
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25
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Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot W, Parrott A, Yau W. Multiple-Injection Method in High-Temperature Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D HT-LC). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Willem deGroot
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Albert Parrott
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Wallace Yau
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
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27
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Ghaffar A, Schoenmakers PJ, van der Wal S. Methods for the Chemical Analysis of Degradable Synthetic Polymeric Biomaterials. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013; 44:23-40. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.831729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Application of the evaporative light scattering detector to analytical problems in polymer science. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Šišková A, Macová E, Corradini D, Berek D. Liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers under critical conditions of enthalpic interactions 4: Sample recovery. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Šišková
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Eva Macová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Danilo Corradini
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; National Research Council; Rome Italy
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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30
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Yang SH, Fan H, Classon RJ, Schug KA. Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on-line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2922-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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31
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32
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Chojnacka A, Kempe K, van de Ven HC, Englert C, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, Janssen HG, Schoenmakers P. Molar mass, chemical-composition, and functionality-type distributions of poly(2-oxazoline)s revealed by a variety of separation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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34
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Ahn S, Lee H, Lee S, Chang T. Characterization of Branched Polymers by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with Triple Detection. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2021985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sekyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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35
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Shin HD, Suh JH, Kim JH, Lee HY, Eom HY, Kim UY, Yang DH, Han SB, Youm JR. Determination of Betaine in Fructus Lycii Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Guo R, Shi Z, Wang X, Dong A, Zhang J. Separation and quantification of dead species in styrene RAFT polymerization by gradient polymer elution chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Wu ZY, Marriott PJ. One- and comprehensive two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of alkylphenol polyethoxylates. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3322-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Baumgaertel A, Weber C, Fritz N, Festag G, Altuntaş E, Kempe K, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Characterization of poly(2-oxazoline) homo- and copolymers by liquid chromatography at critical conditions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8370-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Development of high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared and light scattering detectors for characterization of chemical composition and molecular weight heterogeneities in polyolefin copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Shock D, Dennis G, Guiochon G, Dasgupta P, Shalliker R. Anomalies in evaporative light scattering detection. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 703:245-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Greiderer A, Steeneken L, Aalbers T, Vivó-Truyols G, Schoenmakers P. Characterization of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) using comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5787-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Teng Z, Dai R, Meng W, Chen Y, Deng Y. Offline Two-Dimensional RP/RPLC Method to Separate Components in Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C.Chen Xylem Containing Resin. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Uliyanchenko E, Schoenmakers PJ, van der Wal S. Fast and efficient size-based separations of polymers using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1509-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Characterization of polyolefins by comprehensive high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC). Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Effects of first dimension eluent composition in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2214-21. [PMID: 21411103 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) has received a great deal of attention during the past few years because of its extraordinary resolving power. The biggest advantage of this technique is that very high peak capacities can be generated in a relatively short time. Numerous approaches to maximize the peak capacity in LC×LC have been employed. In this work we investigate the impact of the first dimension mobile phase on selectivity. LC×LC has several potential advantages over one-dimensional LC (1DLC) in that unconventional solvents, at least in reversed-phase LC, can be used. For example, solvents which strongly adsorb in the UV in the first dimension are not problematic in LC×LC. This so because the UV detector is placed after the second dimensional column, as pulses of the first dimension eluent arrive at the second dimensional column, they elute well before the solutes of interest and therefore do not interfere at all with detection of solute peaks. So far, the most widely used solvents in reversed-phase 1DLC are methanol and acetonitrile. However, the "UV advantage" of 2DLC allows us to employ UV active solvents, such as acetone. We compare their differential selectivities to that of acetonitrile for the separation of 23 indole acetic acids of interest in plant biology. We also apply them to the separation of a maize seed extract, a very complex sample. In both sample sets, mobile phase composition can be an important parameter to increase the orthogonality of the two dimensions and thus, to increase the effective peak capacity of LC×LC.
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47
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Raust JA, Houillot L, Save M, Charleux B, Moire C, Farcet C, Pasch H. Two Dimensional Chromatographic Characterization of Block Copolymers of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate and Methyl Acrylate, P2EHA-b-PMA, produced via RAFT-Mediated Polymerization in Organic Dispersion. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Raust
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut (German Institute for Polymers), Schlossgartenstrasse 6, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lisa Houillot
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Maud Save
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- IPREM Equipe Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254, CNRS- Université de Pau et des Pays de l′Adour, Technopole Hélioparc, 2 Av Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Bernadette Charleux
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudine Moire
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Céline Farcet
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Harald Pasch
- SASOL Chair of Analytical Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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48
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of diblock copolymers: Simulation at various adsorption interaction conditions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4825-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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49
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Dugo P, Kumm T, Cacciola F, Dugo G, Mondello L. Multidimensional Liquid Chromatographic Separations Applied to the Analysis of Food Samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802128888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dugo
- a Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze MM.FF.NN. , Università di Messina , Salita Sperone, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - T. Kumm
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - F. Cacciola
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - G. Dugo
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - L. Mondello
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
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50
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van Hulst M, van der Horst A, Kok WT, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive 2‐D chromatography of random and block methacrylate copolymers. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1414-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique van Hulst
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aschwin van der Horst
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Th. Kok
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Polymer‐Analysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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