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Ovchinnikov DV, Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Pokrovskiy OI. Some Aspects of Additives Effects on Retention in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Studied by Linear Free Energy Relationships Method. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1665:462820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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2
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A Thioether-Embedded Mixed-Mode Cyano-Bonded Chromatographic Stationary Phase: Preparation, Characterization and Retention Mechanism. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Tang G, Huang Y, Zhang T, Wang Q, Crommen J, Fillet M, Jiang Z. Determination of phenolic acids in extra virgin olive oil using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:217-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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4
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Fast separation of selected cathinones and phenylethylamines by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1423:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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The many faces of packed column supercritical fluid chromatography – A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:2-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Nováková L, Grand-Guillaume Perrenoud A, Francois I, West C, Lesellier E, Guillarme D. Modern analytical supercritical fluid chromatography using columns packed with sub-2μm particles: A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 824:18-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Comparative assessment of achiral stationary phases for high throughput analysis in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1332:73-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Samimi R, Xu WZ, Alsharari Q, Charpentier PA. Supercritical fluid chromatography of North American ginseng extract. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Khater S, West C, Lesellier E. Characterization of five chemistries and three particle sizes of stationary phases used in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1319:148-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Ebinger K, Weller HN. Comparison of chromatographic techniques for diastereomer separation of a diverse set of drug-like compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1272:150-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Chester TL. Maximizing the speed of separations for industrial problems. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:69-77. [PMID: 22989488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvement efforts in chromatography have provided great improvements in the rate of plate production, but less attention has been spent on optimizing the kinds of problems that are most often encountered in industry. When factors are not independent in their effects on the responses of a chromatographic separation, all adjustable factors must be considered in concert in seeking the best or optimum condition that solves the problem. This requires careful attention to specifying the goals, the adjustable factors, and the constraints required to make sure the outcome can actually be implemented. Strategies for optimizing assay and screening methods in the context of industrial needs are presented. Expanding the factor space of the system being investigated can lead to better outcomes. The prospect of adding column-outlet pressure control and expanding the mobile phase composition to include condensed gases or supercritical fluids is explored. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography, electrostatic repulsion hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and supercritical fluid chromatography are contiguous with regard to mobile phase characteristics. Adjustment of selectivity through instrument-controlled factors can benefit method development. Opportunities obtained by blending modifiers, varying temperature and pressure with compressible mobile phases, and controlling pH are discussed in the context of optimizing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Chester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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12
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Poole CF. Stationary phases for packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:157-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Hamman C, Schmidt DE, Wong M, Hayes M. The use of ammonium hydroxide as an additive in supercritical fluid chromatography for achiral and chiral separations and purifications of small, basic medicinal molecules. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7886-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Smuts J, Wanigasekara E, Armstrong DW. Comparison of stationary phases for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography based upon ionic liquid motifs: a study of cation and anion effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:435-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Background: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is continually gaining attention in the separation sciences as demand increases for higher throughput isolations and purifications. The higher flow rates associated with SFC provide a significant decrease in analysis time and increase in sample-throughput efficiency. Peptides are of particular interest for SFC due, in part, to the rather extensive analysis time required by HPLC. Results: This work explored a wide range of peptides not only for detection, but also for separation using SFC. A separation of five peptides ranging in molecular weights from 238.2 to 1046.2 was achieved by SFC in less than 12 min, compared with 50 min using HPLC. Conclusion: This research further illustrates the ever-expanding applicability of SFC to a wider variety of compound classes. The rapid analysis time associated with SFC, as seen in this work, provides a nearly fivefold decrease in analysis time when compared with HPLC.
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Cazenave-Gassiot A, Boughtflower R, Caldwell J, Hitzel L, Holyoak C, Lane S, Oakley P, Pullen F, Richardson S, Langley GJ. Effect of increasing concentration of ammonium acetate as an additive in supercritical fluid chromatography using CO2–methanol mobile phase. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6441-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Cazenave-Gassiot A, Boughtflower R, Caldwell J, Coxhead R, Hitzel L, Lane S, Oakley P, Holyoak C, Pullen F, Langley GJ. Prediction of retention for sulfonamides in supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:254-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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West C, Lesellier E. A unified classification of stationary phases for packed column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:21-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Hsieh Y, Li F, Duncan CJG. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Methods for the Determination of Cytarabine in Mouse Plasma. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3856-61. [PMID: 17441687 DOI: 10.1021/ac062441s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The separation of cytarabine (ara-C) from the endogenous compounds in mouse plasma by packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC) was achieved on bare silica stationary phase with an isocratic mobile phase composed of CO2/methanol solvent with addition of ammonium acetate. SFC is commonly assumed to be only applicable to nonpolar and relatively low-polarity compounds. In this work, a broader range of compound polarities amenable to pSFC with appropriate mobile-phase modifiers and additives under normal-phase retention mechanism was demonstrated. The pSFC was integrated with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source and a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and speed of the assay. The influence of mobile-phase components on chromatographic performance and ionization efficiency of the test compounds was investigated for improving the sensitivity and separation for the analyte and the internal standard. The pSFC-MS/MS approach requiring approximately 2.5 min/sample for the determination of ara-C at nanograms per milliliter in mouse plasma was partially validated with respect to stability, linearity, and reproducibility. The mouse plasma levels of ara-C obtained by the pSFC-MS/MS method were found to be consistent with those determined by various reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography methods using a porous graphite carbon column, a mixed-mode column, or a C18 column in conjunction with an ion-pairing agent coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Hsieh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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Pinkston JD, Wen D, Morand KL, Tirey DA, Stanton DT. Comparison of LC/MS and SFC/MS for screening of a large and diverse library of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Anal Chem 2007; 78:7467-72. [PMID: 17073414 DOI: 10.1021/ac061033l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The search for greater speed of analysis has fueled many innovations in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), such as the use of higher pressures and smaller stationary-phase particles, and the development of monolithic columns. Alternatively, one might alter the chromatographic mobile phase. The low viscosity and high diffusivity of the mobile phase in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) allows higher flow rates and lower pressure drops than is possible in traditional HPLC. In addition, SFC requires less organic, or aqueous-organic, solvent than LC (important in preparative-scale chromatography) and provides an alternative, normal-phase retention mechanism. But fluids that are commonly used as the main mobile-phase component in SFC, such as CO2, are relatively nonpolar. As a result, SFC is commonly believed to only be applicable to nonpolar and relatively low-polarity compounds. Here we build upon recent work with SFC of polar and ionic compounds and peptides, and we compare the LC/MS and SFC/MS of a diverse library of druglike compounds. A total of 75.0% of the library compounds were eluted and detected by SFC/MS, while 79.4% were eluted and detected by LC/MS. Some samples provided strong peaks that appeared to be related to the purported compound contained in the sample. When these were added to the "hits", the numbers rose to 86.7 and 89.9%, respectively. A total of 3.7% of the samples were observed by SFC/MS, but not by LC/MS, and 8.1% of the samples were observed by LC/MS, but not by SFC/MS. The only compound class that appeared to be consistently detected in LC/MS, but not in SFC/MS under our conditions, consisted of compounds containing a phosphate, a phosphonate, or a bisphosphonate. The SFC/MS method was at least as durable, reliable, and user-friendly as the LC/MS method. The APCI source required less cleaning during the SFC/MS separations than it did during LC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Pinkston
- Mason Business Center, Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, Ohio 45040, USA.
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Yip HSH, Ashraf-Khorassani M, Taylor LT. Feasibility of Phospholipids Separation by Packed Column SFC with Mass Spectrometric and Light Scattering Detection. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gyllenhaal O, Edström L, Persson BA. Ion-pair supercritical fluid chromatography of metoprolol and related amino alcohols on diol silica. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:305-10. [PMID: 16949084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a chromatographic system based on carbon dioxide with methanol as mobile phase, and diol silica as stationary phase has been investigated for metoprolol and related amino alcohols by addition of strong acids to systems with triethylamine base as primary additive. Standard conditions used were 10% of methanol, containing 24 mM of acid and 18 mM of triethylamine, in carbon dioxide with a flow rate of 1.5 ml min(-1). The column dimensions were 125 mm x 4 mm I.D. and kept at 40 degrees C with a back pressure of 150 bar. Effects on selectivity were stronger with trifluoroacetic acid than with ethanesulfonic acid. From a large set of related analytes, it was shown that selectivity changes were significant when the structure close to the nitrogen of the amino alcohol analyte differed. The stability of the column in the short time perspective was examined and it showed negligible changes. For a diastereoisomeric pair, not resolved in a basic system with triethylamine nor by addition of ethanesulfonic acid, resolution improved to about 2.1 with trifluoroacetic acid. The described approach offers a way to tune the selectivity of SFC systems when amines are analyzed without the need to change stationary phase for the chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Gyllenhaal
- Analytical & Technical Development, Pharmaceutical and Analytical R&D, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Zheng J, Pinkston JD, Zoutendam PH, Taylor LT. Feasibility of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry of Polypeptides with Up to 40-Mers. Anal Chem 2006; 78:1535-45. [PMID: 16503605 DOI: 10.1021/ac052025s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a number of advantages over traditional HPLC such as speed, practical use of longer columns, a normal-phase retention mechanism, and reduced use of organic solvents. Yet, it has been a technique traditionally limited to relatively nonpolar compounds. The nature of SFC mobile and stationary phases did not allow the elution of ionic compounds or of peptides, except, in the latter case, for the most hydrophobic peptides. The characterization of peptides is critically important for drug discovery and development in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as for a variety of other important applications. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we show that relatively large peptides (at least 40 mers), containing a variety of acidic and basic residues, can be eluted in SFC. We used trifluoroacetic acid as additive in a CO2/methanol mobile phase to suppress deprotonation of peptide carboxylic acid groups and to protonate peptide amino groups. A 2-ethylpyridine bonded silica column, which was specifically developed for SFC, was used for the majority of this work. The relatively simple mobile phase was compatible with mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, USA
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Zheng J, Taylor LT, Pinkston JD. Elution of Cationic Species with/without Ion Pair Reagents from Polar Stationary Phases via SFC. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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