1
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Zhang M, Hao N, Gao Y, Li L, Ye X. Characterization of mixed solutions of hyperbranched and linear polystyrenes by a combination of size‐exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Nairong Hao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yating Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
- Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education InstitutesUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
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2
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Freye CE, Rosales CJ, Thompson DG, Brown GW, Larson SA. Development of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for investigating aging of plastic bonded explosives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1611:460580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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3
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4
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Apel N, Ramakrishnan V, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Wold C, Macko T, Brüll R. Correlation between Comprehensive 2D Liquid Chromatography and Monte Carlo Simulations for Branched Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Apel
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Moyses
- SABIC, 1600 Industrial Blvd., Sugar Land, Texas 77478, United States
| | - Christian Wold
- SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF), Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Lee S, Choi H, Chang T, Staal B. Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Block Copolymers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6259-6266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Bastiaan Staal
- Competence Center Analytics, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
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6
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Brüll R. Separation of Branched Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Structures by Solvent Gradient at Near-Critical Conditions and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5422-5429. [PMID: 29600700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Branching is a molecular metric that strongly influences the application properties of polymers. Consequently, detailed information on the microstructure is required to gain a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships. In the present case, we employ high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize the branching in a poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC). To this end, a method was developed based on a mobile phase gradient in a very narrow range (±1.4 vol %) around the point of adsorption (98.9/1.1 vol % chloroform/methyl tert-butyl ether), which we refer to as solvent gradient at near-critical conditions. Application of such gentle gradient enabled separation of PC according to end-groups. The separation mechanism was confirmed by collecting fractions of a separated sample and subsequently analyzing these by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Hyphenating the developed gradient method with size-exclusion chromatography as the second dimension (2D-LC) enabled separation of linear and branched PC chains and determination of the molar mass distribution of the fractions. A reversed elution order was observed for branched species in 2D-LC, meaning that low molar mass chains exhibited higher elution volumes in the first dimension than higher molar masses. This finding was explained by influences of end-groups as well as the architecture of the branched polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Apel
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Moyses
- SABIC, 1600 Industrial Boulevard , Sugar Land , Texas 77478 , United States
| | - Stijn Rommens
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wold
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
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7
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Epping R, Panne U, Falkenhagen J. Power of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-MS Reconstructed Ion Chromatograms in the Characterization of Small Differences in Polymer Microstructure. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3467-3474. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Ahn J, Chang T, Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K. Influence of the Chain Architecture and the Presence of End-Groups or Branching Units Chemically Different from Repeating Structural Units on the Critical Adsorption Point in Liquid Chromatography. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Ahn
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Physical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and
Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Lee S, Chang T. Branching Analysis of Comb-Shaped Polystyrene with Long Chain Branches. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 South Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); Pohang 37673 South Korea
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10
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Lee S, Lee H, Chang T, Hirao A. Synthesis and Characterization of an Exact Polystyrene-graft-polyisoprene: A Failure of Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Akira Hirao
- Polymeric
and Organic Materials Department, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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11
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Ziebarth JD, Gardiner AA, Wang Y, Jeong Y, Ahn J, Jin Y, Chang T. Comparison of Critical Adsorption Points of Ring Polymers with Linear Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Ziebarth
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Abigail Anne Gardiner
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38154, United States
| | - Youncheol Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Junyoung Ahn
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ye Jin
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials
Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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12
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Al Samman M, Radke W. Two-dimensional chromatographic separation of branched polyesters according to degree of branching and molar mass. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Elupula R, Oh J, Haque FM, Chang T, Grayson SM. Determining the Origins of Impurities during Azide–Alkyne Click Cyclization of Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Elupula
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Joongsuk Oh
- Department
of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Farihah M. Haque
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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14
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatographic analysis of poloxamers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Jung JH, Oh J, Lim YG, Chang T, Paik HJ. Inconvertible p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene-core-star polystyrene conformers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inconvertible star polystyrene conformers were synthesized by ATRP using initiators of different conformations from p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene. The influence of spatial structures of the star polystyrene conformers on properties was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Jung
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan
- Korea
- The 4th R&D Institute-2
| | - Joongsuk Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Yeong-Gweon Lim
- The 4th R&D Institute-2
- Agency for Defense Development
- Daejeon
- Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Hyun-jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan
- Korea
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16
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Application of two-dimensional chromatography to the characterization of macromolecules and biomacromolecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:193-215. [PMID: 25404163 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymeric materials are heterogeneous with respect to different structural features, for instance molar mass, composition, and architecture. One-dimensional separation methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are insufficient to fully resolve the multidimensional distributions of such complex materials. Therefore, two-dimensional separation methods are increasingly employed to characterize macromolecules. The present article describes in detail the advantages and experimental aspects of two-dimensional macromolecular separations. Selected examples will be discussed to explain the strategies used to separate macromolecules with respect to specific structural features.
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17
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Branched polymers characterized by comprehensive two-dimensional separations with fully orthogonal mechanisms: molecular-topology fractionation×size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1366:54-64. [PMID: 25282310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer separations under non-conventional conditions have been explored to obtain a separation of long-chain branched polymers from linear polymers with identical hydrodynamic size. In separation media with flow-through channels of the same order as the size of the analyte molecules in solution, the separation and the elution order of polymers are strongly affected by the flow rate. At low flow rates, the largest polymers are eluted last. At high flow rates, they are eluted first. By tuning the channel size and flow rate, conditions can be found where separation becomes independent of molar mass or size of linear polymers. Long-chain branched polymers did experience lower migration rates under these conditions and can be separated from linear polymers. This type of separation is referred to as molecular-topology fractionation (MTF) at critical conditions. Separation by comprehensive two-dimensional molecular-topology fractionation and size-exclusion chromatography (MTF×SEC) was used to study the retention characteristics of MTF. Branching selectivity was demonstrated for three- and four-arm "star" polystyrenes of 3-5×10(6)g/mol molar mass. Baseline separation could be obtained between linear polymer, Y-shaped molecules, and X-shaped molecules in a single experiment at constant flow rate. For randomly branched polymers, the branching selectivity inevitably results in an envelope of peaks, because it is not possible to fully resolve the huge numbers of different branched and linear polymers of varying molar mass. It was concluded that MTF involves partial deformation of polymer coils in solution. The increased coil density and resistance to deformation can explain the different retention behavior of branched molecules.
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18
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Reproducibility of retention time and peak area in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:279-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Jeong J, Kim K, Lee R, Lee S, Kim H, Jung H, Kadir MA, Jang Y, Jeon HB, Matyjaszewski K, Chang T, Paik HJ. Preparation and Analysis of Bicyclic Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500391z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Jeong
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Rooda Lee
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Sookyeong Lee
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Department
of Education Program for Samsung Advanced Integrated Circuit, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Haeji Jung
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Mohammad Abdul Kadir
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Yujin Jang
- Department
of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Heung Bae Jeon
- Department
of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Material Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyun-jong Paik
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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20
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Radke W. Polymer separations by liquid interaction chromatography: Principles – prospects – limitations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Græsbøll R, Nielsen NJ, Christensen JH. Using the hydrophobic subtraction model to choose orthogonal columns for online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1326:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Lee S, Lee H, Thieu L, Jeong Y, Chang T, Fu C, Zhu Y, Wang Y. HPLC Characterization of Hydrogenous Polystyrene-block-deuterated polystyrene Utilizing the Isotope Effect. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4018247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Lam Thieu
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Youncheol Jeong
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Division of Advanced Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Chao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer
Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152-3550, Unitied States
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24
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Šišková A, Macová E, Corradini D, Berek D. Liquid chromatography of synthetic polymers under critical conditions of enthalpic interactions 4: Sample recovery. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2979-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Šišková
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Eva Macová
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Danilo Corradini
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies; National Research Council; Rome Italy
| | - Dušan Berek
- Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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25
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Zhang H, Zhu J, He J, Qiu F, Zhang H, Yang Y, Lee H, Chang T. Easy synthesis of dendrimer-like polymers through a divergent iterative “end-grafting” method. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20742g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Barqawi H, Ostas E, Liu B, Carpentier JF, Binder WH. Multidimensional Characterization of α,ω-Telechelic Poly(ε-caprolactone)s via Online Coupling of 2D Chromatographic Methods (LC/SEC) and ESI-TOF/MALDI-TOF-MS. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3016739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Barqawi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elena Ostas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bo Liu
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Donato P, Cacciola F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Mass spectrometry detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography: basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:523-559. [PMID: 22383300 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The review, as can be deduced from the title, focuses on both theoretical and practical aspects of the use of mass spectrometry as a third, added dimension to a comprehensive LC (LC × LC) system, generating the most powerful analytical tool today for non-volatile analytes. The first part deals with the technical requirements for linkage of an LC × LC system to an MS one, including the choice of the mobile phase (buffer and salts), flow rate (splitting), type of ionization (interface); advantages and disadvantages of off-line and on-line methods are discussed, as well. A discussion of the various aspects of instrumentation is provided, both from a chromatographic and mass spectrometry standpoint, with particular emphasis directed to the choice of column sets, spatial resolution, mass resolving power, mass accuracy, and tandem-MS capabilities. The extent to which mass spectrometry may be of aid in unraveling column-outlet multicompound bands is highlighted, along with its effectiveness as a chromatographic detector of excellent sensitivity, universality yet with potential in terms of selectivity and amenability to quantitative analysis over a wide dynamic range. The following section of the review contains significant applications of comprehensive two-dimensional LC coupled to MS in different areas of research, with details on interfaces, column stationary phases, modulation and MS parameters. It is not the intention of the authors to provide a comprehensive description of the techniques, but merely to discuss only those aspects which are essential for successful applications of the LC-MS combination. The reader will be acquainted with the enormous potential of this hyphenated technique, and the factors and instrumental developments that have concurred to make it emerge to a central role in specialized fields, such as proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Donato
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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28
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Ahn S, Lee H, Lee S, Chang T. Characterization of Branched Polymers by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with Triple Detection. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2021985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sekyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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30
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Kumar S, Shah PN, Ahn S, Hwang WS, Sung IK, Shah SR, Murthy CN, Chang T, Lee JS. Mechanistic Pathway for the Formation of Radial Polystyrenes Using Diacyl Chloride. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Nanobio Materials and
Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST),
123 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-dong), Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea
| | - Priyank N. Shah
- Department of Nanobio Materials and
Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST),
123 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-dong), Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea
| | - Seonyoung Ahn
- Department
of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790784, Korea
| | - Woon Sung Hwang
- R&D Center, Kolon Industries, Inc., Chemical Organization 294 Gajwa-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon-si 404-815, Korea
| | - Ik Kyung Sung
- R&D Center, Kolon Industries, Inc., Chemical Organization 294 Gajwa-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon-si 404-815, Korea
| | | | | | - Taihyun Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790784, Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Lee
- Department of Nanobio Materials and
Electronics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST),
123 Cheomdan-gwagiro (Oryong-dong), Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-712, Korea
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31
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Taylor DL, Ferris CJ, Maniego AR, Castignolles P, in het Panhuis M, Gaborieau M. Characterization of Gellan Gum by Capillary Electrophoresis. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gellan gums were characterised for the first time using free-solution capillary electrophoresis (CE) or CE under critical conditions (CE-CC). CE-CC is a fast method that separates the polysaccharide. Gellan gums are shown to be heterogeneous in terms of their electrophoretic mobility at 55°C revealing: oligomer peak(s), broad peaks of polymers with a random coil conformation with different degrees of acylation (composition), aggregates, and polymers with double-helix conformation. CE-CC is complementary with the rheological analysis also performed in this work. Sonication of gellan gums is shown to decrease the viscosity of gellan gum mainly by breaking up aggregates. The effect of sonication is stronger on the high-acyl gellan gum since the latter has a far higher tendency to aggregate.
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32
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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The development of an evaluation method for capture columns used in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:184-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Development of high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared and light scattering detectors for characterization of chemical composition and molecular weight heterogeneities in polyolefin copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Pyckhout-Hintzen W, Allgaier J, Richter D. Recent developments in polymer dynamics investigations of architecturally complex systems. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Keller N, Auschra C, Knischka R, Steiner W, Scherer G, Heinzmann G, Tartsch B, Rissler K. CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYBUTYLACRYLATE-B-POLYVINYLPYRIDINE BLOCK COPOLYMERS BY SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY AND DUAL REFRACTIVE INDEX/UV-DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.518934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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37
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Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) of branched polymers and polysaccharides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1413-23. [PMID: 20967430 PMCID: PMC3026666 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Branched polymers are among the most important polymers, ranging from polyolefins to polysaccharides. Branching plays a key role in the chain dynamics. It is thus very important for application properties such as mechanical and adhesive properties and digestibility. It also plays a key role in viscous properties, and thus in the mechanism of the separation of these polymers in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Critically reviewing the literature, particularly on SEC of polyolefins, polyacrylates and starch, we discuss common pitfalls but also highlight some unexplored possibilities to characterize branched polymers. The presence of a few long-chain branches has been shown to lead to a poor separation in SEC, as evidenced by multiple-detection SEC or multidimensional liquid chromatography. The local dispersity can be large in that case, and the accuracy of molecular weight determination achieved by current methods is poor, although hydrodynamic volume distributions offer alternatives. In contrast, highly branched polymers do not suffer from this extensive incomplete separation in terms of molecular weight. Representation of (a) a linear polymer chain and various branched polymer structures with (b) longchain branches (amylose-like), (c) short-chain branches (amylopectin-like), (d) both short-chain and long-chain branches (polyacrylate- or polyethylene-like). ![]()
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38
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Raust JA, Houillot L, Save M, Charleux B, Moire C, Farcet C, Pasch H. Two Dimensional Chromatographic Characterization of Block Copolymers of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate and Methyl Acrylate, P2EHA-b-PMA, produced via RAFT-Mediated Polymerization in Organic Dispersion. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Raust
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut (German Institute for Polymers), Schlossgartenstrasse 6, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lisa Houillot
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Maud Save
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- IPREM Equipe Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254, CNRS- Université de Pau et des Pays de l′Adour, Technopole Hélioparc, 2 Av Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Bernadette Charleux
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudine Moire
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Céline Farcet
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Harald Pasch
- SASOL Chair of Analytical Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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39
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Dugo P, Kumm T, Cacciola F, Dugo G, Mondello L. Multidimensional Liquid Chromatographic Separations Applied to the Analysis of Food Samples. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802128888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dugo
- a Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Facoltà di Scienze MM.FF.NN. , Università di Messina , Salita Sperone, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - T. Kumm
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - F. Cacciola
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - G. Dugo
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - L. Mondello
- b Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltà di Farmacia , Università di Messina , Messina, Italy
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40
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Khalyavina A, Schallausky F, Komber H, Al Samman M, Radke W, Lederer A. Aromatic−Aliphatic Polyesters with Tailored Degree of Branching Based on AB/AB2 and ABB*/AB2 Monomers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100037n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Khalyavina
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Al Samman
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut, Schlossgartenstr. 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Radke
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut, Schlossgartenstr. 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Albena Lederer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Str. 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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41
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42
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A theory of topological separation of linear and star-shaped polymers by two-dimensional chromatography. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Im K, Park HW, Lee S, Chang T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography analysis of synthetic polymers using fast size exclusion chromatography at high column temperature. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4606-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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44
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Mass V, Bellas V, Pasch H. Two-Dimensional Chromatography of Complex Polymers, 7 - Detailed Study of Polystyrene-block-Polyisoprene Diblock Copolymers Prepared by Sequential Anionic Polymerization and Coupling Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Two-dimensional chromatography of complex polymers. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1203:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Guo F, Yan C. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for the analysis ofLobelia chinensisLour. using an ESI/APCI multimode ion source. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2388-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Edam R, Meunier DM, Mes EPC, Van Damme FA, Schoenmakers PJ. Branched-polymer separations using comprehensive two-dimensional molecular-topology fractionation x size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1201:208-14. [PMID: 18550074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Branching has a strong influence on the processability and properties of polymers. However, the accurate characterization of branched polymers is genuinely difficult. Branched molecules of a certain molecular weight exhibit the same hydrodynamic volumes as linear molecules of substantially lower weights. Therefore, separation by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), will result in the co-elution of molecules with different molecular weights and branching characteristics. Chromatographic separation of the polymer molecules in sub-microm channels, known as molecular-topology fractionation (MTF), may provide a better separation based on topological differences among sample molecules. MTF elution volumes depend on both the topology and molar mass. Therefore co-elution of branched molecules with linear molecules of lower molar mass may also occur in this separation. Because SEC and MTF exhibit significantly different selectivity, the best and clearest separations can be achieved by combining the two techniques in a comprehensive two-dimensional (MTFxSEC) separation system. In this work such a system has been used to demonstrate branching-selective separations of star branched polymers and of randomly long-chain-branched polymers. Star-shaped polymers were separated from linear polymers above a column-dependent molecular weight or size.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Edam
- University of Amsterdam, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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48
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Ali I, Gupta V, Aboul‐Enein HY, Hussain A. Hyphenation in sample preparation: Advancement from the micro to the nano world. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2040-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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49
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Gaborieau M, Nicolas J, Save M, Charleux B, Vairon JP, Gilbert RG, Castignolles P. Separation of complex branched polymers by size-exclusion chromatography probed with multiple detection. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:215-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Im K, Park HW, Kim Y, Ahn S, Chang T, Lee K, Lee HJ, Ziebarth J, Wang Y. Retention Behavior of Star-Shaped Polystyrene near the Chromatographic Critical Condition. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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