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Xiong C, Fang F, Chen L, Yang Q, He J, Zhou D, Shen B, Ma L, Sun Y, Zhang D, Zhu C. Trypsin-catalyzed deltamethrin degradation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89517. [PMID: 24594869 PMCID: PMC3940599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore if trypsin could catalyze the degradation of non-protein molecule deltamethrin, we compared in vitro hydrolytic reactions of deltamethrin in the presence and absence of trypsin with ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, acute oral toxicity of the degradation products was determined in Wistar rats. The results show that the absorption peak of deltamethrin is around 264 nm, while the absorption peaks of deltamethrin degradation products are around 250 nm and 296 nm. In our GC setting, the retention time of undegraded deltamethrin was 37.968 min, while those of deltamethrin degradation products were 15.289 min and 18.730 min. The LD50 of deltamethrin in Wistar rats is 55 mg/kg, while that of deltamethrin degradation products is 3358 mg/kg in female rats and 1045 mg/kg in male rates (61-fold and 19-fold reductions in toxicity), suggesting that trypsin could directly degrade deltamethrin, which significantly reduces the toxicity of deltamethrin. These results expand people's understanding of the functions of proteases and point to potential applications of trypsin as an attractive agent to control residual pesticides in the environment and on agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Xiong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fujin Fang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinggui Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Changliang Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wang Y, Zagorevski DV, Lennartz MR, Loegering DJ, Stenken JA. Detection of in vivo matrix metalloproteinase activity using microdialysis sampling and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9961-71. [PMID: 19904964 PMCID: PMC3547635 DOI: 10.1021/ac901703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of endoproteases that break down extracellular matrix and whose upregulation contributes to several diseases. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed to quantify MMP-1 and MMP-9 substrates and their N-terminal peptide products in samples obtained from implanted microdialysis sampling probes. In vitro studies with purified human MMP-1 and MMP-9 were used to optimize the assay and determine the effectiveness of the local delivery of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, GM 6001. Localized delivery of GM 6001 at 10 microM was sufficient to completely inhibit product formation in vitro. In vivo studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats were performed with microdialysis probes implanted into the subcutaneous tissue. Directly after microdialysis probe implantation, infusions of the MMP-1 and MMP-9 substrates (50 microM each) resulted in recovered product concentrations of approximately 2 microM. During a 50 microM GM 6001 coinfusion with the substrates, a 30% and 25% reduction in product formation for the MMP-1 and MMP-9 substrates was obtained, respectively. Blank dialysates were negative for enzymatic activity that could cleave the MMP substrates. This method allowed for the activity of different MMPs surrounding the microdialysis probe to be observed during in vivo sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Yang Q, Sun L, Zhang D, Qian J, Sun Y, Ma L, Sun J, Hu X, Tan W, Wang W, Zhu C. Partial characterization of deltamethrin metabolism catalyzed by chymotrypsin. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1528-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schultz KN, Kennedy RT. Time-resolved microdialysis for in vivo neurochemical measurements and other applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:627-661. [PMID: 20636092 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in chemical concentrations over time in complex environments is typically performed using sensors and spectroscopic techniques. Another approach is to couple sampling methods, such as microdialysis, with chromatographic, electrophoretic, or enzymatic assays. Recent advances of such coupling have enabled improvements in temporal resolution, multianalyte capability, and automation. In a sampling and analysis method, the temporal resolution is set by the mass sensitivity of the analytical method, analysis time, and zone dispersion during sampling. Coupling methods with high speed and mass sensitivity to microdialysis sampling help to reduce some of these contributions to yield methods with temporal resolution of seconds. These advances have been primarily used in monitoring neurotransmitters in vivo. This review covers the problems associated with chemical monitoring in the brain, recent advances in using microdialysis for time-resolved in vivo measurements, sample applications, and other potential applications of the technology such as determining reaction kinetics and process monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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