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Mansour FR, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Hamed M. Analytical Methods for the Determination of Quercetin and Quercetin Glycosides in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-26. [PMID: 37898879 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2269421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant-derived compounds that have several health benefits, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anti-carcinogenic effects. Quercetin is a flavonoid that is widely present in various fruits, vegetables, and drinks. Accurate determination of quercetin in different samples is of great importance for its potential health benefits. This review, is an overview of sample preparation and determination methods for quercetin in diverse matrices. Previous research on sample preparation and determination methods for quercetin are summarized, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each method and providing insights into recent developments in quercetin sample treatment. Various analytical techniques are discussed including spectroscopic, chromatographic, electrophoretic, and electrochemical methods for the determination of quercetin and its derivatives in different samples. UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-visible) spectrophotometry is simple and inexpensive but lacks selectivity. Chromatographic techniques (HPLC, GC) offer selectivity and sensitivity, while electrophoretic and electrochemical methods provide high resolution and low detection limits, respectively. The aim of this review is to comprehensively explore the determination methods for quercetin and quercetin glycosides in diverse matrices, with emphasis on pharmaceutical and biological samples. The review also provides a theoretical basis for method development and application for the analysis of quercetin and quercetin glycosides in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotouh R Mansour
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Monufia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Hamed
- School of Information Technology and Computer Science (ITCS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Oreopoulou A, Choulitoudi E, Tsimogiannis D, Oreopoulou V. Six Common Herbs with Distinctive Bioactive, Antioxidant Components. A Review of Their Separation Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102920. [PMID: 34069026 PMCID: PMC8157015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosemary, oregano, pink savory, lemon balm, St. John’s wort, and saffron are common herbs wildly grown and easily cultivated in many countries. All of them are rich in antioxidant compounds that exhibit several biological and health activities. They are commercialized as spices, traditional medicines, or raw materials for the production of essential oils. The whole herbs or the residues of their current use are potential sources for the recovery of natural antioxidant extracts. Finding effective and feasible extraction and purification methods is a major challenge for the industrial production of natural antioxidant extracts. In this respect, the present paper is an extensive literature review of the solvents and extraction methods that have been tested on these herbs. Green solvents and novel extraction methods that can be easily scaled up for industrial application are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Oreopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
- Vioryl, Agricultural and Chemical Industry, Research S.A., 28th km National Road Athens-Lamia, 19014 Attiki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Choulitoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsimogiannis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
- NFA (Natural Food Additives), Laboratory of Natural Extracts Development, 6 Dios st, 17778 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Oreopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.O.); (E.C.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107723166
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Koturevic B, Adnadjevic B, Jovanovic J. Comparative kinetic analysis of total hypericin extraction from Hypericum perforatum flowers carried out under simultaneous external physical field and cooling reaction system operational conditions. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Magnetic solid-phase extraction of quercetin on magnetic-activated carbon cloth (MACC). JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Elena Ţebrencu C, Iordache TV, Ionescu E, Mihaela Creţu R, Florea AM, Teodor S, Apostol S, Zaharia A, Radu AL, Sârbu A. Straightforward Preparation of Naphtodianthrone-Rich Ethanolic Extracts from Wild St. John's Wort. J Diet Suppl 2018; 17:88-96. [PMID: 30380351 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1484404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Separation of naphtodianthrones (NTs) from Hypericum perforatum L. (aerial part of St. John's Wort) is still topical due to some hard-to-beat medicinal attributes of these bioactive compounds. Unfortunately, their low bioavailability (0.06%-0.4%) complicates the extraction process. Therefore, developing straightforward and lower-cost methodologies for NT separation is still a priority. In support of this purpose, for preparing NT formulations from flowers and leaves of wild St. John's Wort (hyperici herba), a cutoff preparative methodology is described herein. Combining Soxhlet extraction and reflux extraction, some concentrated and rather pure NT ethanolic-based formulations without chlorophyl and grease were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Ţebrencu
- Commercial Society for Research and Processing of Medicinal Plants "PLANTAVOREL" S.A, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Tanţa-Verona Iordache
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Ionescu
- Commercial Society for Research and Processing of Medicinal Plants "PLANTAVOREL" S.A, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Mihaela Creţu
- Commercial Society for Research and Processing of Medicinal Plants "PLANTAVOREL" S.A, Piatra Neamt, Romania
| | - Ana-Mihaela Florea
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sandu Teodor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Steluta Apostol
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Zaharia
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anita-Laura Radu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Sârbu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Advanced Polymer Materials and Polymer Recycling Group, Bucharest, Romania
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Zeliou K, Kontaxis NI, Margianni E, Petrou C, Lamari FN. Optimized and Validated HPLC Analysis of St. John's Wort Extract and Final Products by Simultaneous Determination of Major Ingredients. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 55:805-812. [PMID: 28472287 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this work was to develop a validated high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of extracts and final products of St. John's wort, according to international guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with a combination of gradient and isocratic steps; the mobile phase composed of ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.5; 10 mM), acetonitrile and methanol. Quantification and method validation was performed using extract spiked with external reference standards of chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercetin and hypericin. Validation study revealed that trans-chlorogenic acid is partially transformed into its cis-isomer during analysis. The method showed good linearity, precision and accuracy. Hyperforin was completely unstable. All other ingredients were stable at -18°C and after three freeze-thaw cycles, while stability of most ingredients was limited at room temperature and 4 - 8°C; quercetin was the most unstable one. The major ingredients of methanolic extracts, infusions and final products of Hypericum perforatum were completely resolved and quantified. Beyond its potential usefulness in the analysis of St. John's wort products, this study addresses the issue of validation from the perspective of the field of bioanalysis and reveals the wealth of critical information which can be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Zeliou
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos I Kontaxis
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelia Margianni
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Petrou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Pharmacy Program, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., Nicosia, CY-1700, Cyprus
| | - Fotini N Lamari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Cheng W, Fan F, Zhang Y, Pei Z, Wang W, Pei Y. A Facile Approach for Fabrication of Core-Shell Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Nanospheres towards Hypericin. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E135. [PMID: 30970815 PMCID: PMC6431851 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By taking advantage of the self-polymerization of dopamine on the surface of magnetic nanospheres in weak alkaline Tris-HCl buffer solution, a facile approach was established to fabricate core-shell magnetic molecularly imprinted nanospheres towards hypericin (Fe₃O₄@PDA/Hyp NSs), via a surface molecular imprinting technique. The Fe₃O₄@PDA/Hyp NSs were characterized by FTIR, TEM, DLS, and BET methods, respectively. The reaction conditions for adsorption capacity and selectivity towards hypericin were optimized, and the Fe₃O₄@PDA/Hyp NSs synthesized under the optimized conditions showed a high adsorption capacity (Q = 18.28 mg/g) towards hypericin. The selectivity factors of Fe₃O₄@PDA/Hyp NSs were about 1.92 and 3.55 towards protohypericin and emodin, respectively. In addition, the approach established in this work showed good reproducibility for fabrication of Fe₃O₄@PDA/Hyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Fengfeng Fan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wenji Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Agapouda A, Booker A, Kiss T, Hohmann J, Heinrich M, Csupor D. Quality control of Hypericum perforatum L. analytical challenges and recent progress. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 71:15-37. [PMID: 28266019 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The most widely applied qualitative and quantitative analytical methods in the quality control of Hypericum perforatum extracts will be reviewed, including routine analytical tools and most modern approaches.
Key findings
Biologically active components of H. perforatum are chemically diverse; therefore, different chromatographic and detection methods are required for the comprehensive analysis of St. John's wort extracts. Naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols and flavonoids are the most widely analysed metabolites of this plant. For routine quality control, detection of major compounds belonging to these groups seems to be sufficient; however, closer characterization requires the detection of minor compounds as well.
Conclusions
TLC and HPTLC are basic methods in the routine analysis, whereas HPLC-DAD is the most widely applied method for quantitative analysis due to its versatility. LC-MS is gaining importance in pharmacokinetic studies due to its sensitivity. Modern approaches, such as DNA barcoding, NIRS and NMR metabolomics, may offer new possibilities for the more detailed characterization of secondary metabolite profile of H. perforatum extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Agapouda
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Booker
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
- Division of Herbal and East Asian Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Tivadar Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Heinrich
- Research Cluster “Biodiversity and Medicines”, Research Group “Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy”, UCL School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
| | - Dezső Csupor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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9
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Molecularly imprinted polymer for specific extraction of hypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. herbal extract. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 98:210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rainha N, Lima E, Baptista J, Fernandes-Ferreira M. Content of hypericins from plants andin vitroshoots ofHypericum undulatumSchousb. ex Willd. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:869-79. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.688051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Dmitrienko SG, Kudrinskaya VA, Apyari VV. Methods of extraction, preconcentration, and determination of quercetin. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481204003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Helmja K, Vaher M, Püssa T, Orav A, Viitak A, Levandi T, Kaljurand M. Variation in the composition of the essential oils, phenolic compounds and mineral elements ofHypericum perforatumL. growing in Estonia. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:496-510. [DOI: 10.1080/14786411003792165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Rainha N, Lima E, Baptista J. Comparison of the endemic AzoreanHypericum foliosumwith otherHypericumspecies: antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25:123-35. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.512560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bagdonaitė E, Mártonfi P, Repčák M, Labokas J. Variation in the contents of pseudohypericin and hypericin in Hypericum perforatum from Lithuania. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and antioxidant activity of the water extracts of several Hypericum species. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hypericins as potential leads for new therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:562-94. [PMID: 20386655 PMCID: PMC2852855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11020562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
70 years have passed since the first isolation of the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. Today, they continue to be one of the most promising group of polyphenols, as they fascinate with their physical, chemical and important biological properties which derive from their unique chemical structure. Hypericins and their derivatives have been extensively studied mainly for their antitumor, antiviral and antidepressant properties. Notably, hypericin is one of the most potent naturally occurring photodynamic agents. It is able to generate the superoxide anion and a high quantum yield of singlet oxygen that are considered to be primarily responsible for its biological effects. The prooxidant photodynamic properties of hypericin have been exploited for the photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT), as hypericin, in combination with light, very effectively induces apoptosis and/or necrosis of cancer cells. The mechanism by which these activities are expressed continues to be a main topic of discussion, but according to scientific data, different modes of action (generation of ROS & singlet oxygen species, antiangiogenesis, immune responces) and multiple molecular pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathway, ERK inhibition) possibly interrelating are implicated. The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent advances (from 2005 and thereof) in the chemistry and biological activities (in vitro and in vivo) of the pure naphthodianthrones, hypericin and pseudohypericin from H. perforatum. Extracts from H. perforatum were not considered, nor pharmakokinetic or clinical data. Computerised literature searches were performed using the Medline (PubMed), ChemSciFinder and Scirus Library databases. No language restrictions were imposed.
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Chen J, Wang GY, Shi YP. Method development and validation for simultaneous HPLC analysis of six active components of the Chinese medicine Qin-Bao-Hong antitussive tablet. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.21.2009.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K. Analytical Procedures for Determination of Quercetin and its Glycosides in Plant Material. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340902820718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Hammer KDP, Hillwig ML, Neighbors JD, Sim YJ, Kohut ML, Wiemer DF, Wurtele ES, Birt DF. Pseudohypericin is necessary for the light-activated inhibition of prostaglandin E2 pathways by a 4 component system mimicking an Hypericum perforatum fraction. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:2354-62. [PMID: 18707743 PMCID: PMC2633243 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum (Hp) has been used medicinally to treat a variety of conditions including mild-to-moderate depression. Recently, several anti-inflammatory activities of Hp have been reported. An ethanol extract of Hp was fractionated with the guidance of an anti-inflammatory bioassay (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin E2 production (PGE2)), and four constituents were identified. When combined together at concentrations detected in the Hp fraction to make a 4 component system, these constituents (0.1microM chlorogenic acid (compound 1), 0.08microM amentoflavone (compound 2), 0.07microM quercetin (compound 3), and 0.03microM pseudohypericin (compound 4)) explained the majority of the activity of the fraction when activated by light, but only partially explained the activity of this Hp fraction in dark conditions. One of the constituents, light-activated pseudohypericin, was necessary, but not sufficient to explain the reduction in LPS-induced PGE2 of the 4 component system. The Hp fraction and the 4 component system inhibited lipoxygenase and cytosolic phospholipase A2, two enzymes in the PGE2-mediated inflammatory response. The 4 component system inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the Hp fraction inhibited the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Thus, the Hp fraction and selected constituents from this fraction showed evidence of blocking pro-inflammatory mediators but not enhancing inflammation-suppressing mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. P. Hammer
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program at Iowa State University, 2102 Molecular Biology Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University, 2312 Food Sciences Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Matthew L. Hillwig
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology at Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Jeffrey D. Neighbors
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Iowa, 305 Chemistry Building at the University of Iowa; Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Young-Je Sim
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Kinesiology at Iowa State University, 246 Forker Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Marian L. Kohut
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Kinesiology at Iowa State University, 246 Forker Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - David F. Wiemer
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Chemistry at the University of Iowa, 305 Chemistry Building at the University of Iowa; Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Eve S. Wurtele
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program at Iowa State University, 2102 Molecular Biology Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology at Iowa State University, 1210 Molecular Biology Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Diane F. Birt
- The Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, 215 MacKay Hall; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program at Iowa State University, 2102 Molecular Biology Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Iowa State University, 2312 Food Sciences Building; Ames, Iowa, 50011
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Diane F. Birt, Tel: (515) 294-9873 Fax: (515) 294-6193
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Grevenstuk T, Gonçalves S, Nogueira JMF, Romano A. Plumbagin recovery from field specimens of Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) link. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:229-235. [PMID: 17929241 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The naphthoquinone plumbagin has a broad spectrum of biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of two extraction methods (Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction) and three solvents (methanol, chloroform and hexane) to recover plumbagin from fresh and dried tissues of field specimens of Drosophyllum lusitanicum (L.) Link. The highest extraction yields were obtained with methanol as solvent and using fresh plant material. The obtained extracts were analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and plumbagin was the major compound present. Plumbagin was quantified in the extracts using the external standard methodology. The results obtained showed that the best recoveries of plumbagin were attained using fresh plant material and there were no significant differences between Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Moreover, hexane proved to be the more appropriate solvent for the extraction of plumbagin, providing high recoveries and the most concentrated extracts, yielding 2.42 mg of plumbagin per gram of plant material with the highest degree of purity. This method is a simple and efficient one to extract large amounts of plumbagin from D. lusitanicum field specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Grevenstuk
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Ayan AK, Çırak C, Güney K. Seasonal Variation of Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Contents in Hypericum Scabrum L. Growing Wild in Turkey. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800300228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine ontogenetic and morphogenetic variations of hypericin and pseudohypericin contents in Hypericum scabrum growing in Turkey. Plants were harvested at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting stages and observed for the presence of dark glands. Subsequently, they were dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues, which were dried separately, and subsequently assayed for hypericin and pseudohypericin contents by HPLC. No hypericins were detected in stem tissues, while leaves and reproductive parts accumulated both compounds at different levels depending on growth stages. In general, higher levels of hypericin and pseudohypericin accumulation were observed in reproductive parts. Content of both hypericin forms decreased with advancing of plant development and reached their highest levels at floral budding stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kemal Ayan
- The High School of Profession of Bafra, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Çırak
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kerim Güney
- University of Kastamonu, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forestry Botany, Kastamonu, Turkey
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Ong ES, Heng MY, Tan SN, Hong Yong JW, Koh H, Teo CC, Hew CS. Determination of gastrodin and vanillyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume by pressurized liquid extraction at room temperature. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2130-7. [PMID: 17625795 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at room temperature with a laboratory-assembled system was applied for the extraction of gastrodin (GA) and vanillyl alcohol (VA) in Gastrodia elata Blume. The proposed system setup for this current work was simpler as no heating and backpressure regulator was required. Extraction with PLE was carried out dynamically at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, at room temperature, under an applied pressure of 10-20 bars with an extraction time of 40-50 min. The extraction efficiencies of the proposed method using 20% aqueous ethanol were compared with heating under reflux using organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol/water (20:80) for different batches of medicinal plant materials. For the determination of GA and VA in G. elata Blume, the extraction efficiencies of PLE at room temperature were observed to be comparable with heating under reflux. The method precision was found to vary from 1.6 to 8.6% (RSD, n = 6) on different days. The marker compounds present in the various medicinal plant extracts were determined by gradient elution HPLC and HPLC/MS/MS. Our work demonstrated the possibility of implementation of PLE at room temperature and the advantages of minimizing the use of organic solvents in the extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Shi Ong
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Shibayama Y, Kawachi A, Onimaru S, Tokunaga J, Ikeda R, Nishida K, Kuchiiwa S, Nakagawa S, Takamura N, Motoya T, Takeda Y, Yamada K. Effect of pre-treatment with St John's Wort on nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in rats. Life Sci 2007; 81:103-8. [PMID: 17543347 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An herbal health care supplement, St John's Wort (SJW, Hypericum perforatum) has become widely used in the treatment of depression, and is known to interact with therapeutic drugs. Here we report a preventive effect of SJW on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were given SJW (400 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 10 consecutive days, and were injected with cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.v.) on the day after the final SJW treatment. Cisplatin treatment increased the serum creatinine level, which is an index of nephrotoxicity, to 1.51+/-0.22 mg/dl (mean+/-SE) from 0.28+/-0.05 mg/dl (control) on day 5 after the cisplatin injection. This increase fell significantly to 0.86+/-0.13 mg/dl by pre-treatment with SJW. Cisplatin-induced histological abnormality of the kidney was blocked by pre-treatment with SJW. When SJW was administered for 10 days, the amounts of renal metallothionein (MT) and hepatic multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2) were increased to 164.8+/-13.0% and 220.8+/-39.3% (mean+/-SE) of controls, respectively. GSH levels in the kidney and liver were not changed. Total and free cisplatin concentration in serum was not influenced by SJW treatment. In conclusion, the results suggest that pre-treatment with SJW may diminish cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Shibayama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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Fu Y, Zu Y, Liu W, Hou C, Chen L, Li S, Shi X, Tong M. Preparative separation of vitexin and isovitexin from pigeonpea extracts with macroporous resins. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1139:206-13. [PMID: 17140590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitexin and isovitexin are a pair of isomeric compounds known as the major constituents in pigeonpea leaves and possess various pharmacological activities. In the present study, the preparative separation of vitexin and isovitexin with macroporous resins (Nankai Hecheng S & T, Tianjin, China) was studied. The performance and adsorption characteristics of eight macroporous resins including ADS-5, ADS-7, ADS-8, ADS-11, ADS-17, ADS-21, ADS-31 and ADS-F8 have been evaluated. The research results indicate that ADS-5 resin is most appropriate for the separation of vitexin and isovitexin. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the interactions between solutes and resin at different temperatures, and the equilibrium experimental data were well fitted to the two isotherms. Column packed with ADS-5 resin was used to perform dynamic adsorption and desorption tests to optimize the separation process. The optimum parameters for adsorption were as follows: the concentration of vitexin and isovitexin in sample solution: 0.22 and 0.40mg/mL, respectively, processing volume: 3 BV, flow rate: 1mL/min, pH 4, temperature: 25 degrees C; for desorption: ethanol-water (40:60, v/v), 5 BV as an eluent, flow rate: 1mL/min. After one run treatment with ADS-5 resin, the contents of vitexin and isovitexin were increased 4.07-fold and 11.52-fold from 0.86%, 1.53% to 3.50% and 17.63%, the recovery yields were 65.03% and 73.99%, respectively. In conclusion, the preparative separation of vitexin and isovitexin can be easily and effectively achieved via adsorption and desorption on ADS-5 resin, and the method can be referenced for the separation of other flavone C-glucosides from herbal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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