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Sornambigai M, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kumar SS. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex as a universal reagent for the fabrication of heterogeneous electrochemiluminescence platforms and its recent analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5875-5898. [PMID: 37507465 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has received enormous attention and has emerged as one of the most successful tools in the field of analytical science. Compared with homogeneous ECL, the heterogeneous (or solid-state) ECL has enhanced the rate of the electron transfer kinetics and offers rapid response time, which is highly beneficial in point-of-care and clinical applications. In ECL, the luminophore is the key element, which dictates the overall performance of the ECL-based sensors in various analytical applications. Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) complex, Ru(bpy)32+, is a coordination compound, which is the gold-standard luminophore in ECL. It has played a key role in translating ECL from a "laboratory curiosity" to a commercial analytical instrument for diagnosis. The aim of the present review is to provide the principles of ECL and classical reaction mechanisms-particularly involving the heterogeneous Ru(bpy)32+/co-reactant ECL systems, as well as the fabrication methods and its importance over solution-phase Ru(bpy)32+ ECL. Then, we discussed the emerging technology in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL-sensing platforms and their recent potential analytical applications such as in immunoassay sensors, DNA sensors, aptasensors, bio-imaging, latent fingerprint detection, point-of-care testing, and detection of non-biomolecules. Finally, we also briefly cover the recent advances in solid-state Ru(bpy)32+ ECL coupled with the hyphenated techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathavan Sornambigai
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | - Shanmugam Senthil Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI) Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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2
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Brown K, Dennany L. Electrochemiluminescence sensors and forensic investigations: a viable technique for drug detection? PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are today considered one of the major ticking public health time bombs in regard to drug abuse. The inability to identify these substances with current screening methods, sees their distribution remain uninterrupted and contributes to the high death rates amongst users. To tackle this problem, it is vital that new robust screening methods are developed, addressing the limitation of those currently in place, namely colour subjectivity and lack of compatibility with the complex matrices these substances may be found within. To this avail, electrochemical methods have been assessed. These low cost and extremely portable sensors have been successfully applied for the direct detection of a broad range of compounds of interest in a range of matrices including, herbal material, commercial drinks and biological fluids (serum, saliva, sweat and urine). With their high versatility, gifted through a significant degree of flexibility in regard to electrode material a range of sensors have to date been reported. In this review the various electrochemical sensors developed to date for NPS detection will be compared and contrasted, with a special focus upon those utilising electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Technology & Innovation Centre, 99 George Street , G1 1RD Glasgow , UK
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4
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Brown K, McMenemy M, Palmer M, Baker MJ, Robinson DW, Allan P, Dennany L. Utilization of an Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Atropine Determination in Complex Matrices. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12369-12376. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Moira McMenemy
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Palmer
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Baker
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Robinson
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Lancashire, PR1 2XT, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Allan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
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Field-Amplified Sample Injection and Solid-Phase Extraction for Sensitivity Improvement of Electrophoretic Determination of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Indole-3-Butyric Acid in Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Abdelshafi NA, Panne U, Schneider RJ. Screening for cocaine on Euro banknotes by a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay. Talanta 2017; 165:619-624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Peng X, Wang H, Yang B, Zhan X, Wu Y. Field-Amplified Sample Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis for the Determination of Bisphenol A, α-Naphthol and β-Naphthol in Drinks and Lake Water. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Zhang S, Ding Y, Wei H. Ruthenium polypyridine complexes combined with oligonucleotides for bioanalysis: a review. Molecules 2014; 19:11933-87. [PMID: 25116805 PMCID: PMC6271144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes are among the most interesting coordination complexes and they have attracted great attention over the past decades due to their appealing biological, catalytic, electronic and optical properties. Ruthenium complexes have found a unique niche in bioanalysis, as demonstrated by the substantial progress made in the field. In this review, the applications of ruthenium complexes coordinated with polypyridine ligands (and analogues) in bioanalysis are discussed. Three main detection methods based on electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, and photoluminscence are covered. The important targets, including DNA and other biologically important targets, are detected by specific biorecognition with the corresponding oligonucleotides as the biorecognition elements (i.e., DNA is probed by its complementary strand and other targets are detected by functional nucleic acids, respectively). Selected examples are provided and thoroughly discussed to highlight the substantial progress made so far. Finally, a brief summary with perspectives is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yubin Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Hui Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Kong D, Li Q, Chen L, Chi Y, Chen G. Capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection for the separation and determination of thyreostatic drugs in animal feed. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1199-205. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dexian Kong
- School of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Ministry of Education and Fujian Province); College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Qinglu Li
- School of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Lichan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Ministry of Education and Fujian Province); College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Yuwu Chi
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Ministry of Education and Fujian Province); College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Guonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety (Ministry of Education and Fujian Province); College of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou Fujian China
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Capillary Electrophoresis with UV Detection to Determine Cocaine on Circulated Banknotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/489705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology employing capillary electrophoresis with UV detection (CE-UV) was developed, validated, and applied to determine the presence of cocaine on Brazilian banknotes. Some of the banknotes analyzed were obtained directly from general circulation (well used) while others were collected from Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) (relatively new). The background electrolyte optimized using Peakmaster 5.1 software was composed of 60 mmol L−1 TRIS(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 20 mmol L−1 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, at pH 8.4. The separation time achieved for cocaine was only 2.5 minutes. The figures of merit obtained in the evaluation of the proposed method were good linearity (r>0.999) in the concentration range of 0.8–8.0 mg L−1 and acceptable limits of detection and quantification (0.2 mg L−1 and 0.8 mg L−1, resp.). The relative standard deviations of the instrumental precision, repeatability (intraday), and intermediate precision (interday) were less than 4.5% (peak area). The accuracy evaluated through comparing the cocaine results for the banknotes determined by the proposed CE-UV method and using an LC-MS/MS method showed no significant difference between the methods (95% confidence level). In the analysis of the samples cocaine was detected on 93% of the circulating banknotes in amounts ranging from 11.5 μg to 2761.9 μg per note.
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11
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Waite RJ, Barbante GJ, Barnett NW, Zammit EM, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence detection of piperazine designer drugs and related compounds using tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(III). Talanta 2013; 116:1067-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Discovered triethylamine as impurity in synthetic DNAs for and by electrochemiluminescence techniques. Talanta 2013; 116:308-14. [PMID: 24148408 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purity of the synthetic oligonucleotides is very important because it is crucial for the accuracy of the established biological assays. Herein, it was discovered that one impurity in synthetic DNAs might affect the experiment results of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection techniques, which was never reported before. According to a series of experiments using ECL detection methods combined with capillary electrophoresis (CE) (CE-ECL), the impurity was identified as triethylamine (TEA), which came from incomplete removal after HPLC purification of synthetic DNAs. Moreover, CE-ECL technique was for the first time to be proposed for discovering, identifying and sensitive determining the possible impurity such as TEA in various DNA samples, which was usually neglected by other detection techniques for purification quality control of synthetic oligonucleotides. A detection range from 5.00×10(-10) to 2.00×10(-5) M with a detection limit as low as 50 nM (S/N=3) was reached for TEA. Through further designed ECL methods and data analysis, situations which would be really affected by the impurity of TEA were studied. To avoid or eliminate the impact of the TEA impurity on ECL applications, judgment basis for choosing purification ways was discussed according to individual requirements.
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13
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Preparation of polynorepinephrine adhesive coating via one-step self-polymerization for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography coupled with electrogenerated chemiluminesense detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Airado-Rodríguez D, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to field-amplified sample injection for the sensitive analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, phencyclidine and lysergic acid diethylamide by capillary electrophoresis in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:189-97. [PMID: 23141624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet detection method has been developed and validated for the analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and phencyclidine (PCP) in human urine. The separation of these three analytes has been achieved in less than 8 min in a 72-cm effective length capillary with 50-μm internal diameter. 100 mM NaH(2)PO(4)/Na(2)HPO(4), pH 6.0 has been employed as running buffer, and the separation has been carried out at temperature and voltage of 20°C, and 25kV, respectively. The three drugs have been detected at 205 nm. Field amplified sample injection (FASI) has been employed for on-line sample preconcentration. FASI basically consists in a mismatch between the electric conductivity of the sample and that of the running buffer and it is achieved by electrokinetically injecting the sample diluted in a solvent of lower conductivity than that of the carrier electrolyte. Ultrapure water resulted to be the better sample solvent to reach the greatest enhancement factor. Injection voltage and time have been optimized to 5 kV and 20s, respectively. The irreproducibility associated to electrokinetic injection has been correcting by using tetracaine as internal standard. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been employed as sample treatment using experimental design and response surface methodology for the optimization of critical variables. Linear responses were found for MDMA, PCP and LSD in presence of urine matrix between 10.0 and 100 ng/mL approximately, and LODs of 1.00, 4.50, and 4.40 ng/mL were calculated for MDMA, PCP and LSD, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the three drugs of interest in human urine with satisfactory recovery percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Airado-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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15
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Gao W, Chen Y, Chen G, Xi J, Chen Y, Yang J, Xu N. Trace analysis of three antihistamines in human urine by on-line single drop liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 904:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Li J, Wang E. Applications of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) in electrochemiluminescence. CHEM REC 2011; 12:177-87. [PMID: 22170737 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] has received considerable interest over broad applications due to its remarkably high sensitivity and extremely wide dynamic range. After a brief introduction of the ECL of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), an overview of our recent research on enhanced ECL, fabrication of solid-state ECL sensors, analytical application of an effective bioassay, and alignment of ECL with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microchip CE is discussed in detail. Finally, we conclude with a look at the future challenges and prospects of the development of ECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
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17
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Rabanes HR, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: Highlights of the last five years (2006-2010). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:180-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) coupled to capillary/microchip electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 704:16-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen ML, Suo LL, Gao Q, Feng YQ. Determination of eight illegal drugs in human urine by combination of magnetic solid-phase extraction with capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2099-106. [PMID: 21766481 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Using magnetite/silica/poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)/poly(MAA-co-EDMA)) magnetic microspheres, a rapid and high-throughput magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis (MSPE-CZE) method was developed for the determination of illegal drugs (ketamine, amphetamines, opiates, and metabolites). The MSPE of target analytes could be completed within 2 min, and the eight target analytes could be baseline separated within 15 min by CZE with 30 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 2.0) containing 15% v/v ACN as background electrolyte. Furthermore, hydrodynamic injection with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) was employed to enhance the sensitivity of this MSPE-CZE method. Under such optimal conditions, the limits of detection for the eight target analytes ranged from 0.015 to 0.105 μg/mL. The application feasibility of MSPE-CZE in illegal drugs monitoring was demonstrated by analyzing urine samples, and the recoveries of target drugs for the spiked sample ranging from 85.4 to 110.1%. The method reproducibility was tested by evaluating the intra- and interday precisions, and relative standard deviations of <10.3 and 12.4%, respectively, were obtained. To increase throughput of the analysis, a home-made MSPE array that has potential application to the treatment of 96 samples simultaneously was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Luan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Meng L, Wang B, Luo F, Shen G, Wang Z, Guo M. Application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and CE with UV detection for the chiral separation and determination of the multiple illicit drugs on forensic samples. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 209:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Signal-enhancer molecules encapsulated liposome as a valuable sensing and amplification platform combining the aptasensor for ultrasensitive ECL immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4204-8. [PMID: 21561758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An innovatory ECL immunoassay strategy was proposed to detect the newly developing heart failure biomarker N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Firstly, this strategy used small molecules encapsulated liposome as immune label to construct a sandwich immune sensing platform for NT-proBNP. Then the ECL aptasensor was prepared to collect and detect the small molecules released from the liposome. Finally, based on the ECL signal changes caused by the small molecules, the ECL signal indirectly reflected the level of NT-proBNP antigen. In this experiment, the cocaine was chosen as the proper small molecule that can act as signal-enhancer to enhance the ECL of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+). The cocaine-encapsulated liposomes were successfully characterized by TEM. The quantificational calculation proved the ∼5.3×10(3) cocaine molecules per liposome enough to perform the assignment of signal amplification. The cocaine-binding ECL aptasensor further promoted the work aimed at amplifying signal. The performance of NT-proBNP assay by the proposed strategy exhibited high sensitivity and high specificities with a linear relationship over 0.01-500 ng mL(-1) range, and a detection limit down to 0.77 pg mL(-1).
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22
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Wang Y, Wu Q, Cheng M, Cai C. Determination of β-blockers in pharmaceutical and human urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection and studies on the pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:871-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Cai Q, Chen L, Luo F, Qiu B, Lin Z, Chen G. Determination of cocaine on banknotes through an aptamer-based electrochemiluminescence biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:289-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection: fundamental theory, apparatus, and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3323-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Adcock JL, Barrow CJ, Barnett NW, Conlan XA, Hogan CF, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs. Drug Test Anal 2010; 3:145-60. [PMID: 21154734 DOI: 10.1002/dta.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We review the determination of various controlled drugs (opioids, tranquilizers, stimulants, and hallucinogens) using flow-analysis methodologies (flow injection analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and microfluidic devices) with chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence reagents such as luminol, diaryloxalates, tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II), permanganate, manganese(IV), and sulfite, for industrial, clinical, pharmaceutical, and forensic science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui L Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia
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Deng B, Xie F, Li L, Shi A, Liu Y, Yin H. Determination of galanthamine in Bulbus Lycoridis Radiatae by coupling capillary electrophoresis with end-column electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2356-60. [PMID: 20680932 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of galanthamine (GAL) in Bulbus Lycoridis Radiatae has been developed based on coupling CE with an end-column tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Parameters affecting CE separation and ECL detection were investigated and optimized. Baseline separation of GAL from other components in the Bulbus Lycoridis Radiatae sample was achieved with an 18 mmol/L phosphate running buffer at pH 9.0. Under the optimized conditions: 12 kV CE-separation voltage, ECL detection potential at 1.25 V with 5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) and 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 in the detection reservoir, the linear range of GAL concentration was from 0.8 ng/mL to 2 microg/mL, whereas the detection limit was 0.25 ng/mL (S/N=3). The proposed method was successfully demonstrated for the determination of GAL in Bulbus Lycoridis Radiatae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyang Deng
- Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, P. R. China.
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27
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Lara FJ, García-Campaña AM, Velasco AI. Advances and analytical applications in chemiluminescence coupled to capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1998-2027. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Muzyka EN, Rozhitskii NN. Systems of capillary electrophoresis in electrochemiluminescence analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s106193481006002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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29
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Li H, Shi L, Liu X, Niu W, Xu G. Determination of isocyanates by capillary electrophoresis with tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) electrochemiluminescence. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3926-31. [PMID: 19885882 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CE with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)(3) (2+)) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection for the quantitative determination of isocyanates was first reported. Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and hexyl isocyanate (HI) were used as the model analytes. Commercially available N,N-diethyl-N'-methylethylenediamine was used as the derivatization reagent. It has both a secondary amine group and a tertiary amine group. The secondary amine group can quantitatively react with isocyanate group, and the tertiary amine group can react with Ru(bpy)(3) (2+) to produce strong ECL signal for sensitive detection. The derivatization reaction was almost instantaneous and is much faster than other reported derivative reactions using other derivative reagents. The urea formed was stable. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range from 0.01 to 10 microM for HDI, and 0.02 to 20 microM for hexyl isocyanate (HI). The detection limit is 0.01 microM for HDI and 0.02 microM for HI. The method is more sensitive than UV-detection and electrochemical detection. For practical application, recovery higher than 90% for HDI and HI was obtained for foam sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
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30
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Sun H, Li L, Su M. Simultaneous determination of proline and pipemidic acid in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 24:327-33. [PMID: 20872568 PMCID: PMC6647738 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pipemidic acid is extensively used in the treatment of Gram-negative urinary tract infections, and the contents of proline in human urine vary in association with chronic uremia. The simultaneous determination of pipemidic acid and proline in human urine is of significance for quality control of the dosage and clinical study. The coupling of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)-based electrochemiluminescence detection with capillary electrophoresis was developed for the simultaneous determination of proline and pipemidic acid in human urine. Parameters related to the separation and detection were investigated and optimized. The standard curves were linear between 0.1 and 90 µg mL(-1) for proline and between 0.4 and 100 µg mL(-1) for pipemidic acid. Underoptimized conditions, the detection limits (3σ) were 0.02 µg mL(-1) for proline and 0.06 µg mL(-1) for pipemidic acid. Relative standard derivations for the electrochemiluminescence intensity and the migration time were 3.2 and 0.9% for proline and 3.7 and 1.2% for pipemidic acid, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine proline and pipemidic acid in human urine. The result showed that the content and decreasing rates of proline in urine for male were higher than that for female, and the content and decreasing rate of pipemidic acid in urine for male and female were consistent, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
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31
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32
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Progress in Ru(bpy)32+ Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin mesylate in human urine using capillary electrophoresis electrochemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2585-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Wang J, Zhang X, Pi F, Wang X, Yang N. Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II)–bisoprolol-based electrochemiluminescence coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Liu YM, Shi YM, Liu ZL. Determination of enoxacin and ofloxacin by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection in biofluids and drugs and its application to pharmacokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:941-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Chemiluminescence detection of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) alkaloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:508-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Sun J, Xu X, Wang C, You T. Analysis of amphetamines in urine with liquid-liquid extraction by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3999-4007. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Han B, Du Y, Wang E. Simultaneous determination of pethidine and methadone by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Wei H, Liu J, Zhou L, Li J, Jiang X, Kang J, Yang X, Dong S, Wang E. [Ru(bpy)3]2+-doped silica nanoparticles within layer-by-layer biomolecular coatings and their application as a biocompatible electrochemiluminescent tag material. Chemistry 2008; 14:3687-93. [PMID: 18306266 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(bpy)3]2+-doped silica (RuSi) nanoparticles were synthesized by using a water/oil microemulsion method. Stable electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was obtained when the RuSi nanoparticles were immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode by using tripropylamine (TPA) as a coreactant. Furthermore, the ECL of the RuSi nanoparticles with layer-by-layer biomolecular coatings was investigated. Squential self-assembly of the polyelectrolytes and biomolecules on the RuSi nanoparticles gave nanocomposite suspensions, the ECL of which decreased on increasing the number of bilayers. Moreover, factors that affected the assembly and ECL signals were investigated. The decrease in ECL could be assigned to steric hindrance and limited diffusion of the coreactant molecules in the silica matrix after they were attached to the biomolecules. Since surface modification of the RuSi nanoparticles can improve their biocompatibility and prevent leaking of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ ions, the RuSi nanoparticles can be readily used as efficient and stable ECL tag materials in immunoassay and DNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
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40
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Zuo Y, Zhang K, Wu J, Rego C, Fritz J. An accurate and nondestructive GC method for determination of cocaine on US paper currency. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2444-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Miao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, USA.
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42
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Chang TH, Liu FK, Chang YC, Chu TC. Rapidly Characterizing the Growth of Au Nanoparticles by CE. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Armenta S, de la Guardia M. Analytical methods to determine cocaine contamination of banknotes from around the world. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Du Y, Wang E. Separation and Detection of Narcotic Drugs on a Microchip Using Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography and Electrochemiluminescence. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Simpson SL, Quirino JP, Terabe S. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:504-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2005–2007). Electrophoresis 2008; 29:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Deng B, Kang Y, Li X, Xu Q. Determination of josamycin in rat plasma by capillary electrophoresis coupled with post-column electrochemiluminescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 859:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Li T, Li B, Dong S. Adaptive recognition of small molecules by nucleic acid aptamers through a label-free approach. Chemistry 2007; 13:6718-23. [PMID: 17506050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel label-free method for the investigation of the adaptive recognition of small molecules by nucleic acid aptamers using capillary electrophoresis analysis. Cocaine and argininamide were chosen as model molecules, and the two corresponding DNA aptamers were used. These single-strand DNAs folded into their specific secondary structures, which were mainly responsible for the binding of the target molecules with high affinity and specificity. For molecular recognition, the nucleic acid structures then underwent additional conformational changes, while keeping the target molecules stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The intrinsic chemical and physical properties of the target molecules enabled them to act as indicators for adaptive binding. Thus any labeling or modification of the aptamers or target molecules were made obsolete. This label-free method for aptamer-based molecular recognition was also successfully applied to biological fluids and therefore indicates that this approach is a promising tool for bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
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49
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Field-amplified sample injection and in-capillary derivatization for capillary electrophoretic analysis of metal ions in local wines. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Du Y, Wang E. Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:875-90. [PMID: 17536733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances and key strategies in capillary electrophoresis and microchip CE with electrochemical detection (ECD) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection are reviewed. This article consists of four main parts: CE-ECD; microchip CE-ECD; CE-ECL; and microchip CE-ECL. It is expected that ECD and ECL will become powerful tools for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly disposable devices. The focus is on papers published in the last two years (from 2005 to 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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