1
|
Hefnawy M, El-Gendy M, Al-Salem H, Marenga H, El-Azab A, Abdel-Aziz A, Gamal AE, Alanazi M, Obaidullah A, Al-Hossaini A, Hefnawy A. Trends in monoliths: Packings, stationary phases and nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463819. [PMID: 36724721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoliths media are gaining interest as excellent substitutes to conventional particle-packed columns. Monolithic columns show higher permeability and lower flow resistance than conventional liquid chromatography columns, providing high-throughput performance, resolution and separation in short run times. Monolithic columns with longer length, smaller inner diameter and specific selectivity to peptides or enantiomers have been played important role in hyphenated system. Monolithic stationary phases possess great efficiency, resolution, selectivity and sensitivity in the separation of complex biological samples, such as the complex mixtures of peptides for proteome analysis. The development of monolithic stationary phases has opened the new avenue in chromatographic separation science and is in turn playing much more important roles in the wide application area. Monolithic stationary phases have been widely used in fast and high efficiency one- and multi-dimensional separation systems, miniaturized devices, and hyphenated system coupled with mass spectrometers. The developing technology for preparation of monolithic stationary phases is revolutionizing the column technology for the separation of complex biological samples. These techniques using porous monoliths offer several advantages, including miniaturization and on-line coupling with analytical instruments. Additionally, monoliths are ideal support media for imprinting template-specific sites, resulting in the so-called molecularly-imprinted monoliths, with ultra-high selectivity. In this review, the origin of the concept, the differences between their characteristics and those of traditional packings, their advantages and drawbacks, theory of separations, the methods for the monoliths preparation of different forms, nanoparticle monoliths and metal-organic framework are discussed. Two application areas of monolithic metal-organic framework and nanoparticle monoliths are provided. The review article discusses the results reported in a total of 218 references. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of monoliths, both in preparation and types, as well as separation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Manal El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al-Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin Marenga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali El Gamal
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal, Aromatic & Poisonous Plant Research Center (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Hossaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hefnawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jatoi HUK, Goepel M, Poppitz D, Kohns R, Enke D, Hartmann M, Gläser R. Mass Transfer in Hierarchical Silica Monoliths Loaded With Pt in the Continuous-Flow Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of p-Nitrophenol. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.789416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sol-gel-based silica monoliths with hierarchical mesopores/macropores are promising catalyst support and flow reactors. Here, we report the successful preparation of cylindrically shaped Pt-loaded silica monoliths (length: 2 cm, diameter: 0.5 cm) with a variable mean macropore width of 1, 6, 10, or 27 μm at a fixed mean mesopore width of 17 nm. The Pt-loaded monolithic catalysts were housed in a robust cladding made of borosilicate glass for use as a flow reactor. The monolithic reactors exhibit a permeability as high as 2 μm2 with a pressure drop below 9 bars over a flow rate range of 2–20 cm3 min−1 (solvent: water). The aqueous-phase hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol with NaBH4 as a reducing agent was used as a test reaction to study the influence of mass transfer on catalytic activity in continuous flow. No influence of flow rate on conversion at a fixed contact time of 2.6 s was observed for monolithic catalysts with mean macropore widths of 1, 10, or 27 µm. As opposed to earlier studies conducted at much lower flow velocities, this strongly indicates the absence of external mass-transfer limitations or stagnant layer formation in the macropores of the monolithic catalysts.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hormann K, Baranau V, Hlushkou D, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Topological analysis of non-granular, disordered porous media: determination of pore connectivity, pore coordination, and geometric tortuosity in physically reconstructed silica monoliths. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02814k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches are applied and compared, which are universally applicable to quantify pore coordination, pore and pore-throat connectivity, and geometric tortuosity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Hormann
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Vasili Baranau
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Dzmitry Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- D-35032 Marburg
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stoeckel D, Kübel C, Loeh MO, Smarsly BM, Tallarek U. Morphological Analysis of Physically Reconstructed Silica Monoliths with Submicrometer Macropores: Effect of Decreasing Domain Size on Structural Homogeneity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7391-7400. [PMID: 25654337 DOI: 10.1021/la5046018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silica monoliths are increasingly used as fixed-bed supports in separation and catalysis because their bimodal pore space architecture combines excellent mass transport properties with a large surface area. To optimize their performance, a quantitative relationship between morphology and transport characteristics has to be established, and synthesis conditions that lead to a desired morphology optimized for a targeted application must be identified. However, the effects of specific synthesis parameters on the structural properties of silica monoliths are still poorly understood. An important question is how far the macropore and domain size can be reduced without compromising the structural homogeneity. We address this question with quantitative morphological data derived for a set of eight macroporous-mesoporous silica monoliths with an average macropore size (d(macro)) of between 3.7 and 0.1 μm, prepared following an established route involving the sol-gel transition and phase separation. The macropore space of the silica monolith samples is reconstructed using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy followed by a quantitative assessment of geometrical and topological properties based on chord length distributions (CLDs) and branch-node analysis of the pore network, respectively. We observe a significant increase in structural heterogeneity, indicated by a decrease in the parameter k derived from fitting a k-gamma function to the CLDs, when d(macro) reaches the submicrometer range. The compromised structural homogeneity of silica monoliths with submicrometer macropores could possibly originate from early structural freezing during the competitive processes of sol-gel transition and phase separation. It is therefore questionable if the common approach of reducing the morphological features of silica monoliths into the submicrometer regime by changing the point of sol-gel transition can be successful. Alternative strategies and a better understanding of the involved competitive processes should be the focus of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Stoeckel
- †Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- §Institute of Nanotechnology and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marc O Loeh
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Smarsly
- ‡Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- †Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hydrodynamic and dispersion behavior in a non-porous silica monolith through fluid dynamic study of a computational mimic reconstructed from sub-micro-tomographic scans. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1274:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Morphology and separation efficiency of a new generation of analytical silica monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1222:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Arrua RD, Causon TJ, Hilder EF. Recent developments and future possibilities for polymer monoliths in separation science. Analyst 2012; 137:5179-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35804b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Bruns S, Müllner T, Kollmann M, Schachtner J, Höltzel A, Tallarek U. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Method for Quantitative Characterization of Silica Monolith Morphology. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6569-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100909t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tibor Müllner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Schachtner
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Höltzel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hlushkou D, Bruns S, Tallarek U. High-performance computing of flow and transport in physically reconstructed silica monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3674-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Kanamori K, Hasegawa J, Nakanishi K, Hanada T. Facile Synthesis of Macroporous Cross-Linked Methacrylate Gels by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800563p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Kanamori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Joji Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Teiichi Hanada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Núñez O, Nakanishi K, Tanaka N. Preparation of monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:231-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
JINNAI H, MORITA H, NIIHARA KI. Recent Advances in Transmission Electron Microtomography for Polymer Research. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2008. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.65.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Billen J, Desmet G. Understanding and design of existing and future chromatographic support formats. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:73-99; discussion 71-2. [PMID: 17706659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present contribution reviews the use of alternative support formats as a means to surpass the chromatographic performance of the packed bed of spheres. First, a number of idealized structures are considered to obtain a general insight in how the performance of a chromatographic support depends on its shape and size, using the isocratic peak-capacity generation speed as the main performance indicator. Using this criterion, it is found that the packing density or, equivalently, the external porosity, is the most important of all geometrical shape factors. Depending on whether the sample consists of weakly or strongly retained components, the optimal external porosity can be expected to vary between 60% and a value near 100%. The optimal exploitation of a high external porosity, however, also requires overall shrinkage of the domain size, towards and into the sub-micron range. With the current fabrication technologies, this requirement seems difficult to achieve. In the presence of a lower limit on the characteristic support size, each range of desired plate numbers or peak capacities has its own optimal external porosity, ranging from a very low value (high packing density) for high speed, small peak capacity applications, to very high external porosities (low packing density) for applications requiring a very large peak capacity. Subsequently, the obtained theoretical insights are used to review and discuss the past and current research on alternative support formats. Finally, a number of emerging micro- and nano-fabrication technologies are introduced and their potential for the future production of supports with improved shape and homogeneity is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Billen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Guiochon G. Monolithic columns in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:101-68; discussion 100. [PMID: 17640660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic media have been used for various niche applications in gas or liquid chromatography for a long time. Only recently did they acquire a major importance in high-performance column liquid chromatography (HPLC). The advent of monolithic silica standard- and narrow-bore columns and of several families of polymer-based monolithic columns has considerably changed the HPLC field, particularly in the area of narrow-bore columns. The origin of the concept, the differences between their characteristics and those of traditional packed columns, their advantages and drawbacks, the methods of preparation of monoliths of different forms, and the current status of the field are reviewed. The actual and potential performance of monolithic columns are compared with those of packed columns. Monolithic columns have considerable advantages, which makes them most useful in many applications of liquid chromatography. They are extremely permeable and offer a high efficiency that decreases slowly with increasing flow velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Guiochon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakanishi K, Tanaka N. Sol–Gel with Phase Separation. Hierarchically Porous Materials Optimized for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Separations. Acc Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ar600034p#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nakanishi K, Tanaka N. Sol-gel with phase separation. Hierarchically porous materials optimized for high-performance liquid chromatography separations. Acc Chem Res 2007; 40:863-73. [PMID: 17650924 DOI: 10.1021/ar600034p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sol-gel processes for fabricating oxides or metalloxane polymers with controlled porous structures have been reviewed. Gel materials having controlled macropores are synthesized by polymerization-induced phase separation and concurrent sol-gel transition in a variety of chemical compositions. Several variations of tailoring mesopore structures within the macroporous materials are introduced, which enable one to design hierarchically porous metal oxide and metalloxane polymer materials. Applications of monolithic silica gels having hierarchical macro/mesoporous structure to the separation media of high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC, are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Babin J, Iapichella J, Lefèvre B, Biolley C, Bellat JP, Fajula F, Galarneau A. MCM-41 silica monoliths with independent control of meso- and macroporosity. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b711544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|