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Cong H, Wang F, Chen Y, Hu H, Chen X, Shen Y, Yu B. Thermally Responsive Anti‐Protein Adsorption Coated Capillary for Electrophoretic Analysis of Proteins. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibres and Eco-Textiles Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- Centre for Bio nanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Materials Science and Engineering Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibres and Eco-Textiles Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
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Crihfield C, Kristoff C, Veltri L, Penny W, Holland L. Semi-permanent cationic coating for protein separations. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1607:460397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Shulman L, Pei L, Bahnasy MF, Lucy CA. High pH instability of quaternary ammonium surfactant coatings in capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2018; 142:2145-2151. [PMID: 28524193 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00330g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The two-tailed cationic surfactant dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide (DODAB) produces semi-permanent coatings that yield strongly reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF), for example -0.31 ± 0.01 cm2 kV-1 s-1 at pH 3.5. Moreover, these coatings are easy to prepare, regenerable, cost effective, and yield high efficiency (520 000-900 000 plates per m) separations of cationic proteins over many runs under acidic (pH 3.5) conditions. Given the quaternary amine functionality of DODAB, we were surprised to observe that DODAB coatings become unstable at pH > 7. At pH 7.2, the EOF of a DODAB coated capillary drifted from reversed to cathodic over only 5 runs, and protein separations became severely compromised. By pH 12, no EOF reversal was observed. Electrophoretic and mass spectrometric studies demonstrate that the coating decomposition involves a surface conversion of the quaternary amine in DODAB to a variety of products, although the exact mechanism remains elusive. Regardless, the results herein demonstrate that semi-permanent coatings based on cationic two-tailed surfactants such as DODAB are limited to separations using acidic buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Shulman
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2.
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Self-assembled covalent capillary coating of diazoresin/carboxyl fullerene for analysis of proteins by capillary electrophoresis and a comparison with diazoresin/graphene oxide coating. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:226-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nehmé R, Perrin C. Highly charged polyelectrolyte coatings to prevent adsorption during protein and peptide analysis in capillary electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 984:191-206. [PMID: 23386345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-296-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an interesting technique for protein and peptide analysis. However, one of the major problems concerns sample adsorption on the internal capillary wall. The use of non-covalent coatings using highly charged polyelectrolytes is an efficient, simple, and fast approach to reduce peptide and protein adsorption phenomena. We have studied in a systematic manner the effect of coating conditions on the stability and efficiency of multilayer coatings using poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) as polycation and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) as polyanion. When optimal conditions defined in the protocols are used, very stable coatings are obtained and adsorption phenomena are eliminated. The coatings are stable over a large range of pH buffer (2-10) and in the presence of organic solvent. Hundreds of analyses can be performed without coating regeneration. Coated capillaries can be easily stored and reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans, France
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Corradini D, De Rossi A, Nicoletti I. Interactions of Proteins with the Acidic Components of the Electrolyte Solution and Their Role in the Performance of Separations by CZE. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu Q, Tian J, Zhang C, Yang H, Liu Y, Qin W, Liu Z. Cationic poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as additives for capillary electroseparation and detection of proteins. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gulcev MD, Lucy CA. Effect of coating electrolytes on two-tailed surfactant bilayer coatings in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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MacDonald AM, Bahnasy MF, Lucy CA. A modified supported bilayer/diblock polymer – Working towards a tunable coating for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gulcev MD, McGinitie TM, Bahnasy MF, Lucy CA. Surfactant bilayer coatings in narrow-bore capillaries in capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2010; 135:2688-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Nehmé R, Perrin C, Cottet H, Blanchin M, Fabre H. Influence of polyelectrolyte capillary coating conditions on protein analysis in CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1888-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Stutz H. Protein attachment onto silica surfaces - a survey of molecular fundamentals, resulting effects and novel preventive strategies in CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2032-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jurcic K, Yeung KKC. Sphingomyelins as semi-permanent capillary coatings for protein separations in CE and off-line analysis with MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1817-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Knob R, Gerstmann S, Čabala R, Frank H. Polypyrrole-Coated and Polysulfate-Modified CE Capillaries. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Farkas V, Rezeli M, Végvári A, Kilár F, Hjertén S. General approach for certain quantitative calculations for instance of the variance of reversible adsorption to the capillary wall in CE. Anal Chem 2009; 81:343-8. [PMID: 19125449 DOI: 10.1021/ac8010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of analytical separation methods offers several advantages, including short run times, high resolution, and high recovery of the sample constituents. To optimize these parameters, the reversible adsorption (to minimize loss in resolution), as well as the irreversible adsorption (to minimize loss of analytes) must be quantified.However, no useful equation is available for the calculation of the variance of reversible adsorption. Therefore,we have taken another approach to quantify the reversible interaction. The method is unique and important since no equation for calculation of this variance is required. Instead, two experiments are required, which are run under such conditions that the variance of a certain parameter has the same numerical value in the two experiments (one with and without EOF), except for the variance of reversible adsorption. The approach is universal in the sense that it can be used for many different mathematical concepts and be modified to also cover certain functions other than a sum of parameters.We have also introduced a simple expression for their reversible adsorption, which shows that the hydrophobic interaction from only two methyl groups in the coating gives rise to as much as 40-50% loss of protein, and the width of the zones in the capillary with this coating was 8-15% larger compared to the zone width in the polyacrylamide-coated capillaries. The reproducibility in migration time, peak area, and peak width in two consecutive runs in capillaries with two methyl groups in the coating was very low, but in EOF-free polyacrylamide-coated capillaries extremely high, indicating that the reversible and irreversible adsorption of proteins to this coating is negligible. The scanning detector, frequently used in free zone electrophoresis in the 1960s-1970s, gives true separation parameters and is, therefore, much preferable to the stationary detector used in most CE experiments, because this detector gives apparent separation parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Wu X, Wei W, Su Q, Xu L, Chen G. Simultaneous separation of basic and acidic proteins using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ion liquid as dynamic coating and background electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2356-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu Q, Yang Y, Yao S. Enhanced stability of surfactant-based semipermanent wall coatings in capillary electrophoresis using oppositely charged surfactant. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:260-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lucy CA, MacDonald AM, Gulcev MD. Non-covalent capillary coatings for protein separations in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:81-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mora MF, Felhofer J, Ayon A, Garcia CD. Surfactants as a Preferred Option to Improve Separation and Electrochemical Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701792927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mohabbati S, Hjertén S, Westerlund D. Studies on the analytical performance of a non-covalent coating with N,N-didodecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium bromide for separation of basic proteins by capillary electrophoresis in acidic buffers in 25-and 50-μm capillaries. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:667-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Martello R, Kolivoska V, Raggi MA, Kenndler E. CE of tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine and metabolites: Electromigration and wall adsorption. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3650-7. [PMID: 17893949 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CE of tricyclic antidepressants clomipramine and its metabolites demethylclomipramine, didemethylclomipramine and 8-hydroxyclomipramine resulted in partly extremely tailing peaks in bare fused-silica capillaries. Especially at high pH of the BGE this behavior was not unexpected as adsorption of the cationic analytes onto the negatively charged wall due to electrostatic attraction can be supposed. Less expected was the observation that peak tailing could not be overcome neither by using a capillary with dynamic coating with cationic CTAB added to the BGE, nor by the usage of a capillary permanently coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), both operated at acidic pH. As this tailing was even more pronounced than with bare fused silica, and was suppressed upon addition of MeCN to the BGE, another source of adsorption than pure ion-ion interaction seems plausible. In the bare silica capillary the mobility, mu, of the analytes followed roughly the pH dependence of a monoacidic base, but two deviations from the sigmoid theoretical curve were evident: (i) even at low pH the mobilities were not constant; they decreased in contrary with pH over the entire range; (ii) the apparent pK(a) values of two analytes, derived at the pH with halve the mobility at low pH, are significantly smaller than the thermodynamic pK(a). Upon modifying the expression for mu = f(pH), and considering the pH dependence of the negative charge density at the wall by an additional term which takes chromatographic retention into account, an equation was derived which enables the description of the observed electromigration of the analytes as function of pH, pK(a) of analytes and surface silanol groups, actual mobility of analytes, distribution coefficient (or retention factor) due to adsorption including its pH dependence. The interplay of electrophoretic movement and residual adsorptive retention allowed to resolve the analytes finally in an uncoated capillary, namely at pH 7.65 (30 mM ionic strength), whereas at the cost of the robustness of the separation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Martello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jacksén J, Frisk T, Redeby T, Parmar V, van der Wijngaart W, Stemme G, Emmer A. Off-line integration of CE and MALDI-MS using a closed–open–closed microchannel system. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2458-65. [PMID: 17577881 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new technique for off-line hyphenation between CE and MALDI-MS is presented. Two closed fused-silica capillaries were connected via a silicon chip comprising an open microcanal. The EOF in the system was evaluated using mesityloxide or leucine-enkephalin as a sample and with a running buffer that rendered the analyte neutrally charged. Comparison was made between the EOF in a closed system (first capillary solely included in the electrical circuit) and in a closed-open system (first capillary and microcanal included in the electrical circuit). It was concluded that the experimental values of the EOF agreed with the theory. The influence of the capillary outer diameter on the peak dispersion was investigated using a closed-open-closed system (first capillary, microcanal and second capillary included in the electrical circuit). It was clearly seen that a capillary with 375 microm od induced considerably higher peak dispersion than a 150 microm od capillary, due to a larger liquid dead volume in the connection between the first capillary outlet and the microcanal. Mass spectrometric analysis has also been performed following CE separation runs in a closed-open-closed system with cytochrome c and lysozyme as model proteins. It was demonstrated that a signal distribution profile of the separated analytes could be recorded over a 30 mm long microcanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Jacksén
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Diress AG, Lucy CA. Self-assembled coating for modification of the electro-osmotic flow in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using formamide. CAN J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/v07-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of pure nonaqueous solvents in capillary electrophoresis (CE) can alter the separation selectivity and enhance the solubility of hydrophobic compounds and enables the use of higher voltages. However, control of the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) is essential. In this work, we report the use of self-assembled coatings for EOF modification and elimination of analyte adsorptions onto silica capillaries in pure formamide. Bilayer capillary coatings derived from the double chain cationic surfactant dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (2C18DAB) reverses the EOF in buffers such as acetate, formate, and phosphate. Reversed EOF of >1.1 × 10–4 cm2/Vs enables the separation of the pharmaceutical drugs propranolol, metoprolol, chloroquine, and chloropheniramine in less than 5 min with efficiencies of 0.2–0.5 million plates/m (66 000 to 165 000 plates). Chemical and physical factors affecting the coating stability and their influence on separation speed and efficiency of the cationic drugs in formamide are also investigated.Key words: capillary electrophoresis, cationic surfactants, electro-osmotic flow, formamide, nonaqueous solvents.
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