1
|
Zhang P, Liu W, Li W, Wang Q, Zhang G, Zhao L, Li J, Ji W, Wang C, Wang J. A Rapid and Sensitive Method for Free Amino Acids in Nasal Feeding Nutrition by Liquid Chromatography with Liquid Extraction-Derivatization. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
2
|
Chen Y, Chang K, Xie X, Liu X, Jia M, Nie L, Li H, Wang S. Disassociation of glutamate from γ-aminobutyric acid by zinc acetate-assisted differential precipitation/dissolution: Application to the quantification of γ-aminobutyric acid. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:19-26. [PMID: 30638713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a key physiologically active molecule in organisms. Separation of glutamate from its decarboxylated product GABA has been vigorously pursued. The interaction between these two compounds severely hindered their disassociation. Herein, we present a new strategy, termed zinc acetate-assisted differential precipitation/dissolution (ZA-DPD), for the removal of glutamate by step by step recovering pure GABA solution and discarding pure glutamate pellet, essentially attributed to the use of two core reagents (zinc acetate-assisted glutamate-precipitating reagent, and glutamate-rejecting reagent). In each precipitation, the zinc acetate-assisted glutamate-precipitating reagent guaranteed most GABA still soluble although the rest co-precipitated with glutamate; in the coupled dissolution, the co-precipitated GABA was fully dissolved with or without (in the case of glutamate-rejecting reagent used in the final dissolution) co-dissolution of glutamate. The process was repeated twice until glutamate was thoroughly removed. An accurate quantitative method coupling ZA-DPD with colorimetry was thereafter established for the determination of GABA. This study may facilitate the areas associated with GABA or glutamate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Mengya Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Lijuan Nie
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Haixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
| | - Shuixing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Remarkable impact of amino acids on ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:424-434. [PMID: 32372864 PMCID: PMC7195590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acids are one of the major constituents in Panax ginseng, including neutral amino acid, acidic amino acid, and basic amino acid. However, whether these amino acids play a role in ginsenoside conversion during the steaming process has not yet been elucidated. Methods In the present study, to elucidate the role of amino acids in ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng, an amino acids impregnation pretreatment was applied during the steaming process at 120°C. Acidic glutamic acid and basic arginine were used for the acid impregnation treatment during the root steaming. The ginsenosides contents, pH, browning intensity, and free amino acids contents in untreated and amino acid–treated P. ginseng samples were determined. Results After 2 h of steaming, the concentration of less polar ginsenosides in glutamic acid–treated P. ginseng was significantly higher than that in untreated P. ginseng during the steaming process. However, the less polar ginsenosides in arginine-treated P. ginseng increased slightly. Meanwhile, free amino acids contents in fresh P. ginseng, glutamic acid-treated P. ginseng, and arginine-treated P. ginseng significantly decreased during steaming from 0 to 2h. The pH also decreased in P. ginseng samples at high temperatures. The pH decrease in red ginseng was closely related to the decrease in basic amino acids levels during the steaming process. Conclusion Amino acids can remarkably affect the acidity of P. ginseng sample by altering the pH value. They were the main influential factors for the ginsenoside transformation. These results are useful in elucidating why and how steaming induces the structural change of ginsenoside in P. ginseng and also provides an effective and green approach to regulate the ginsenoside conversion using amino acids during the steaming process.
Collapse
|
4
|
El-Naggar T, Carretero ME, Arce C, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Methanol extract of Nigella sativa seed induces changes in the levels of neurotransmitter amino acids in male rat brain regions. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1415-1422. [PMID: 28320235 PMCID: PMC6130756 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1302485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) (NS) has been used for medicinal and culinary purposes. Different parts of the plant are used to treat many disorders. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of NS methanol extract on brain neurotransmitter amino acid levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the changes in aspartate, glutamate, glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid in five brain regions of male Wistar rats after methanol extract treatment. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with saline solution (controls) or NS methanol extract (equivalent of 2.5 g/kg body weight) and sacrificed 1 h later or after administering 1 daily dose for 8 days. The neurotransmitters were measured in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, hippocampus and thalamus by HPLC. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results showed significant changes in amino acids compared to basal values. Glutamate increased significantly (16-36%) in the regions analyzed except the striatum. Aspartate in the hypothalamus (50 and 76%) and glycine in hippocampus (32 and 25%), thalamus (66 and 29%) and striatum (75 and 48%) also increased with the two treatment intervals. γ-Aminobutyric acid significantly increased in the hippocampus (38 and 32%) and thalamus (22 and 40%) but decreased in the cortex and hypothalamus although in striatum only after eight days of treatment (24%). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that injected methanol extract modifies amino acid levels in the rat brain regions. These results could be of interest since some neurodegenerative diseases are related to amino acid level imbalances in the central nervous system, suggesting the prospect for therapeutic use of NS against these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek El-Naggar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Carmen Arce
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang L, Yu QT, Ge YZ, Zhang WS, Fan Y, Ma CW, Liu Q, Qi LW. Distinct urine metabolome after Asian ginseng and American ginseng intervention based on GC-MS metabolomics approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39045. [PMID: 27991533 PMCID: PMC5171912 DOI: 10.1038/srep39045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products worldwide. Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) show different properties and medicinal applications in pharmacology, even though the main active constituents of them are both thought to be ginsenosides. Metabolomics is a promising method to profile entire endogenous metabolites and monitor their fluctuations related to exogenous stimulus. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics approach was applied to study the overall urine metabolic differences between Asian ginseng and American ginseng in mice. Metabolomics analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) together with multivariate statistical data analysis. A total of 21 metabolites related to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, TCA cycle and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, differed significantly under the Asian ginseng treatment; 34 metabolites mainly associated with glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, TCA cycle and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, were significantly altered after American ginseng treatment. Urinary metabolomics reveal that Asian ginseng and American ginseng can benefit organism physiological and biological functions via regulating multiple metabolic pathways. The important pathways identified from Asian ginseng and American ginseng can also help to explore new therapeutic effects or action targets so as to broad application of these two ginsengs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Tao Yu
- Research &Development Centre, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Ge
- Research &Development Centre, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Wen-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chung-Wah Ma
- Research &Development Centre, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Qun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schou-Pedersen AMV, Hansen SN, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Simultaneous quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters and their biogenic metabolites intracellularly and extracellularly in primary neuronal cell cultures and in sub-regions of guinea pig brain. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1028:222-230. [PMID: 27379407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper, we describe a validated chromatographic method for the simultaneous quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters and their biogenic metabolites intracellularly and extracellularly in primary neuronal cell culture and in sub-regions of the guinea pig brain. Electrochemical detection provided limits of quantifications (LOQs) between 3.6 and 12nM. Within the linear range, obtained recoveries were from 90.9±9.9 to 120±14% and intra-day and inter-day precisions found to be less than 5.5% and 12%, respectively. The analytical method was applicable for quantification of intracellular and extracellular amounts of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in guinea pig frontal cortex and hippocampal primary neuronal cell cultures. Noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin were found to be in a range from 0.31 to 1.7pmol per 2 million cells intracellularly, but only the biogenic metabolites could be detected extracellularly. Distinct differences in monoamine concentrations were observed when comparing concentrations in guinea pig frontal cortex and cerebellum tissue with higher amounts of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in frontal cortex, as compared to cerebellum. The chemical turnover in frontal cortex tissue of guinea pig was for serotonin successfully predicted from the turnover observed in the frontal cortex cell culture. In conclusion, the present analytical method shows high precision, accuracy and sensitivity and is broadly applicable to monoamine measurements in cell cultures as well as brain biopsies from animal models used in preclinical neurochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie V Schou-Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Stine N Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tveden-Nyborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Lykkesfeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen XP, Lin YP, Hu YZ, Liu CX, Lan K, Jia W. Phytochemistry, Metabolism, and Metabolomics of Ginseng. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
8
|
Boonchiangma S, Ratchakrut P, Chanthai S, Srijaranai S. Reversed Phase Chromatographic Analysis of 13 Amino Acids in Honey Samples. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Hudec J, Kobida Ľ, Čanigová M, Lacko-Bartošová M, Ložek O, Chlebo P, Mrázová J, Ducsay L, Bystrická J. Production of γ-aminobutyric acid by microorganisms from different food sources. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1190-1198. [PMID: 25043158 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a potentially bioactive component of foods and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was screen lactic acid bacteria belonging to the Czech Collection of Microorganisms, and microorganisms (yeast and bacteria) from 10 different food sources for GABA production by fermentation in broth or plant and animal products. RESULTS Under an aerobic atmosphere, very low selectivity of GABA production (from 0.8% to 1.3%) was obtained using yeast and filamentous fungi, while higher selectivity (from 6.5% to 21.0%) was obtained with bacteria. The use of anaerobic conditions, combined with the addition of coenzyme (pyridoxal-5-phosphate) and salts (CaCl2 , NaCl), led to the detection of a low concentration of GABA precursor. Simultaneously, using an optimal temperature of 33 °C, a pH of 6.5 and bacteria from banana (Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families), surprisingly, a high selectivity of GABA was obtained. A positive impact of fenugreek sprouts on the proteolytic process and GABA production from plant material as a source of GABA precursor was identified. CONCLUSIONS Lactic acid bacteria for the production of new plant and animal GABA-rich products from different natural sources containing GABA precursor can be used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Hudec
- Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Slovak Agricultural University, Nitra, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wan JY, Fan Y, Yu QT, Ge YZ, Yan CP, Alolga RN, Li P, Ma ZH, Qi LW. Integrated evaluation of malonyl ginsenosides, amino acids and polysaccharides in fresh and processed ginseng. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Zhang Q, Song C, Zhao T, Fu HW, Wang HZ, Wang YJ, Kong DM. Photoluminescent sensing for acidic amino acids based on the disruption of graphene quantum dots/europium ions aggregates. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 65:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
12
|
Szterk A, Roszko M. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS, L-CARNOSINE, PURINE, PYRIMIDINE, AND NUCLEOSIDES IN MEAT BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/SINGLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.758136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szterk
- a Department of Functional Food and Commodities Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences , Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- b Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Speight LC, Samanta M, Petersson EJ. Minimalist Approaches to Protein Labelling: Getting the Most Fluorescent Bang for Your Steric Buck. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence methods allow one to monitor protein conformational changes, protein–protein associations, and proteolysis in real time, at the single molecule level and in living cells. The information gained in such experiments is a function of the spectroscopic techniques used and the strategic placement of fluorophore labels within the protein structure. There is often a trade-off between size and utility for fluorophores, whereby large size can be disruptive to the protein’s fold or function, but valuable characteristics, such as visible wavelength absorption and emission or brightness, require sizable chromophores. Three major types of fluorophore readouts are commonly used: (1) Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET); (2) photoinduced electron transfer (PET); and (3) environmental sensitivity. This review focuses on those probes small enough to be incorporated into proteins during ribosomal translation, which allows the probes to be placed on the interiors of proteins as they are folded during synthesis. The most broadly useful method for doing so is site-specific unnatural amino acid (UAA) mutagenesis. We discuss the use of UAA probes in applications relying on FRET, PET, and environmental sensitivity. We also briefly review other methods of protein labelling and compare their relative merits to UAA mutagenesis. Finally, we discuss small probes that have thus far been used only in synthetic peptides, but which have unusual value and may be candidates for incorporation using UAA methods.
Collapse
|
14
|
Prasad BB, Srivastava A, Tiwari MP. Molecularly imprinted polymer-matrix nanocomposite for enantioselective electrochemical sensing of d- and l-aspartic acid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:4071-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Prasad BB, Prasad A, Tiwari MP. Highly selective and sensitive analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid using a new molecularly imprinted polymer modified at the surface of abrasively immobilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes on pencil graphite electrode. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Electrochemically imprinted molecular recognition sites on multiwalled carbon-nanotubes/pencil graphite electrode surface for enantioselective detection of d- and l-aspartic acid. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
17
|
Ultrastructural characterization of rat neurons in primary culture. Neuroscience 2011; 200:248-60. [PMID: 22079571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the ultrastructure and morphology of neurons in primary pure culture. We therefore use immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of cultured neurons during extended incubation in vitro. Rat cerebral cortex neurons were cultured in Neurobasal™ medium. Adherent cells developed as networks of single neurons or clusters depending on the plating density. Almost all surviving cells were neurons as demonstrated by neurofilament immunolabeling. The number of cultured neurons increased substantially to 14-21 days in vitro (DIV) and then plateaued and subsequently declined. From DIV 1-10 neurons extended large neurites, followed by the development of fine and dense neurites, and neurones survived until DIV 30-50. Notably, numerous mitochondria were observed along fibrous elements within neurites, suggestive of active intracellular trafficking. Electron microscopy also revealed that multiple types of synapses were formed between neurons. These ultrastructural results confirm previous reports of electrophysiological activity in cultured neurons. However many neurons contained distorted mitochondria and abnormal organelles including multilamellar vesicles and multivesicular myeloid bodies. The proportion of neurons containing abnormal organelles increased significantly in culture medium supplemented with antibiotics. On long-term culture neuronal death and apoptotic nuclei were observed. Despite the presence of abnormal organelles, the ultrastructure of cultured neurons was very similar to that of in vivo neurons; in vitro culture therefore provides a useful tool for studies on neuronal development, aging, and neurotransmission.
Collapse
|
18
|
Song C, Zhang C, Li G, Zhang X, Chen G, You J. Highly selective and sensitive determination of free and total amino acids inApocynum venetumL. (Luobuma tea) by a developed HPLC–FLD method coupled with pre-column fluorescent labelling. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:170-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.610780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li W, Hou M, Cao Y, Song H, Shi T, Gao X, Wang D. Determination of 20 Free Amino Acids in Asparagus Tin by High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method after Pre-Column Derivatization. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Nigella sativa L. seed extract modulates the neurotransmitter amino acids release in cultured neurons in vitro. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:398312. [PMID: 20625485 PMCID: PMC2896676 DOI: 10.1155/2010/398312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigella sativa L. (NS) has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. This
study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of NS dry methanolic extract on cultured
cortical neurons and its influence on neurotransmitter release, as well as the presence of
excitatory (glutamate and aspartate) and inhibitory amino acids (gamma-aminobutyric
acid—GABA—and glycine) in NS extract. Cultured rat cortical neurons were exposed to
different times and concentrations of NS dry methanolic extract and cell viability was
then determined by a quantitative colorimetric method. NS did not induce any toxicity.
The secretion of different amino acids was studied in primary cultured cortical neurons
by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a derivation before injection
with dansyl chloride. NS modulated amino acid release in cultured neurons; GABA was
significantly increased whereas secretion of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine were
decreased. The in vitro findings support the hypothesis that the sedative and depressive
effects of NS observed in vivo could be based on changes of inhibitory/excitatory amino
acids levels.
Collapse
|
22
|
Mazzucco E, Gosetti F, Bobba M, Marengo E, Robotti E, Gennaro MC. High-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method for the simultaneous determination of typical biogenic amines and precursor amino acids. Applications in food chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:127-34. [PMID: 19928988 DOI: 10.1021/jf9030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination in food of biogenic amines and their precursor amino acids after a precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride. The chromatographic conditions, selected to be suitable for mass spectrometry detection, were optimized through experimental design and artificial neural networks. The HPLC-UV method was validated by comparing the separation results with those obtained through a HPLC method, working under the same chromatographic conditions but employing mass spectrometry detection. The HPLC-UV method was then applied to the analysis of different food samples, namely, cheese, clams, salami, and beer. For all of the matrices, recoveries (relative standard deviation always <5%) always >92% were obtained. The results are discussed as a function of the total biogenic amine content and of the concentration ratio between amines and precursor amino acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mazzucco
- DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, University of Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shi T, Tang T, Qian K, Wang F, Li J, Cao Y. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of amino acids by precolumn derivatization with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 654:154-61. [PMID: 19854347 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of amino acids after precolumn derivatization with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride (CNBF) which can readily react with both primary and secondary amines. The precolumn derivatization conditions, including the CNBF concentration, reaction pH, temperature and reaction time were investigated for method optimization. In pH 9.0 borate buffer, the reaction of amino acids with CNBF was carried out at 60 degrees C for 30min, the optimized concentration of CNBF was 70mmol L(-1) and the molar ratio of amino acids to CNBF was 1:5.25. The chromatographic separation of 19 amino acids derivatives was performed on a Kromasil ODS C(18) column (250mm x 4.6mm, 5microm) with good reproducibility, and ultraviolet detection was applied at 260 nm. The mobile phase was a mixture of phase A (acetonitrile) and phase B (acetate buffer, acetonitrile, triethylamine; 82.8:17:0.2, pH 4.9), and the flow rate was 0.4mL min(-1). The separation of all the labeled amino acids was achieved within 45min at room temperature by gradient elution mode. The method linearity, calculated for each amino acid, had a correlation coefficient higher than 0.9979, in concentrations ranging from 9.60 to 3330.00 micromol L(-1). The detection limits of amino acids were 2.40-6.50micromol L(-1), at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The proposed method was applied for the determination of amino acids in beer with recoveries of 97.0-103.9% and relative standard deviations of 2.62-4.22%, respectively. This method showed good accuracy and repeatability that can be used for the quantification of amino acids in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ishikawa A, Oka H, Hiemori M, Yamashita H, Kimoto M, Kawasaki H, Tsuji H. Development of a method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid in foodstuffs. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2009; 55:292-5. [PMID: 19602840 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.55.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in foodstuffs has been developed by combination of its dinitrophenylation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using norleucine as an internal standard. GABA was converted to its stable derivative with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and the derivative was extracted with ether. After evaporation of the extract, the residue was dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH and the solution was subjected to reversed-phase HPLC with an elution system of a linear gradient of methanol in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.0) and a detection system monitoring the absorbance of the effluent at 400 nm. The present method was shown to be utilized as a satisfactory method for the determination of gamma-aminobutyric acid in foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ishikawa
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang X, Xia Z, Wei W, Gou Q. Direct UV detection of underivatized amino acids using capillary electrophoresis with online sweeping enrichment. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1927-33. [PMID: 19425023 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This is an original report proposed a CE method for direct analysis of the underivatized amino acids using UV detection with relatively higher sensitivity, which was based on coordination interactions between amino acids and Cu (II) ions. In addition, an online sweeping preconcentration technique was easily combined to improve the detection sensitivity. Satisfying separations of the amino acids were obtained under optimized conditions: 50 mmol/L CuSO4-0.05% HAc-H2O (pH 4.5), and the separation voltage of 15 kV. The LODs for the analytes ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 micromol/L. The linearity of detection for all analytes was two orders of magnitude with the correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The repeatability was displayed with an RSD less than 3% for migration time and peak height (n = 5). Moreover, some amino acids in real samples of human saliva and green tea were analyzed by this direct UV detection CE method with acceptable sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Jiang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cheng J, Feng F, Zhuang B. Development of a New Pre-Derivatization LC Method for Analysis of Branched-Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids in Rat Plasma and to Monitor their Dynamic Variation as a Result of Acute Hepatic Injury. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
27
|
Kitaoka K, Uchida K, Okamoto N, Chikahisa S, Miyazaki T, Takeda E, Séi H. Fermented ginseng improves the first-night effect in humans. Sleep 2009; 32:413-21. [PMID: 19294962 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/32.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to clarify whether ginseng fermented by lactic acid bacteria (fermented ginseng, FG), can improve the first-night effect (FNE) in humans. DESIGN Behavioral tests and quantification of mRNA expression related to GABAergic neurotransmission in brain (glutamic acid decarboxylase 1, gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase [Abat], gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 [GAT1], gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 4, gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit alpha 1 and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit alpha 2) were carried out in FG-treated mice. We also performed double-blind sleep recordings of human subjects given FG or placebo. SETTING A university-based sleep laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Sixteen healthy male volunteers (aged 20.69 +/- 0.44 years) were observed in the human study. INTERVENTIONS At the end of administration, 2 consecutive all-night polysomnography recordings were performed. Subjects also completed psychological questionnaires, and urine and saliva samples were taken to analyze stress-sensitive markers. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS The light-dark transition test demonstrated that FG had some anxiolytic effect in mice, but other anxiety measures were unaffected. The hippocampal mRNA expression showed a decrease of Abat and GAT1 suggesting an increase of GABA. Other regions (amygdala and cerebellum) showed no differences. Furthermore, there was some evidence (using simple pairwise comparisons but not supported in the full ANOVA model) that administration of FG tended to diminish decreases in total sleep time and sleep efficiency (seen as first night effects in the placebo group) without affecting sleep architecture. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the administration of FG could improve the FNE in humans. The improvement may be related to an anxiolytic effect of FG which acts via GABAergic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Synthesis of short and long-wavelength functionalised probes: amino acids' labelling and photophysical studies. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|