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Malz F, Arndt JH, Balko J, Barton B, Büsse T, Imhof D, Pfaendner R, Rode K, Brüll R. Analysis of the molecular heterogeneity of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) blends by hyphenating size exclusion chromatography with nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461819. [PMID: 33465585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The compositional and stereochemical heterogeneity of copolymers are key molecular metrics, and their knowledge is of pivotal importance for evidence based material development. Yet, while it is state of the art to determine these parameters for many petroleum based polymers, little insight exists in that regard for bio-based materials. Towards this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was hyphenated with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in an offline manner and a blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) investigated. Thus, the microstructural heterogeneity could be shown with regard to tacticity of the PLA and regioregularity of the PBSA component. The results show, that the highest molar mass fraction differs in stereochemical composition from the others. It may be assumed that this is the result of misinsertions with regard to stereochemistry occurring during the catalytic polymerization of the lactide. While the content of both constituent polymers along the molar mass axis could be well studied using a univariate analysis of the infrared (IR) spectra, this method failed to profile the adipate and succinate content individually. For this purpose, SEC was coupled to IR spectroscopy in online mode and the spectra were evaluated by a multivariate protocol. Thus, the content of each monomer along the molar mass distribution could be mapped with high chromatographic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Malz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Arndt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Balko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Division Biopolymers, Schipkauer Str. 1, BASF A754, 01987 Schwarzheide, Germany
| | - Bastian Barton
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Büsse
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Division Biopolymers, Schipkauer Str. 1, BASF A754, 01987 Schwarzheide, Germany
| | - Dennis Imhof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Rode
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, Division Plastics, Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Brüll R. Separation of Branched Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) Structures by Solvent Gradient at Near-Critical Conditions and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5422-5429. [PMID: 29600700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Branching is a molecular metric that strongly influences the application properties of polymers. Consequently, detailed information on the microstructure is required to gain a deeper understanding of structure-property relationships. In the present case, we employ high-performance liquid chromatography to characterize the branching in a poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (PC). To this end, a method was developed based on a mobile phase gradient in a very narrow range (±1.4 vol %) around the point of adsorption (98.9/1.1 vol % chloroform/methyl tert-butyl ether), which we refer to as solvent gradient at near-critical conditions. Application of such gentle gradient enabled separation of PC according to end-groups. The separation mechanism was confirmed by collecting fractions of a separated sample and subsequently analyzing these by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Hyphenating the developed gradient method with size-exclusion chromatography as the second dimension (2D-LC) enabled separation of linear and branched PC chains and determination of the molar mass distribution of the fractions. A reversed elution order was observed for branched species in 2D-LC, meaning that low molar mass chains exhibited higher elution volumes in the first dimension than higher molar masses. This finding was explained by influences of end-groups as well as the architecture of the branched polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Apel
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Elena Uliyanchenko
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Moyses
- SABIC, 1600 Industrial Boulevard , Sugar Land , Texas 77478 , United States
| | - Stijn Rommens
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wold
- Analytical Technology, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1 , 4612 PX Bergen op Zoom , The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Macko
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics , Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (LBF) , Schlossgartenstrasse 6 , 64289 Darmstadt , Germany
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Apel N, Uliyanchenko E, Moyses S, Rommens S, Wold C, Macko T, Rode K, Brüll R. Selective chromatographic separation of polycarbonate according to hydroxyl end-groups using a porous graphitic carbon column. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot W, Parrott A, Yau W. Multiple-Injection Method in High-Temperature Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D HT-LC). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Willem deGroot
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Albert Parrott
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Wallace Yau
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in the analysis and characterization of polymers. Polymer products are not a singular species, but rather, they are a population of polymer molecules varying in composition and configuration plus other added components. This paper describes instrumentation that provides the benefit or resolving polymer populations into discrete identifiable entities, by combining chromatographic separation with continuous spectra acquisition. The technology also provides a way to determine the mass distribution of discrete components across the chromatographic distribution of a sample. Various examples of application of this technology to polymer products are described. Examples include additives analysis, resolution of polymer blends, composition characterization of copolymers, analysis of degradation byproducts, and techniques of analysis of reactive polymer systems.
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Analytical potential of mid-infrared detection in capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 679:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kuligowski J, Carrión D, Quintás G, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M. Cubic smoothing splines background correction in on-line liquid chromatography–Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6733-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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