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Boulesteix D, Buch A, Williams AJ, He Y, Freissinet C, Trainer MG, Stern JC, Szopa C. Comparison of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) thermochemolysis for in situ space analysis of organic molecules in planetary environments. Talanta 2023; 257:124283. [PMID: 36870123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the main objectives of present and future space exploration missions dedicated to astrobiology is the detection of organic molecules of interest for life (e.g. amino and fatty acids). With this aim, a sample preparation and a gas chromatograph (connected to a mass spectrometer) are generally used. To date, tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) has been the first and only thermochemolysis reagent to be used for in situ sample preparation and chemical analysis of planetary environments. Although TMAH is widely used in terrestrial laboratories, numerous applications also leverage other thermochemolysis reagents that may be more relevant than TMAH to meet both scientific and technical objectives of space instrumentation. The present study compares the performance of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH), and trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH) reagents on molecules of interest to astrobiology. The study focuses on the analyses of 13 carboxylic acids (C7-C30), 17 proteinic amino acids, and the 5 nucleobases. Here we report the derivatization yield without stirring or adding solvents, the detection sensitivity with mass spectrometry, and the nature of the degradation products from the reagents produced during pyrolysis. We conclude that TMSH and TMAH are the best reagents for analyzing carboxylic acids and nucleobases. Amino acids are not relevant targets for a thermochemolysis over 300 °C as they are degraded and showed high limits of detection. As TMAH, and probably TMSH, meet the space instrumentation requirements, this study informs sample treatment approaches prior to GC-MS analysis in in situ space studies. The thermochemolysis reaction using TMAH or TMSH is also recommended for space return missions to extract organics from a macromolecular matrix, derivatize polar or refractory organic targets, and volatilize with the fewest organic degradations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulesteix
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - A J Williams
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Y He
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupélec, University Paris-Saclay, 8-10 Rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
| | - M G Trainer
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - J C Stern
- Space Science Exploration Division (Code 690), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - C Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ University Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne University, CNRS, 11 Bd d'Alembert, 78280, Guyancourt, France
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Pavlidis G, Tsihrintzis VA, Karasali H, Alexakis D. Tree uptake of excess nutrients and herbicides in a maize-olive tree cultivation system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:1-12. [PMID: 29053945 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1366241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extent of non-point source agricultural pollution, protective measures to control agrochemicals from entering aquatic systems are necessary. Measures may include, among others, vegetated buffer strips (VFS), no spray buffer zones, alley crops and agroforestry systems (AFS). The scope of the present work is to examine the pollution abatement potential of a maize-olive (MO) AFS. The efficiency of a combined MO trees system in reducing nutrients and herbicides is tested through soil monitoring in an experimental plot, located in Koropi, Eastern Attica, Greece, in the period May 2015 to November 2015. The monitored pollutants were nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as two herbicides: pendimethalin and nicosulfuron. Soil samples were collected every 3-5 weeks at various soil horizons and distances from the tree row. Pollutant concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), ion chromatography (IC) and spectrophotometry techniques. The studied MO tree system exhibited the potential to reduce pollutant migration, with removals ranging 36.8-78.9% for [Formula: see text], 79.3-100% for [Formula: see text], 76.7-100% for [Formula: see text], 79.4-100% for [Formula: see text] and 70-100% for the examined herbicides. The higher removal percentages were observed in the upper soil layers (5-35 cm, below the crops), and where the finer tree roots extend. Thus, the results indicate that planting of trees in cultivated fields can contribute to the reduction of agrochemical pollution of the subsurface soil and in extension of groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pavlidis
- a Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering , National Technical University of Athens , Zografou , Athens , Greece
- b Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy , Benaki Phytopathological Institute , Kifissia , Athens , Greece
| | - Vassilios A Tsihrintzis
- a Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering , National Technical University of Athens , Zografou , Athens , Greece
| | - Helen Karasali
- b Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy , Benaki Phytopathological Institute , Kifissia , Athens , Greece
| | - Dimitrios Alexakis
- a Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering , National Technical University of Athens , Zografou , Athens , Greece
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Karasali H, Marousopoulou A, Machera K. Pesticide residue concentration in soil following conventional and Low-Input Crop Management in a Mediterranean agro-ecosystem, in Central Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:130-142. [PMID: 26406107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the comparative evaluation of pesticide residues, determined in soil samples from Kopaida region, Greece before and after the implementation of Low-Input Crop Management (LCM) protocols. LCM has been suggested as an environmental friendly plant protection approach to be applied on crops growing in vulnerable to pollution ecosystems, with special focus on the site specific problems. In the case of the specific pilot area, the vulnerability was mainly related to the pollution of water bodies from agrochemicals attributed to diffuse pollution primarily from herbicides and secondarily from insecticides. A total of sixty-six soil samples, were collected and analyzed during a three-year monitoring study and the results of the determined pesticide residues were considered for the impact evaluation of applied plant protection methodology. The LCM was developed and applied in the main crops growing in the pilot area i.e. cotton, maize and industrial tomato. Herbicides active ingredients such as ethalfluralin, trifluralin, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor and fluometuron were detected in most samples at various concentrations. Ethalfluralin, which was the active ingredient present in the majority of the samples ranged from 0.01 μg g(-1) to 0.26 μg g(-1) soil dry weight. However, the amount of herbicides measured after the implementation of LCM for two cropping periods, was reduced by more than 75% in all cases. The method of analysis was based on the simultaneous extraction of the target compounds by mechanical shaking, followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometric and gas chromatography electron capture (LC-MS/MS and GC-ECD) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Karasali
- Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anna Marousopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Pesticides Toxicology, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece.
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Becerra V, Odermatt J. Interferences in the direct quantification of bisphenol S in paper by means of thermochemolysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1275:70-7. [PMID: 23305856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article analyses the interferences in the quantification of traces of bisphenol S in paper by applying the direct analytical method "analytical pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry" (Py-GC/MS) in conjunction with on-line derivatisation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). As the analytes are simultaneously analysed with the matrix, the interferences derive from the matrix. The investigated interferences are found in the analysis of paper samples, which include bisphenol S derivative compounds. As the free bisphenol S is the hydrolysis product of the bisphenol S derivative compounds, the detected amount of bisphenol S in the sample may be overestimated. It is found that the formation of free bisphenol S from the bisphenol S derivative compounds is enhanced in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) under pyrolytic conditions. In order to avoid the formation of bisphenol S trimethylsulphonium hydroxide (TMSH) is introduced. Different parameters are optimised in the development of the quantification method with TMSH. The quantification method based on TMSH thermochemolysis has been validated in terms of reproducibility and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Becerra
- Wood Chemistry Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany.
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Simultaneous Enantiomeric Determination of Acidic Herbicides in Apple Juice Samples by Liquid Chromatography on a Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phase. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cui Y, Nan T, Tan G, Li QX, Wang B, Liu S. Production of Monoclonal Antibody to Herbicide Fenoxaprop-ethyl. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:463-7. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Cui
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiegui Nan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing X. Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangzhong Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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CHENG CY, WANG YC, DING WH. Determination of Triclosan in Aqueous Samples Using Solid-phase Extraction Followed by On-line Derivatization Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2011; 27:197-202. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.27.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chen WANG
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University
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Díez C, Barrado E. Soil-dissipation kinetics of twelve herbicides used on a rain-fed barley crop in Spain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1617-26. [PMID: 20419492 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the dissipation kinetics under actual field conditions of twelve herbicides in a typical xerofluvent soil in Castilla y León (north central Spain) sustaining barley. The type of soil selected was that typically used in the Castilla y León region to cultivate barley under a rain-fed alternating crop-fallow rotation regimen. Treatments were conducted in spring as two replicates and the soil was sampled every day during the first week, once a week for the following few weeks and thereafter once every month. Soil samples were extracted with a suitable mixture of acetone, water and acetic acid (30:7.5:0.3) before their analysis by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Dissipation of the herbicides was well described by a biphasic kinetics pattern. The dissipation times DT50 and DT90 were in general lower than those reported in the literature, owing to a high initial dissipation rate because of volatilization and photolysis processes caused by high environmental temperatures. Herbicide degradation was also enhanced by their lack of sorption by this low colloid-content soil. However, the most persistent herbicides, triallate, flamprop, pendimethalin, terbutryn, and isoproturon, remained for 286 to 372 days in the soil, because low water and organic carbon content impaired microbial growth. In contrast, the phenoxy acid herbicides dissipated rapidly, with no detectable residues detected on harvesting the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díez
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Ctra. Burgos km.119, 47071 Valladolid, Spain.
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Reinnicke S, Bernstein A, Elsner M. Small and Reproducible Isotope Effects during Methylation with Trimethylsulfonium Hydroxide (TMSH): A Convenient Derivatization Method for Isotope Analysis of Negatively Charged Molecules. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2013-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902750s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Reinnicke
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anat Bernstein
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Ranz A, Maier E, Motter H, Lankmayr E. Extraction and derivatization of polar herbicides for GC-MS analyses. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3021-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ranz A, Eberl A, Maier E, Lankmayr E. Microwave-assisted derivatization of acidic herbicides for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:282-8. [PMID: 18405907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microwave radiation is used to speed up chemical derivatization. In the present study, three microwave-assisted techniques for the methylation of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides prior to analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are compared. Derivatization was performed with the catalysts sulphuric acid and boron trifluoride as well as with trimethylsilyldiazomethane. In order to establish optimized and stable conditions, a screening for statistically significant factors by means of experimental designs was carried out and supplemented by a careful optimization. Special emphasis has been given to an accurate validation to prove the performance of the techniques. Furthermore, all microwave-assisted methods were compared with their conventional analogues. The optimized methods are valid for routine analysis of different matrices such as water, soil, sediment or tissues, especially for high sample throughput since a simultaneous derivatization of up to 64 samples in one run is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ranz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Technikerstrasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Díez C, Barrado E, Marinero P, Sanz M. Orthogonal array optimization of a multiresidue method for cereal herbicides in soils. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1180:10-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheng CY, Ding WH. Determination of acidic degradation products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates by large-volume injection-port derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1687-90. [PMID: 17465010 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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