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Significance of stressor media on the stability of statins: a critical assessment. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pankajkumar-Patel N, Peris-García E, Schiopu O, Ruiz-Angel MJ, Baeza-Baeza JJ, García-Alvarez-Coque MC. Performance and modelling of retention in microemulsion liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461651. [PMID: 33166895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The capability of liquid chromatography with microemulsions (MEs) as mobile phases was studied for the analysis of four parabens (butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, and propylparaben) and seven β-adrenoceptor antagonists (acebutolol, atenolol, carteolol, metoprolol, oxprenolol, propranolol, and timolol). MEs were formed by mixing aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate, the alcohol 1-butanol that played the role of co-surfactant, and octane as oil. In order to guarantee the formation of stable MEs, a preliminary study was carried out to determine the appropriate ranges of concentrations of the three components. For this purpose, mixtures of variable composition were prepared, and the possible separation of two phases (formation of an emulsion) was visually detected. The advantage offered by the addition of octane to micellar mobile phases, inside the concentration range that allows the formation of stable MEs, was evaluated by comparing the retention behaviour, peak profile and resolution of mixtures of the probe compounds, in the presence and absence of octane. The final aim of this work was the proposal of a mathematical equation to model the retention behaviour in microemulsion liquid chromatography. The derived global model that considered the three factors (surfactant, alcohol and oil) allowed the prediction of retention times at diverse mobile phase compositions with satisfactory accuracy (in the 1.1‒2.5% range). The behaviour was compared with that found with mobile phases without octane. The model also yielded information about the retention mechanism and revealed that octane, when inserted inside the micelle, modifies the interaction between solutes and micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pankajkumar-Patel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain
| | - E Peris-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain
| | - O Schiopu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain
| | - M J Ruiz-Angel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain
| | - J J Baeza-Baeza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, c/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Spain
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Xu T, Wu H, Zheng A, Yu N, Li N. Simultaneous Separation and Quantification of Vitamins by Microemulsion Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:591-599. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Microemulsion eluents have been found to have excellent potential uses in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Here, a novel, environmentally benign and simple method using concentration/flow-rate double-gradient elution using a microemulsion eluent was used to separate water- and fat-soluble vitamins simultaneously and rapidly. Preliminary screening experiments were performed to determine the optimum column type, surfactant concentration, co-surfactant to surfactant ratio, oil, mobile phase pH and microemulsion concentration. The resolution and analysis time were simultaneously optimized using concentration/flow-rate double-gradient elution. The optimized method simultaneously separated water- and fat-soluble vitamins using a Venusil ASB C8 column and a combination of isocratic and linear gradient elution modes using a microemulsion mobile phase (solvent A) consisting of 3.5% (w/w) sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10.5% (w/w) n-butanol, 0.8% (w/w) n-octanol and 85.2% (w/w) water and water (solvent B) at pH 2.50. The optimum detection wavelength was 283 nm. The method was validated and used to analyze a solid pharmaceutical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Aini Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nuojun Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Javed S, Ahsan W. Microemulsion based chromatographic techniques: Past lessons and future directions. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1584746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Peris-García E, Pankajkumar-Patel N, Ruiz-Angel MJ, Carda-Broch S, García-Alvarez-Coque MC. Oil-In-Water Microemulsion Liquid Chromatography. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2018.1524386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Peris-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Spain
| | - Nikita Pankajkumar-Patel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Spain
| | - María José Ruiz-Angel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot Spain
| | - Samuel Carda-Broch
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, Castelló Spain
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Al-Hashimi NN, Shahin RO, Al-Hashimi AN, Al Ajeal AM, Tahtamouni LH, Basheer C. Cetyl-alcohol-reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid-phase microextraction and HPLC-DAD analysis of ezetimibe and simvastatin in human plasma and urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4410. [PMID: 30315647 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new cetyl-alcohol-reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid-phase microextraction (CA-HF-SLPME) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of ezetimibe and simvastatin in human plasma and urine samples. To prepare the CA-HF-SLPME device, the cetyl-alcohol was immobilized into the pores of a 2.5 cm hollow fiber micro-tube and the lumen of the micro-tube was filled with 1-octanol with the two ends sealed. Afterwards, the prepared device was introduced into 10 mL of the sample solution containing the analytes with agitation. Under optimized conditions, calibration curves plotted in spiked plasma and urine samples were linear in the ranges of 0.363-25/0.49-25 μg L-1 for ezetimibe/simvastatin and 0.193-25/0.312-25 μg L-1 for ezetimibe/simvastatin in plasma and urine samples, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.109/0.174 μg L-1 for ezetimibe/simvastatin in plasma and 0.058/0.093 μg L-1 for ezetimibe/simvastatin in urine. As a potential application, the proposed method was applied to determine the concentration of selected analytes in patient plasma and urine samples after medication and satisfactory results were achieved. In comparison with reference methods, the CA-HF-SLPME-HPLC-DAD method demonstrates considerable potential in the biopharmaceutical analysis of selected drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil N Al-Hashimi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Rand O Shahin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Aqeel N Al-Hashimi
- University College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ajeal M Al Ajeal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal and Family Medicine, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Lubna H Tahtamouni
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, The Hashemite University, Al-Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Chanbasha Basheer
- College of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Sokolova LS, Derbina AA, Pashkova EB, Pirogov AV, Shpigun OA. Methylene selectivity in microemulsion liquid chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0027131415040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Development and validation of a reversed-phase HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of butylhydroxyanisol, simvastatin and its impurities in tablet dosage forms. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2014; 72:244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen WL, Guo DW, Shen YY, Guo SR, Ruan KP. Effects of highly hygroscopic excipients on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet at high relative humidity. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 74:527-34. [PMID: 23798778 PMCID: PMC3687922 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of highly hygroscopic sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablets at 25°/90% RH were studied. The simvastatin tablets were prepared by direct powder compression. Simvastatin and its hydrolyte, simvastatin acid, were quantitatively analysed by high performance liquid chromotography. The hygroscopicity, water swelling ratio, water solubility and pH of the four hygroscopic excipients were investigated. During the investigation period, the weight gain of sorbitol or citric acid increased faster than that of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose at 25°/90% RH, accordingly, the moisture sorption of the tablets containing citric acid or sorbitol (T-3 or T-6) were more than that of the tablets containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (T-4 or T-5). The increase of simvastatin acid content with time at 25°/90% RH for the tablets was in the following order: T-6 < T-4 < T-3 < T-5. The effects of the four excipients on the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet were related to not only their hygroscopicity but also their other properties, such as moisture retention capacity and pH. Sorbitol as hygroscopic excipient in tablet can most effectively prevent the hydrolysis of simvastatin in tablet.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai-200 240, China
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Bhatia MS, Jadhav SD, Bhatia NM, Choudhari PB, Ingale KB. Synthesis, characterization and quantification of simvastatin metabolites and impurities. Sci Pharm 2011; 79:601-14. [PMID: 21886906 PMCID: PMC3163378 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1105-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is used in treatment of hypercholesterolemia because it regulates cholesterol synthesis as a result of its β-hydroxy acid acting as an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The present communication deals with synthesis, characterization and development of accurate, precise and sensitive Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of simvastatin and its synthetic impurities. The impurities methyl ether and β-hydroxy acid of simvastatin were synthesized in the laboratory and characterized by MS, NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The separation of simvastatin and its impurities was carried out on an isocratic JASCO RP-HPLC system using KYA TECH HIQ SIL C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm internal diameter, particle size 5 μm) operating at ambient temperature using acetonitrile:water (80:20 v/v) with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid as mobile phase. The method developed for HPLC analysis of three impurities along with simvastatin was validated using ICH Q2B (R1) guidelines and it complied with these guidelines. The results of analysis were found to be in the range of 98.14% to 101.89% for all analytes with acceptable accuracy and precision. The method can be used for detection and quantification of synthetic impurities in bulk or formulations of simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish S Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near Chitranagari, Kolhapur-416013(M.S.), India
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Markman BEO, Rosa PCP, Koschtschak MRW. Assessment of the quality of simvastatin capsules from compounding pharmacies. Rev Saude Publica 2011; 44:1055-62. [PMID: 21107503 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102010000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a method for determining the simvastatin content of compounded capsules, using high performance liquid chromatography. METHODS Eighteen samples of simvastatin 40 mg capsules from compounding pharmacies in the cities of São Paulo, Guarulhos, São Bernardo do Campo and Campinas, Southeastern Brazil, prescribed for fictitious patients were assessed. The analyses were based on the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and on the high performance liquid chromatography method, optimized and validated in accordance with national and international standards for identification and quantification tests on compounded capsules. RESULTS The mean weight of the capsules ranged from 70 mg to 316 mg; four samples presented weight variation outside of the specification. The simvastatin content in the capsules was within the specification in 11 samples. In six, the content ranged from 4% to 87% of the declared quantity, thereby not complying with the content requirements for the active agent. For one sample, no content or uniformity determinations were performed. In the content uniformity test, 15 samples presented indices of less than 85%, with relative standard deviations greater than 6%. Three pharmacies had met the specification in this test. In the dissolution test, eight samples presented unsatisfactory results in the first stage of the test, while the remainder presented inconclusive results. CONCLUSIONS The method used was shown to be suitable for application to quality control, and it revealed the poor quality of the simvastatin capsules produced by some compounding pharmacies.
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Dixit RP, Barhate CR, Padhye SG, Viswanathan CL, Nagarsenker MS. Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe from Tablet Dosage Form. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 72:204-10. [PMID: 20838524 PMCID: PMC2929779 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.65028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, specific and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of ezetimibe and simvastatin from pharmaceutical dosage forms. The method uses C18 ODS Hypersil column and isocratic elution. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (pH 4.5, 0.01M) in the ratio of 65:35 v/v was used at a flow rate of 1.0 ml /min. UV detector was programmed at 232 nm for first 10 min and at 238 nm for 10 to 20 min. All the validation parameters were in acceptable range. The developed method was effectively applied to quantitate amount of ezetimibe and simvastatin from tablets. The method was also applied suitably for determining the degradation products of ezetimibe and simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. P. Dixit
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - C. R. Barhate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - S. G. Padhye
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - C. L. Viswanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
| | - M. S. Nagarsenker
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz (E), Mumbai-400 098, India
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Malenović A, Jančić-Stojanović B, Ivanović D, Medenica M. FORCED DEGRADATION STUDIES OF SIMVASTATIN USING MICROEMULSION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903574576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darko Ivanović
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Analysis , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Medenica
- b Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Physical Chemistry , Belgrade, Serbia
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Dixit RP, Barhate CR, Nagarsenker MS. Stability-Indicating HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ezetimibe and Simvastatin. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Plumb RS, Jones MD, Rainville P, Castro-Perez JM. The rapid detection and identification of the impurities of simvastatin using high resolution sub 2 μm particle LC coupled to hybrid quadrupole time of flight MS operating with alternating high–low collision energy. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2666-75. [PMID: 17868177 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The profiling and identification of impurities in raw pharmaceuticals or finished drug product is an essential part of the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Critical to this process is the ability to confirm known, expected impurities and identify new impurities. LC coupled to electrospray MS is a powerful tool that has been employed for the identification of impurities, natural products, drug metabolites, and proteins. In this study, we show how sub 2 microm porous particle LC has been coupled to hybrid quadrupole orthogonal TOF mass spectrometer to profile and identify the impurities of the common cholesterol lowering drug simvastatin. The hybrid quadrupole TOF mass spectrometer was operated by alternating the collision cell energies to allow for the rapid, facile conformation of the identity of impurities. Using this process it was possible to identify all of the common impurities of simvastatin in a single 10 min run. During the analysis a new impurity of simvastatin was detected and identified as the saturated ring form of simvastatin.
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