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Mary Celin S, Sharma B, Bhanot P, Kalsi A, Sahai S, Tanwar RK. Trends in environmental monitoring of high explosives present in soil/sediment/groundwater using LC-MS/MS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21778. [PMID: 35657034 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination by explosives occurs due to improper handling and disposal procedures. Explosives and their transformation products pose threat to human health and the ecosystem. Trace level detection of explosives present in different environmental matrices is a challenge, due to the interference caused by matrix components and the presence of cocontaminants. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is an advanced analytical tool, which is ideal for quantitative and qualitative detection of explosives and its metabolites at trace levels. This review aims to showcase the current trends in the application of LC-MS/MS for detecting explosives present in soil, sediment, and groundwater with detection limits ranging from nano to femtogram levels. Specificity and advantages of using LC-MS/MS over conventional analytical methods and various processing methods and techniques used for sample preparation are discussed in this article. Important application aspects of LC-MS/MS on environmental monitoring include site characterization and degradation evaluation. Studies on qualitative and quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis in determining the efficiency of treatment processes and contamination mapping, optimized conditions of LC and MS/MS adopted, role of different ionization techniques and mass analyzers in detection of explosives and its metabolites, relative abundance of various product ions formed on dissociation and the levels of detection achieved are reviewed. Ionization suppression, matrix effect, additive selection are some of the major factors which influence MS/MS detection. A summary of challenges and future research insights for effective utilization of this technique in the environmental monitoring of explosives are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Mary Celin
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Bhumika Sharma
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Pallvi Bhanot
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Anchita Kalsi
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Sahai
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Tanwar
- Modelling Simulation and Explosive Safety research Group (MS&ESRG), Centre for Fire Explosive and Environment Safety (CFEES), DRDO, Delhi, India
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Nawała J, Szala M, Dziedzic D, Gordon D, Dawidziuk B, Fabisiak J, Popiel S. Analysis of samples of explosives excavated from the Baltic Sea floor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135198. [PMID: 31812376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After World War II, conventional and chemical ammunition containing mainly secondary and primary explosives was dumped in the sea. Explosives have medium toxicity to aquatic organisms, earthworms and indigenous soil microorganisms. Therefore, environmental monitoring is required, especially for dumped munitions. The main aspect of this work was to analyse the samples of lumps and sediments taken from the Baltic seabed. These samples were potentially explosives. The main goal of the study was to identify the type and composition of studied materials. In order to determine the chemical composition of samples of explosives, we used as follows: GC-MS/MS, LC-HRMS and NMR. Additionally, to determine the energetic properties we performed microcalorimetric-thermogravimetric analysis. Based on the obtained results, the composition of this explosive was TNT (41%), RDX (53%), aluminium powder (5%), and degradation products (below 1%). The resulting composition indicates that the analysed material can be classified in the "torpex" family, widely used during World War II. Regarding the results of the microcalorimetric analysis, we can conclude that excavated fragments of explosives are in very good condition and they still can detonate after being initiated. Therefore, there is a threat that they could be used for criminal or terrorist purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Nawała
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Szala
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Dziedzic
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Gordon
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dawidziuk
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Stanisław Popiel
- Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskieo 2, Warsaw, Poland
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Almeida Assis AC, Caetano J, Florêncio MH, Cordeiro C. Triacetone triperoxide characterization by FT-ICR mass spectrometry: Uncovering multiple forensic evidence. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:37-45. [PMID: 31128407 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide is one of the most common used explosives by terrorist and criminal groups, being easily synthesized with over the counter reagents. Moreover, it's difficult to detect since it contains no nitrogen. Extreme resolution mass spectrometry, based on Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry provides a way to established its composition, being able to detect its presence in complex matrixes. In this work, we investigated the detailed chemical composition of triacetone triperoxide and analysed latent fingerprints for evidence of its handling. Our results allowed the characterization of the oligoperoxides formed in the synthesis of triacetone triperoxide: oligomers dihydroperoxy terminated [H(OOC(CH3)2)nOOH] and the oligomeric acetone carbonyl oxides terminated as hydroperoxides [H(O2C(CH3)2)nOOC(O)CH3]. The discrimination between the different synthetic routes using different acid catalysts is possible given the clear differences between the mass spectrum corresponding to each case. Moreover, we identified triacetone triperoxide in latent fingerprints following its manipulation. For criminal investigation, in addition to the unambiguous detection and identification of the explosive, it is of the highest interest to identify the reagents used, who produced it and who used it for criminal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Almeida Assis
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária, Portugal.
| | - José Caetano
- EOD
- CBRN Unit/Police Special Unit - Polícia de Segurança Pública, Portugal.
| | - Maria Helena Florêncio
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cordeiro
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Rapp-Wright H, McEneff G, Murphy B, Gamble S, Morgan R, Beardah M, Barron L. Suspect screening and quantification of trace organic explosives in wastewater using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 329:11-21. [PMID: 28119193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first comprehensive assessment of 34 solid phase extraction sorbents is presented for organic explosive residues in wastewater prior to analysis with liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). A total of 18 explosives were selected including nitramines, nitrate esters, nitroaromatics and organic peroxides. Three polymeric divinylbenzene-based sorbents were found to be most suitable and one co-polymerised with n-vinyl pyrrolidone offered satisfactory recoveries for 14 compounds in fortified wastewater (77-124%). Limits of detection in matrix ranged from 0.026-23μgL-1 with R2≥0.98 for most compounds. The method was applied to eight 24-h composite wastewater samples from a London wastewater works and one compound, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, was determined over five days between 332 and 468g day-1 (225-303ngL-1). To further exploit the suspect screening capability, 17 additional explosives, precursors and transformation products were screened in spiked wastewater samples. Of these, 14 were detected with recoveries from 62 to 92%, highlighting the broad applicability of the method. To our knowledge, this represents the first screen of explosives-related compounds in wastewater from a major European city. This method also allows post-analysis detection of new or emerging compounds using full-scan HRMS datasets to potentially identify and locate illegal manufacture of explosives via wastewater analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Rapp-Wright
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gillian McEneff
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Bronagh Murphy
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sally Gamble
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Ruth Morgan
- UCL Department of Security and Crime Science, 35 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9EZ, UK
| | - Matthew Beardah
- Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Dstl Fort Halstead, TN14 7BP, UK
| | - Leon Barron
- Analytical & Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Jiang D, Peng L, Wen M, Zhou Q, Chen C, Wang X, Chen W, Li H. Dopant-Assisted Positive Photoionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry Coupled with Time-Resolved Thermal Desorption for On-Site Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide and Hexamethylene Trioxide Diamine in Complex Matrices. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4391-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Peng
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Wen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
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Zhurov KO, Menin L, Di Franco T, Tsybin YO. A Functional Group Approach for Prediction of APPI Response of Organic Synthetic Targets. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:1221-1232. [PMID: 25895888 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is a technique of choice for ionization of non-polar molecules in mass spectrometry (MS). Reported APPI-based studies tend to focus on a selected compound class, which may contain a variety of functional groups. These studies demonstrate that APPI response frequently differs substantially, indicating a certain dependence on the functional group present. Although this dependence could be employed for APPI response prediction, its systematic use is currently absent. Here, we apply APPI MS to a judiciously-compiled set of 63 compounds containing a number of diverse functional groups commonly utilized in synthesis, reactive functional groups, as well as those containing boron and silicon. Based on the outcome of APPI MS of these compounds, we propose and evaluate a simple guideline to estimate the APPI response for a novel compound, the key properties of which have not been characterized in the gas phase. Briefly, we first identify key functional groups in the compound and gather knowledge on the known ionization energies from the smallest analogues containing said functional groups. We then consider local inductive and resonance effects on said ionization energies for the compounds of interest to estimate the APPI response. Finally, application of APPI MS to compounds of interest considered herein demonstrated extended upper mass ionization limit of 3.5 kDa for non-polymeric compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Zhurov
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Fernández-Ramos C, Šatínský D, Šmídová B, Solich P. Analysis of trace organic compounds in environmental, food and biological matrices using large-volume sample injection in column-switching liquid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Taudte RV, Beavis A, Blanes L, Cole N, Doble P, Roux C. Detection of gunshot residues using mass spectrometry. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:965403. [PMID: 24977168 PMCID: PMC4055073 DOI: 10.1155/2014/965403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, forensic scientists have become increasingly interested in the detection and interpretation of organic gunshot residues (OGSR) due to the increasing use of lead- and heavy metal-free ammunition. This has also been prompted by the identification of gunshot residue- (GSR-) like particles in environmental and occupational samples. Various techniques have been investigated for their ability to detect OGSR. Mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to a chromatographic system is a powerful tool due to its high selectivity and sensitivity. Further, modern MS instruments can detect and identify a number of explosives and additives which may require different ionization techniques. Finally, MS has been applied to the analysis of both OGSR and inorganic gunshot residue (IGSR), although the "gold standard" for analysis is scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (SEM-EDX). This review presents an overview of the technical attributes of currently available MS and ionization techniques and their reported applications to GSR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Verena Taudte
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Alison Beavis
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nerida Cole
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Claude Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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9
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Guan H, Stewart K. Determination of Explosives in Water Using Disposable Pipette Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.869826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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DeTata D, Collins P, McKinley A. A fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) method for the identification of organic explosives and propellants. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 233:63-74. [PMID: 24314503 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A fast, highly specific and sensitive method for the detection of an extensive list of organic explosives and propellants using an optimised Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS) procedure has been developed. Analyte specific information including retention time, adduct accurate mass and fragmentation data was firstly collected using both positive and negative ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI) and entered into a Personal Compound Database/Library (PCDL). The custom PCDL can then be used to screen any sample for the presence of organic explosives and propellants, generating a match score for any identified compounds. To date over 50 organic explosives and propellants have been characterised and entered into the database representing those likely to be encountered in forensic and environmental samples and also a range of specialist explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David DeTata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, ChemCentre, Building 500, Manning Rd., Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
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11
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Identification of the nitroaromatic explosives in post-blast samples by online solid phase extraction using molecularly imprinted silica sorbent coupled with reversed-phase chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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DeTata DA, Collins PA, McKinley AJ. A Comparison of Solvent Extract Cleanup Procedures in the Analysis of Organic Explosives. J Forensic Sci 2012; 58:500-7. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter A. Collins
- Forensic Science Laboratory; ChemCentre; Building 500, Manning Rd., Bentley 6102; Perth; Western Australia; Australia
| | - Allan J. McKinley
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences; University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Hwy; Crawley; Western Australia; Australia
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14
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Johnson BJ, Melde BJ, Leska IA, Charles PT, Hewitt AD. Solid-phase extraction using hierarchical organosilicates for enhanced detection of nitroenergetic targets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1404-9. [PMID: 21409222 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel porous organosilicate material was evaluated for application as a solid phase extraction sorbent for preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solution prior to HPLC analysis. The performance of the sorbent in spiked deionized water, groundwater, and surface water was evaluated. Targets considered included 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, RDX, HMX, and nitroglycerin. The sorbent was shown to provide improved performance over Sep-Pak RDX. The impact of complex matrices on target preconcentration by the sorbent was also found to be less dramatic than that observed for LiChrolut EN. The impact of changes in pH on target preconcentration was considered. Aqueous soil extracts generated from samples collected at sites of ordnance testing were also used to evaluate the materials. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of this novel sorbent for application as a solid phase extraction material for the preconcentration of nitroenergetic targets from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy J Johnson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
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16
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Pereira L. Porous Graphitic Carbon as a Stationary Phase in HPLC: Theory and Applications. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802126429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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West C, Elfakir C, Lafosse M. Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3201-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Godejohann M, Heintz L, Daolio C, Berset JD, Muff D. Comprehensive non-targeted analysis of contaminated groundwater of a former ammunition destruction site using 1H-NMR and HPLC-SPE-NMR/TOF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7055-7061. [PMID: 19806741 DOI: 10.1021/es901068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the capabilities of the combination of 1H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) mixture analysis and HPLC-SPE-NMR/TOF-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to solid-phase extraction and nuclear magnetic resonance and time-of-flight mass spectrometry) for the characterization of xenobiotic contaminants in groundwater samples. As an example, solid-phase extracts of two groundwater samples taken from a former ammunition destruction site in Switzerland were investigated. 1H NMR spectra of postcolumn SPE enriched compounds, together with accurate mass measurements, allowed the structural elucidation of unknowns. This untargeted approach allowed us to identify expected residues of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT), Hexogen (RDX) and Octogen (HMX), degradation products of TNT (1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB), 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-A-4,6-DNT), 3,5-dinitrophenol (3,5-DNP), 3,5-dinitroaniline (3,5-DNA), 2,6-dinitroanthranite, and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dinitrobenzonitrile), benzoic acid, Bisphenol A (a known endocrine disruptor compound), and some toxicologically relevant additives for propelling charges: Centralite I (1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea), DPU (N,N-diphenylurethane), N,N-diphenylcarbamate (Acardite II), and N-methyl-N-phenylurethane. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of these additives in environmental samples. Extraction recoveries for Centralite I and DPU have been determined. Contaminants identified by our techniques were quantified based on HPLC-UV (HPLC-ultraviolet detection) and 1H NMR mixture analysis. The concentrations of the contaminants ranged between 0.1 and 48 microg/L assuming 100% recovery for the SPE step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Godejohann
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, D-76287 Rheinstetten, Germany.
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19
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Hanai T. Quantitative In Silico Analysis of the Specificity of a Graphitic Carbon Column. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802711071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Hanai
- a Health Research Foundation, Institut Pasteur 5F , Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Song L, Bartmess JE. Liquid chromatography/negative ion atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry: a highly sensitive method for the analysis of organic explosives. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:77-84. [PMID: 19051224 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is applied to the analysis of volatile and thermally stable compounds, while liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS) and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) are preferred for the analysis of compounds with solution acid-base chemistry. Because organic explosives are compounds with low polarity and some of them are thermally labile, they have not been very well analyzed by GC/MS, LC/APCI-MS and LC/ESI-MS. Herein, we demonstrate liquid chromatography/negative ion atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (LC/NI-APPI-MS) as a novel and highly sensitive method for their analysis. Using LC/NI-APPI-MS, limits of quantification (LOQs) of nitroaromatics and nitramines down to the middle pg range have been achieved in full MS scan mode, which are approximately one order to two orders magnitude lower than those previously reported using GC/MS or LC/APCI-MS. The calibration dynamic ranges achieved by LC/NI-APPI-MS are also wider than those using GC/MS and LC/APCI-MS. The reproducibility of LC/NI-APPI-MS is also very reliable, with the intraday and interday variabilities by coefficient of variation (CV) of 0.2-3.4% and 0.6-1.9% for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-TNT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Song
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA.
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State-of-the-art in atmospheric pressure photoionization for LC/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:34-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ochsenbein U, Zeh M, Berset JD. Comparing solid phase extraction and direct injection for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of relevant explosives in lake water and tributaries using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:974-980. [PMID: 18472128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Off-line solid phase extraction and direct injection analysis were evaluated for the determination of traces of explosives such as TNT and its mono and diamino metabolites, HMX, RDX, nitroglycerin and PETN in lake water and tributaries applying liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Improved chromatographic separation was achieved on a phenyl based stationary phase with baseline resolution of the mono- and diamino metabolites of TNT. Identification and quantification of the target compounds was performed by multiple reaction monitoring applying electrospray ionization in either the positive mode for the diaminometabolites of TNT or the negative mode for all other compounds. An extensive method validation was performed and limits of quantification were obtained for the explosives in preconcentrated lake water samples from 0.03 to 1 ng l(-1) and 0.1 to 5 ng l(-1) in river water. Direct injection analysis revealed comparable results to preconcentrated water samples for the most persistent explosives. Analysis of lake water samples collected at different depths showed the presence of HMX, RDX and PETN at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.4 ng l(-1). The analysis of main tributaries revealed concentrations from 0.1 to 0.9 ng l(-1) of the same compounds. They seem to be responsible for the contamination of the explosives in the lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ueli Ochsenbein
- Water and Soil Protection Laboratory (WSPL), Department of Organic Analytical Chemistry, Schermenweg 11, 3014 Bern, Switzerland
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Comparison of solid-phase extraction sorbents for sample clean-up in the analysis of organic explosives. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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