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Islam AKMM, Noh HH, Ro JH, Kim D, Oh MS, Son K, Kwon H. Optimization and validation of a method for the determination of acidic pesticides in cabbage and spinach by modifying QuEChERS procedure and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122667. [PMID: 33915385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed and combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze 12 acidic pesticides in cabbage and spinach. The extraction solvents, phase partition salts and sorbents effect was studied to optimize the method followed by dilution before sample injection. The extraction involved 5% formic acid in acetonitrile, and the liquid-liquid partition was salt-induced. Carbopack Z, a high surface area graphitized carbon black, was a new sorbent used in the clean-up. The results show that Carbopack Z effectively removes interferences with little loss of acidic pesticides. All tested pesticide recoveries were satisfactory when Carbopack Z was combined with C18 in the clean-up at optimized condition. After clean-up, the extract was subjected to 10-fold dilution to sufficiently reduce the matrix effect (<20%). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1-5 ng/g, and the mean recovery was between 95 and 110% with a relative standard deviation <20% (between 2% and 10%) for the spiking of three concentrations: 5, 50, and 500 ng/g. The extract was less pigmented in the modified QuEChERS method than its original version. Thus, the modified method is a useful alternative for investigating the acidic pesticide residues in cabbage and spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Kasem Mohammad Mydul Islam
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Noh
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Ro
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Kim
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Oh
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungae Son
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kwon
- Department of Agro-food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea; Planning and Coordination Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabukdo, 54875, Republic of Korea.
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Saito K, Ishii J, Naniwa M, Ishii R, Kato M, Kondo T, Sakurai H, Taniguchi M, Hashiguchi S, Hayashi T, Ito R. Residual Analysis of Aflatoxins in Spice by HPLC Coupled with Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction and Solid-Phase Fluorescence Derivatization Method. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1521-1527. [PMID: 33247756 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins (AFs) are carcinogenic mycotoxins. A simple, quick, and accurate method for the micro-analysis of AFs in foodstuffs, especially spices, is needed. OBJECTIVE A sophisticated pretreatment method that combines solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization using immunoaffinity (IA) gel as the solid phase was developed to analyze AFs in spices simply, quickly, and sensitively by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. METHOD White and black pepper samples were extracted with a mixed solution of methanol/water (4:1) and then diluted with 7% aqueous solution of Triton-X. The solution was subjected to cleanup by SPDE using IA gel. Trifluoroacetic acid was added to the IA gel for on-site solid-phase fluorescence derivatization. RESULTS Chromatograms containing well-separated peaks and few interference peaks from contaminants were obtained. The method detection limit of AFs in white and black pepper was 0.15-0.29 ng/g. Repeatability and intermediate precision were <10% and <15%, respectively, and accuracy was 61.7-87.8%. In addition, inter-laboratory precision was <29% and mean recovery was 61.5-76.7%. A favorable z-score of |Z| ≦ 1 was obtained in seven laboratories, although one laboratory gave 2 < |Z| < 3. CONCLUSIONS The validity, reliability, practicality, and robustness of the developed method were verified. HIGHLIGHTS By using SPDE and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization in combination for AF analysis, fluorescence derivatization during cleanup was realized, leading to simplification of the pretreatment operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Saito
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Junki Ishii
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Misaki Naniwa
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Ishii
- Saitama Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mihoko Kato
- Frontier Institute Co., Ltd, Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahide Kondo
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, Saitama¸ Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takako Hayashi
- Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Guo T, Wang X, Wang H, Hu Y, Zhang S, Zhao R. Determination of Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in Cereals Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1160-1165. [PMID: 31233361 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Phenoxy acid herbicide residues were found in cereals. A QuEChERS HPLC-MS/MS method was used for analysis of these herbicide residues. This technique could be used effectively for monitoring the safety of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- 1 Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- 2 Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- 1 Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufen Hu
- 2 Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- 1 Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rusong Zhao
- 2 Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Valimaña-Traverso J, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, García MÁ, Sierra I, Marina ML. Cationic amine-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica materials for off-line solid-phase extraction of phenoxy acid herbicides from water samples prior to their simultaneous enantiomeric determination by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:146-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Li J, Wang Y, Su Q, Wu S, Wu L. Hollow fiber stir bar sorptive extraction for determination of phthalic acid esters in environmental and biological matrices. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:893-900. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Yan–Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Qiong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Shang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
| | - Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization Chemical Engineering Institute Northwest University for Nationalities Lanzhou China
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6
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Li J, Qi HY, Wang YB, Su Q, Wu S, Wu L. Hollow fiber-stir bar sorptive extraction and microwave assisted derivatization of amino acids in biological matrices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1474:32-39. [PMID: 27836229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A kind of solid phase microextraction configuration combining the principles of hollow fiber solid phase microextraction (HF-SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is presented. The main feature of HF-SBSE is the use of microporous hollow fiber acting as the carrier and filter, while a thin stainless steel wire and silica microspheres in the lumen of hollow fiber respectively acting as the magnetic stirrer and the dispersed sorbents for the collection and extraction of the target analytes, thus affording extraction process like SBSE. Moreover, the prepared hollow fiber stir bar was applied to direct microextraction and microwave assisted derivatization with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluroacetamide (BSTFA) of four amino acids in rats' urine and cerebrospinal fluid followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis. The limits of detection for four amino acids were found to be in the range of 0.0003-0.017μgmL-1, and all the analytes did not exhibit any lack of fit. The extraction recoveries using HF-SBSE techniques ranged from 71.8% to 102.3%. The results indicated that hollow fiber stir bar sorptive extraction was a promising technique for the enrichment and direct derivatization of analytes extracted from biological matrices without sample clean-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Huan-Yang Qi
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Yan-Bin Wang
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiong Su
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shang Wu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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7
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Kaczyński P, Łozowicka B, Jankowska M, Hrynko I. Rapid determination of acid herbicides in soil by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection based on dispersive solid phase extraction. Talanta 2016; 152:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Bagheri H, Fakhari AR, Sahragard A. A novel strategy based on surfactant assisted electromembrane extraction for the determination of dicamba and 2,4-DB as model herbicides in real water samples. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic illustration of the surfactant assisted electromembrane-extraction (SEME) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Ali Sahragard
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- I. R. Iran
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9
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Dong S, Huang G, Su M, Huang T. Environmentally Friendly Method: Development and Application to Carbon Aerogel as Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22256-22263. [PMID: 26389684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We developed two simple, fast, and environmentally friendly methods using carbon aerogel (CA) and magnetic CA (mCA) materials as sorbents for micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) techniques. The material performances such as adsorption isotherm, adsorption kinetics, and specific surface area were discussed by N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements, ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The experimental results proved that the heterogeneities of CA and mCA were well modeled with the Freundlich isotherm model, and the sorption process well followed the pseudo-second-order rate equation. Moreover, plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as kinetin (6-KT), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and uniconazole (UN) in a reservoir raw water sample were selected as the evaluation of applicability for the proposed μ-SPE and MSPE techniques using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental conditions of two methods such as the amount of sorbent, extraction time, pH, salt concentration, and desorption conditions were studied. Under the optimized conditions, two extraction methods provided high recoveries (89-103%), low the limits of detection (LODs) (0.01-0.2 μg L(-1)), and satisfactory analytical features in terms of precision (relative standard deviation, RSD, 1.7-5.1%, n=3). This work demonstrates the feasibility and the potential of CA and mCA materials as sorbents for μ-SPE and MSPE techniques. Besides, it also could serve as a basis for future development of other functional CAs in pretreatment technology and make them valuable for analysis of pollutants in environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheying Dong
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, People's Republic of China
- College of Sciences, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqi Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Su
- College of Sciences, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinglin Huang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, People's Republic of China
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10
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Kavrakovski ZS, Rafajlovska VG. Development and validation of thin layer chromatography method for simultaneous determination of seven chlorophenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides in water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815080122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Płotka-Wasylka JM, Morrison C, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Chemical derivatization processes applied to amine determination in samples of different matrix composition. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4693-718. [PMID: 26023865 DOI: 10.1021/cr4006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M Płotka-Wasylka
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Calum Morrison
- ‡Forensic Medicine and Science, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Biziuk
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- †Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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12
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Liu JF, Ding J, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with in situ derivatization for the highly sensitive determination of acidic phytohormones in rice leaves by UPLC-MS/MS. Analyst 2014; 139:5605-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01186d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Determination of nerve agent metabolites in human urine by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after solid phase supported derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5213-20. [PMID: 24633564 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method has been developed and validated for determining ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA), isobutyl methylphosphonic acid (iBuMPA), and pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA) in human urine using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) coupled with solid phase derivatization (SPD). These four alkyl methylphosphonic acids (AMPAs) are specific hydrolysis products and biomarkers of exposure to classic organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents VX, sarin, RVX, and soman. The AMPAs in urine samples were directly derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide on a solid support and then extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. The analytes were quantified with isotope-dilution by negative chemical ionization (NCI) GC-MS/MS in a selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. This method is highly sensitive, with the limits of detection of 0.02 ng/mL for each compound in a 0.2 mL sample of human urine, and an excellent linearity from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. It is proven to be very suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of degradation markers of OP nerve agents in biomedical samples.
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Xiong W, Tao X, Pang S, Yang X, Tang G, Bian Z. Separation and Quantitation of Three Acidic Herbicide Residues in Tobacco and Soil by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:1326-31. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Solid phase analytical derivatization as a sample preparation method. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:204-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Poole CF. Alkylsilyl derivatives for gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:2-14. [PMID: 23465130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkylsilyl reagents are the most widely used reagents for the derivatization of polar compounds containing labile hydrogen atoms for gas chromatography. In this article the reagents and reaction conditions for the formation of trimethylsilyl, alkyldimethylsilyl (particularly t-butyldimethylsilyl), cyclic siliconides, haloalkyldimethylsilyl, and flophemesyl (pentafluorophenyldimethylsilyl) derivatives for a wide range of functional groups are reviewed. The importance of steric hindrance on reaction rates and completion, choice of reaction conditions, stability of derivatives, and options for selective detection are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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17
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Zhang L, Wang M, Wang C, Hu X, Wang G. Label-free impedimetric immunosensor for sensitive detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) in soybean. Talanta 2012; 101:226-32. [PMID: 23158316 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance immunosensor, with its high sensitivity from electrochemical impedance analysis and ideal specificity from the immunoassay, is increasingly used in the detection of a kind of phenoxy acid herbicides which is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB). In this experiment, synthetic 2,4-DB antibodies were immobilized on the electrode by the crosslinking of L-Cysteine/glutaraldehyde, and 2,4-DB were measured by the increase of electron-transfer resistance when the immune reaction occurred, with Fe(CN)(6)(3-)/Fe(CN)(6)(4-) as the probe. Under optimal conditions, the change of resistance is in a linear relationship with the logarithm of the concentration in the range of 1.0×10(-7)-1.0×10(-3) g/L (R=0.994) with the detection limit of 1.0×10(-7) g/L (0.1 ppb). This method bears such merits as simplicity in operation, high sensitivity, wide linear range, specificity, reproducibility and good stability. The actual soybean samples were analyzed with the recovery of 82.8%-102.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of environmental engineering and monitoring, Yangzhou University, 180 Si-Wang-Ting Road, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Jafari MT, Saraji M, Yousefi S. Negative electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry combined with microextraction in packed syringe for direct analysis of phenoxyacid herbicides in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Park JY, Choi JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Kim BM, Park JH, Choi WJ, Shim JH. Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of endocrine disruptor, 2,4-D, in paddy field water. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1018-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Shin EH, Choi JH, Abd El-Aty AM, Khay S, Kim SJ, Im MH, Kwon CH, Shim JH. Simultaneous determination of three acidic herbicide residues in food crops using HPLC and confirmation via LC-MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:124-35. [PMID: 20842699 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
2,4-D, dicamba and 4-CPA with auxin-like activity have been intensively used in agriculture, for the control of unwanted broadleaf weeds. An analytical method involving HPLC coupled with UVD was developed for the simultaneous analysis of these three analytes in Chinese cabbage, apple and pepper fruits (representative non-fatty samples) and brown rice and soybean (representative fatty samples) using liquid-liquid partitioning and column cleanup procedures. The residues were confirmed via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The standard curves were linear over the range of the tested concentrations (0.25-10 microg/mL), as shown by a marked linearity in excess of 0.9999 (r(2) ). The average recoveries (mean, n = 3) ranged from 94.30 to 102.63 in Chinese cabbage, from 94.76 to 108.47 in apple, from 97.52 to 102.27 in pepper, from 76.19 to 101.90 in brown rice, and from 74.60 to 107.39 in soybean. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were <9% in all tested matrices. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Samples purchased from local markets were analyzed to evaluate the applicability of the methods developed herein. The concentration of the 2,4-D residue was measured at 0.102 mg/kg in the soybean sample; however, this level is exactly the same MRL set by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. This developed method deserves full and complete consideration, as it clearly displays the sensitivity, accuracy and precision required for residue analysis of 2,4-D, dicamba and 4-CPA in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ho Shin
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Migowska N, Stepnowski P, Paszkiewicz M, Gołebiowski M, Kumirska J. Trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) as a new derivatization reagent for trace analysis of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by gas chromatography methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3029-34. [PMID: 20563796 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common groups of pharmaceuticals detected in environmental matrices. Although several derivatization procedures have been employed in the gas chromatographic analysis of NSAIDs, the application of trimethylsilyldiazomethane has never yet been reported. This work has studied the derivatization of widely used NSAIDs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen) by trimethylsilyldiazomethane. Special emphasis was placed on the influence of temperature and reaction time on the reaction yield, and on the determination of the instrumental detection limit. The results are compared with those obtained by methylation using boron trifluoride methanol solution, and by silylation with a mixture of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide and trimethylchlorosilane (99:1, v/v) and with N-methyl-N-[tert-butyldimethylsilyl]trifluoroacetamide. The derivatization of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen by trimethylsilyldiazomethane was shown to be simple, fast, efficient, and suitable for trace analysis (the respective instrumental detection limits for ibuprofen naproxen, and ketoprofen were 2, 4, and 4 ng). Trimethylsilyldiazomethane can be used as an alternative reagent for determining acidic drugs in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Migowska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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22
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Subramaniam R, Astot C, Nilsson C, Ostin A. Combination of solid phase extraction and in vial solid phase derivatization using a strong anion exchange disk for the determination of nerve agent markers. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8452-9. [PMID: 19854444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkylphosphonic acids (APAs) are degradation products and chemical markers of organophosphorous (OP) nerve agents (chemical warfare agents). Anion exchange disk-based solid phase extraction (SPE) has been combined with in vial solid phase derivatization (SPD) and GC-MS analysis for the determination of APAs in aqueous samples. The optimization of critical method parameters, such as the SPD reaction, was achieved using statistical experimental design and multivariate data analysis. The optimized method achieved quantitative recoveries in the range from 83% to 101% (n=13, RSD from 4% to 10%). The method was sensitive, with LODs in SIM mode of 0.14 ppb, and demonstrated excellent linearity with an average R(2)>or=0.99 over the concentration range of 0.07-1.4 ppm in full scan mode and from 0.14 ppb to 14 ppb in SIM mode. For forensic applications, aqueous samples containing APAs at concentrations exceeding 14 ppb were concentrated and target analytes were successfully identified by spectral library and retention index matching. Method robustness was evaluated using aqueous samples from the official OPCW Proficiency Test (round 19) and all APAs present in the sample were conclusively identified. The SPE disk retained the underivatized APAs in a stable condition for extended periods of time. No significant losses of APAs from the disk were observed over a 36-day period. Overall, the method is well suited to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of degradation markers of OP nerve agents in aqueous matrices with simplicity, a low risk of cross-contamination and trace level sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Subramaniam
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, FOI CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Crespo-Corral E, Santos-Delgado M, Polo-Díez L, Soria A. Determination of carbamate, phenylurea and phenoxy acid herbicide residues by gas chromatography after potassium tert-butoxide/dimethyl sulphoxide/ethyl iodide derivatization reaction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1209:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ranz A, Maier E, Motter H, Lankmayr E. Extraction and derivatization of polar herbicides for GC-MS analyses. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3021-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Koesukwiwat U, Sanguankaew K, Leepipatpiboon N. Rapid determination of phenoxy acid residues in rice by modified QuEChERS extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 626:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Ranz A, Eberl A, Maier E, Lankmayr E. Microwave-assisted derivatization of acidic herbicides for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:282-8. [PMID: 18405907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Microwave radiation is used to speed up chemical derivatization. In the present study, three microwave-assisted techniques for the methylation of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides prior to analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are compared. Derivatization was performed with the catalysts sulphuric acid and boron trifluoride as well as with trimethylsilyldiazomethane. In order to establish optimized and stable conditions, a screening for statistically significant factors by means of experimental designs was carried out and supplemented by a careful optimization. Special emphasis has been given to an accurate validation to prove the performance of the techniques. Furthermore, all microwave-assisted methods were compared with their conventional analogues. The optimized methods are valid for routine analysis of different matrices such as water, soil, sediment or tissues, especially for high sample throughput since a simultaneous derivatization of up to 64 samples in one run is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ranz
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Technikerstrasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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27
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Saraji M, Farajmand B. Application of single-drop microextraction combined with in-microvial derivatization for determination of acidic herbicides in water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1178:17-23. [PMID: 18068712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A single-drop microextraction (SDME) method and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection have been developed for the determination of acidic herbicides in water. The analytes were extracted from a 3 mL sample solution using 4 microL of hexyl acetate. After extraction, derivatization was carried out inside a glass microvial (1.1mm i.d.) using pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr). Triethylamine (TEA) was used as the reaction catalyst. The influence of derivatization reagent volume, catalyst amount, derivatization time and temperature on the yield of the in-microvial derivatization was investigated. Derivatization reaction was performed using 0.3 microL of PFBBr and 0.4 microL of TEA (10%, v/v in toluene) at 100 degrees C during 5 min. Also, the effects of different experimental SDME parameters such as selection of organic solvent, sample pH, addition of salt, extraction time and temperature of extraction were studied. Analytical parameters such as enrichment factor, precision, linearity and detection limits were also determined. The enrichment factors were between 83 and 157. The limits of detection (LOD) were in the range 1.2-7 ng/L (S/N=3). The relative standard deviations obtained were below 10.1% (n=5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84154-83111, Iran.
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28
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Chen Y, Guo Z, Wang X, Qiu C. Sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:191-219. [PMID: 17991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A panorama of sample preparation methods has been composed from 481 references, with a highlight of some promising methods fast developed during recent years and a somewhat brief introduction on most of the well-developed methods. All the samples were commonly referred to molecular composition, being extendable to particles including cells but not to organs, tissues and larger bodies. Some criteria to evaluate or validate a sample preparation method were proposed for reference. Strategy for integration of several methods to prepare complicated protein samples for proteomic studies was illustrated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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