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Zhang C, Xu X, Zhang S, Xiao M, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Chen J, Liu L. Detection and analysis of triacylglycerol regioisomers via electron activated dissociation (EAD) tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 270:125552. [PMID: 38118324 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TGs) are important components of human diet. The positional distribution of fatty acids (FAs) on the glycerol backbone affects the chemistry and physical properties of fats. Especially for infants, the structure of TGs plays an important role in the growth and development. However, limited by detecting technology, accurately identifying regioisomers of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs is a significant challenge for human milk utilization and the development of infant formula. For this, we exploit a novel method for identifying the regioisomers of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs within complex lipid mixtures, via used electron activated dissociation (EAD) tandem mass spectrometry. The distribution information of acyl chains at the sn-2 and sn-1/3 positions of glycerol backbone and double bonds in unsaturated FAs can be easily obtained by fragmenting TG ions with energetic electrons (15 eV). Then, the standard curve was established by correlating the peak area intensity of sn-2 characteristic product ion with the content of TG regioisomers standard. These analytical methods successfully enabled the identification and quantification of TG regioisomers in human milk, cow milk, infant formula, palm oil, and sunflower oil. Additionally, the distribution of the double-bond positions of unsaturated FAs in these samples was also identified. Compared to traditional methods, this approach eliminates the need for complex processing and analysis procedures, enabling rapid structural characterization of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs within 17 min. Hence, we provide a rapid and convenient methodology for detecting and analyzing ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TG regioisomers, thereby offering valuable assistance in the development of specialized formulations and facilitating effective process control for ensuring the quality of edible oils and fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xianhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | | | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Zhang C, Liu H, Zhang H, Dang W, Zhou C, Zhang M. Comparative de novo Transcriptome Analysis of Two Cultivars With Contrasting Content of Oil and Fatty Acids During Kernel Development in Torreya grandis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:909759. [PMID: 35795342 PMCID: PMC9251473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.909759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable oil is an indispensable nutritional resource for human health and mainly characterized by the composition and content of fatty acids (FAs). As a commercial species of gymnosperm, Torreya grandis produces oil-rich nuts with high unsaturated fatty acids content in the mature kernels. In this study, two cultivars, T. grandis 'Xifei' and T. grandis 'Dielsii,' with distinct oil content were employed to compare the profiles of FAs accumulation during kernel development. The accumulation rate of oil content was significantly different between 'Xifei' and 'Dielsii.' Besides, the final oil content of 'Xifei' (52.87%) was significantly higher than that of 'Dielsii' (41.62%) at maturity. The significant differences in main FAs were observed at almost each kernel development stages between the two cultivars. C16:0, C18:1, and C20:3 FA exhibited different accumulation patterns between cultivars. The content and the initiation of accumulation of C20:3 FA were different between the two cultivars. To explore the molecular mechanism associated with different content of oil and FAs between two cultivars, de novo transcriptome of kernels was compared between 'Xifei' (high oil) and 'Dielsii' (low oil) at three stages of oil accumulation, respectively. Totally 142,213 unigenes were assembled and 16,379 unigenes with a length of over 1,000 nt were successfully annotated, including 139 unigenes related to FA biosynthesis, elongation, and metabolism. Compared with 'Dielsii,' totally 1,476, 2,140, and 1,145 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in 'Xifei' at the stage of the initiative, the rapid rise, and the stationary oil accumulation, respectively; the number of downregulated DEGs reached 913, 1,245, and 904, respectively. Relative expressions of 11 DEGs involved in FAs biosynthesis and metabolism were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Abundant differentially expressed transcription factors and pathway DEGs were correlated to oil and FAs according to Pearson's correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolites (oil and FAs), suggesting their contributions to the differential oil and FAs between the two cultivars during kernel development of T. grandis. To conclude, our findings can provide novel insights into the developmental differences in metabolites and de novo transcriptome correlated to lipid accumulation and FA synthesis of kernels between cultivars with contrasting oil deposits and demystify the regulatory mechanism of high oil accumulation in T. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haokai Liu
- Jingning Natural Resources and Planning Bureau, Lishui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jingning Ecological Forestry Development Center, Lishui, China
| | - Wanyu Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Gazlay W, Evans JJ. The impact of the complexing agent on the sensitivity of collision-induced dissociation spectra to fatty acid position for a set of XYZ-type triglycerides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9226. [PMID: 34820920 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The development of an automated platform for the positional analysis of triglycerides (TAGs) based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) continues to be pursued. This work evaluates the positional sensitivities of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of a representative set of XYZ triglycerides using sodium, lithium, and ammonium salts as complexing agents. METHODS A set of triglycerides were synthesized and analyzed via ESI-MS/MS using an ion trap mass spectrometer. Using three different complexing agents, the product ion spectra of the corresponding precursor ions for twelve XYZ TAGs were collected, where X, Y, and Z represent C16:0 , C18:1(c-9) , C18:2(cc-9,12) , and C20:4(cccc-5,8,11,14) fatty acid chains. These data were then used to prepare ternary plots for four positional isomer systems to evaluate the positional sensitivity differences among the three different complexing agents. RESULTS The positional sensitivities for each of the four positional isomer systems were robust for the sodium and lithium adducts. The CID data for the sodium and lithium TAGs demonstrated an unfavorable loss of the fatty acid in the center position and showed a higher sensitivity to fatty acid position, when compared with the CID data for ammonium adducts, especially for the arachidonic acid containing triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS The data shows that that the relative abundances of the DAG product ions for the XYZ-type TAGs when using sodium and lithium complexing agent adducts are sensitive to fatty acid position and are consistent for the diverse array of TAGs studied in this work. This suggests that using sodium or lithium as the complexing agent may be advantageous for the development of an automated platform for the positional analysis of complex TAG mixtures based on ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gazlay
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason J Evans
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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de Kok NAW, Exterkate M, Andringa RLH, Minnaard AJ, Driessen AJM. A versatile method to separate complex lipid mixtures using 1-butanol as eluent in a reverse-phase UHPLC-ESI-MS system. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 240:105125. [PMID: 34453926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple, robust and versatile LC-MS based methods add to the rapid assessment of the lipidome of biological cells. Here we present a versatile RP-UHPLC-MS method using 1-butanol as the eluent, specifically designed to separate different highly hydrophobic lipids. This method is capable of separating different lipid classes of glycerophospholipid standards, in addition to phospholipids of the same class with a different acyl chain composition. The versatility of this method was demonstrated through analysis of lipid extracts of the bacterium Escherichia coli and the archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In contrast to 2-propanol-based methods, the 1-butanol-based mobile phase is capable of eluting highly hydrophobic analytes such as cardiolipins, tetraether lipids and mycolic acids during the gradient instead of the isocratic purge phase, resulting in an enhanced separation of cardiolipins and extending the analytical range for RPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels A W de Kok
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marten Exterkate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ruben L H Andringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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Wang M, Yu P, Chittiboyina AG, Chen D, Zhao J, Avula B, Wang YH, Khan IA. Characterization, Quantification and Quality Assessment of Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) Oils. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061453. [PMID: 32213805 PMCID: PMC7145317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Avocado oil is prized for its high nutritional value due to the substantial amounts of triglycerides (TGs) and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) present. While avocado oil is traditionally extracted from mature fruit flesh, alternative sources such as avocado seed oil have recently increased in popularity. Unfortunately, sufficient evidence is not available to support the claimed health benefit and safe use of such oils. To address potential quality issues and identify possible adulteration, authenticated avocado oils extracted from the fruit peel, pulp and seed by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), as well as commercial avocado pulp and seed oils sold in US market were analyzed for TGs and FAs in the present study. Characterization and quantification of TGs were conducted using UHPLC/ESI-MS. Thirteen TGs containing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in avocado oils were unambiguously identified. Compared to traditional analytical methods, which are based only on the relative areas of chromatographic peaks neglecting the differences in the relative response of individual TG, our method improved the quantification of TGs by using the reference standards whenever possible or the reference standards with the same equivalent carbon number (ECN). To verify the precision and accuracy of the UHPLC/ESI-MS method, the hydrolysis and transesterification products of avocado oil were analyzed for fatty acid methyl esters using a GC/MS method. The concentrations of individual FA were calculated, and the results agreed with the UHPLC/ESI-MS method. Although chemical profiles of avocado oils from pulp and peel are very similar, a significant difference was observed for the seed oil. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on TG and FA compositional data allowed correct identification of individual avocado oil and detection of possible adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (M.W.); (A.G.C.); (J.Z.); (B.A.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (M.W.); (A.G.C.); (J.Z.); (B.A.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Dilu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China;
| | - Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (M.W.); (A.G.C.); (J.Z.); (B.A.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (M.W.); (A.G.C.); (J.Z.); (B.A.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (M.W.); (A.G.C.); (J.Z.); (B.A.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; (M.W.); (A.G.C.); (J.Z.); (B.A.); (Y.-H.W.)
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-662-915-7821
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Makarov P, Zheng D, Le D, Evans JJ. The Impact of the Complexing Cation on the Sensitivity of the Collisional-Induced Dissociation Spectra to Fatty Acid Position for a Set of YXY/YYX-type Triglycerides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1591-1598. [PMID: 29947151 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONAL The development of an automated platform for the positional analysis of triglycerides based on electrospray tandem mass spectrometry continues to be pursued. This work compares the positional sensitivities of the collisional-induced dissociation spectra for a representative set of YXY/YYX triglycerides using ammonium, silver, sodium and lithium as complexing agents. METHODS A set of triglycerides were synthesized and analyzed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. Using different salt additives, the product ion spectra of the corresponding parent ions for twelve systems of the form YXY/YYX, where Y and X represent C16:0 , C18:1(c-9), C18:2(cc-9,12) and C20:4(cccc-5,8,11,14) , were collected. The data was used to prepare two-point calibration plots for each of the twelve positional isomer systems using each of the four complexing agents. RESULTS The positional sensitivities for all twelve positional isomer systems were robust for both the sodium and lithium TAG adducts. The CID data for both the sodium and lithium TAG adducts are much less sensitive to the degree of unsaturation and double bond position of the fatty acids constituents than the CID data for the ammonium adducts. CONCLUSION Using sodium or lithium TAG adducts may be advantageous for the development of an accurate predictive model for performing positional analysis of complex TAG mixtures based on electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Ammonium adducts are likely complicated by the ability of the ammonium ion to provide extra stability to some parent ions through hydrogen bond-like interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Makarov
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Chemistry Dept., 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Dong Zheng
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Duc Le
- University of Massachusetts Boston, Chemistry Dept., 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Jason J Evans
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125
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Rigano F, Oteri M, Russo M, Dugo P, Mondello L. Proposal of a Linear Retention Index System for Improving Identification Reliability of Triacylglycerol Profiles in Lipid Samples by Liquid Chromatography Methods. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3313-3320. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rigano
- Chromaleont S.r.L., Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marianna Oteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marina Russo
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Chromaleont S.r.L., Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Chromaleont S.r.L., Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina−Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
- University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Àlvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Judge EJ, Zheng D, Chivukula S, Gakwaya R, Schostarez S, Li X, Liriano M, Evans JJ. A simple and economical strategy for obtaining calibration plots for relative quantification of positional isomers of YYX/YXY triglycerides using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1690-1698. [PMID: 28792632 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Positional analysis of intact triglycerides could provide greater insights into the link between fatty acid position and lipotoxic diseases. However, this methodology has been impeded by lack of commercial availability of positionally pure triglycerides. This work reports on a strategy for defining calibration plots for YXY/YYX triglyceride systems based on the product ion intensities in the collision-induced dissociation spectra of ammoniated precursor ions. METHODS A set of triglycerides were synthesized and analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. The product ion spectra of the ammoniated precursor ions were collected for 42 triglyceride systems of the form YXY/YYX, where Y represents C16:0 , C18:1(c-9) and C20:4(cccc-5,8,11,14) . Three-point calibration plots were prepared by plotting the relative abundance of the YY+ product ion vs. the relative abundance of the YYX positional isomer. RESULTS The calibration plots were shown to give relative abundances of positional isomers accurate to within ±0.02 for most systems. Using an ion trap, under a controlled set of collision parameters, the slopes of the calibration plots can be used to compare the sensitivities of the product ion intensities to fatty acid position for various triglyceride systems. The average slopes of the calibration plots for the C16:0 , C18:1(c-9) and C20:4(cccc-5,8,11,14) systems were 0.29 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.05 and 0.045 ± 0.005, respectively. CONCLUSIONS While the presence of multiple unsaturated fatty acids tends to slightly decrease the slopes of the calibration plots, the data suggest that the sensitivities are sufficient for performing positional analysis of most triglyceride systems. However, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids that contain double bonds close to the carbonyl group, such as arachidonic acid, tends to dramatically decrease positional sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Judge
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Dong Zheng
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Swathilekha Chivukula
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Robert Gakwaya
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Sarah Schostarez
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Xingwen Li
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Melissa Liriano
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jason J Evans
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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Beccaria M, Oteri M, Micalizzi G, Bonaccorsi IL, Purcaro G, Dugo P, Mondello L. Reuse of Dairy Product: Evaluation of the Lipid Profile Evolution During and After Their Shelf-Life. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Chromatographic Methods in the Separation of Long-Chain Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/120830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents various chromatographic systems, TLC, HPLC, GC, and also SFC, developed for identification and accurate quantification of long-chain mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids from different samples with emphasis on selected literature which was published during last decade. Almost all the aspects such as preseparation step of fatty acids (cisandtrans), stationary phase, solvent system, and detection mode are discussed.
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Holčapek M, Cífková E, Červená B, Lísa M, Vostálová J, Galuszka J. Determination of nonpolar and polar lipid classes in human plasma, erythrocytes and plasma lipoprotein fractions using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1377:85-91. [PMID: 25543301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel normal-phase (NP) ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) method is developed for a separation and quantitation of nonpolar lipid classes occurring in human plasma, erythrocytes and plasma lipoprotein fractions. The baseline class separation of cholesteryl esters (CE), cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TG), regioisomers of 1,2- and 1,3-diacylglycerols (DG) and 1-monoacylglycerols (1-MG) is achieved using an optimized hexane - 2-propanol-acetonitrile mobile phase within 18min for all nonpolar lipid classes or only 9min excluding monoacylglycerols not detected in studied samples. The determination of individual nonpolar lipid classes is performed by the response factor approach and the use of dioleoyl ethylene glycol as a single internal standard. Polar lipid classes, such as phosphatidylglycerols (PG), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylcholines (PC), sphingomyelins (SM) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), are separated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) using 5mmol/L aqueous ammonium acetate-methanol-acetonitrile gradient within 13minutes. The quantitation of polar lipid classes is done by a similar approach as for nonpolar lipid classes, but a different internal standard (sphingosyl PE d17:1/12:0) is used. The complementary information on fatty acyl profiles after the transesterification of the total lipid extract is obtained by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). The applicability of developed methodology for fast and comprehensive characterization of blood lipidome is illustrated on samples of human plasma, erythrocytes, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Cífková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Červená
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostálová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Galuszka
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Olomouc, IP Pavlova 6, 77520 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Rezanka T, Nedbalová L, Procházková L, Sigler K. Lipidomic profiling of snow algae by ESI-MS and silver-LC/APCI-MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 100:34-42. [PMID: 24548555 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The main analytical benefit of this study is the development of methods enabling a rapid determination of total lipids of algae by lipidomic analysis and detailed identification and quantification of a complex mixture of natural TAGs by silver-LC/APCI-MS and NARP-LC/APCI-MS. Both types of chromatography can readily identify, both qualitatively and semiquantitatively, triacylglycerols containing 16:3 and 16:4 acids in the molecule. We conclude that the genus Chloromonas is a major producer of C16 PUFAs mostly contained in TAGs. Since more detailed studies in this field have been stymied by the shortage of 16:3 and 16:4 FAs, we decided to study the alga Chloromonas as a potential biotechnological source of C16 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Procházková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Cherif AO, Leveque N, Ben Messaouda M, Kallel H, Moussa F. An electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry screening of triacylglycerols in developing cultivated and wild peanut kernels (Arachis hypogaea L.). Food Chem 2013; 138:1095-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Lísa M, Holčapek M. Characterization of triacylglycerol enantiomers using chiral HPLC/APCI-MS and synthesis of enantiomeric triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1852-9. [PMID: 23298510 DOI: 10.1021/ac303237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the first systematic characterization of triacylglycerol (TG) enantiomers in real samples using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is performed. Our chiral HPLC/APCI-MS method is based on the use of two cellulose-tris-(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) columns connected in series using a gradient of hexane-2-propanol mobile phase. All TG enantiomers containing 1-8 DBs and different fatty acyl chain lengths are separated using our chiral HPLC method except for TGs having a combination of saturated and di- or triunsaturated fatty acyls in sn-1 and sn-3 positions. In our work, the randomization reaction of monoacyl TG standards is used for the preparation of all TG enantiomers and regioisomers in a mixture, while the stereospecific esterification of 1,2- or 2,3-isopropylidene-sn-glycerols by selected fatty acids is used for the synthesis of TG enantiomers. The composition of TG enantiomers and regioisomers in hazelnut oil and human plasma samples is determined. Unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially esterified in sn-2 position in hazelnut oil, while no significant preference of saturated or unsaturated fatty acyls is observed in case of human plasma sample. Fatty acids with the higher number of DBs are preferred in sn-1 position of TG enantiomers in hazelnut oil unlike to moderate sn-3 preference in human plasma. The characterization of cholesteryl esters from TG fraction of human plasma sample using our chiral HPLC/APCI-MS method is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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15
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Qiu D, Bai Y, Shi YC. Identification of isomers and determination of octenylsuccinate in modified starch by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2012; 135:665-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Donato P, Cacciola F, Tranchida PQ, Dugo P, Mondello L. Mass spectrometry detection in comprehensive liquid chromatography: basic concepts, instrumental aspects, applications and trends. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:523-559. [PMID: 22383300 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The review, as can be deduced from the title, focuses on both theoretical and practical aspects of the use of mass spectrometry as a third, added dimension to a comprehensive LC (LC × LC) system, generating the most powerful analytical tool today for non-volatile analytes. The first part deals with the technical requirements for linkage of an LC × LC system to an MS one, including the choice of the mobile phase (buffer and salts), flow rate (splitting), type of ionization (interface); advantages and disadvantages of off-line and on-line methods are discussed, as well. A discussion of the various aspects of instrumentation is provided, both from a chromatographic and mass spectrometry standpoint, with particular emphasis directed to the choice of column sets, spatial resolution, mass resolving power, mass accuracy, and tandem-MS capabilities. The extent to which mass spectrometry may be of aid in unraveling column-outlet multicompound bands is highlighted, along with its effectiveness as a chromatographic detector of excellent sensitivity, universality yet with potential in terms of selectivity and amenability to quantitative analysis over a wide dynamic range. The following section of the review contains significant applications of comprehensive two-dimensional LC coupled to MS in different areas of research, with details on interfaces, column stationary phases, modulation and MS parameters. It is not the intention of the authors to provide a comprehensive description of the techniques, but merely to discuss only those aspects which are essential for successful applications of the LC-MS combination. The reader will be acquainted with the enormous potential of this hyphenated technique, and the factors and instrumental developments that have concurred to make it emerge to a central role in specialized fields, such as proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Donato
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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17
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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Siristova L, Sigler K. Regioisomer separation and identification of triacylglycerols containing vaccenic and oleic acids, and α- and γ-linolenic acids, in thermophilic cyanobacteria Mastigocladus laminosus and Tolypothrix sp. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 78:147-55. [PMID: 22445652 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reversed phase liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/APCI-MS) was used for direct analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) from different strains of the cyanobacteria Mastigocladus laminosus, Tolypothrix cf. tenuis and Tolypothrix distorta. This technique enabled us to identify and quantify the specific molecular species of TAGs directly from lipid extracts of the cyanobacteria. The regioisomeric series of TAGs having α-linolenic and γ-linolenic and also oleic and cis-vaccenic acids were separated by RP-HPLC and identified by APCI-MS. M. laminosus produced only a few molecular species of TAGs, including both isomers of octadecenoic (oleic and vaccenic) acid, while T. distorta contained tens of molecular species of TAGs having FAs with up to four double bonds (stearidonic acid and including also its positional isomer, i.e. 3,6,9,12-octadecatetraenoic acid) and both positional isomers (α and γ) of linolenic acids. Individual strains of both cyanobacteria exhibited different contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Tolypothrix sp.) and different distribution of positional isomers of monoenoic fatty acids in TAGs (M. laminosus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Combining chromatography and chemometrics for the characterization and authentication of fats and oils from triacylglycerol compositional data—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 724:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Rezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Sigler K. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus starvation on the polyunsaturated triacylglycerol composition, including positional isomer distribution, in the alga Trachydiscus minutus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2342-2351. [PMID: 21911235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The yellow-green alga Trachydiscus minutus (Eustigmatophyceae, Heterocontophyta) was cultivated in a standard medium and under nitrogen- and phosphorus-starvation and its triacylglycerols were analyzed by RP-HPLC/MS-APCI. The molecular species of triacylglycerols included a total of 74 triacylglycerols having at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid. Polyunsaturated triacylglycerols were identified for the first time in a yellow-green alga. N-starvation brought about a nearly 50% drop in TAGs containing EPA, and also decreased TAGs containing ARA, while P-starvation had a sizable effect on those TAGs that contain two or three arachidonic acids. In four TAGs containing PUFA, i.e. EEE, EEA, EAA and AAA, N-starvation caused a rapid fivefold increase in ARA content and the ratio of TAGs containing ARA, i.e. AEE to AAA increased tenfold relative to control. Regioisomeric characterization of triacylglycerols containing palmitic, arachidonic (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) showed that the proportion of positional isomers is affected by N- and P-starvation. N- and P-starvation also changed the ratio of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs. Positional isomers exhibited identical ratios of symmetrical and asymmetrical TAGs irrespective of the type of FAs. In control cultivation the major TAGs with a single PUFA were symmetrical ones (PEP or PAP) whose ratio to asymmetrical counterparts (PPE or PPA) was about 3:1, whereas N- and P-starvation yielded opposite ratios, 1:3-1:5. The control cultivation yielded ~90% asymmetrical TAGs with two PUFAs (i.e. PEE and PAA), whereas with N- and P-starvation the ratio of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs increased to 2:1 and 3:2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Lerma-García M, Lusardi R, Chiavaro E, Cerretani L, Bendini A, Ramis-Ramos G, Simó-Alfonso E. Use of triacylglycerol profiles established by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection to predict the botanical origin of vegetable oils. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7521-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Rezanka T, Schreiberová O, Cejková A, Sigler K. The genus Dracunculus--a source of triacylglycerols containing odd-numbered ω-phenyl fatty acids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1914-1926. [PMID: 21601894 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reversed phase liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS-APCI) was used to identify and quantify triacylglycerols (TAGs) having odd-numbered ω-phenylalkanoic acids from seeds of the flower plant Dracunculus vulgaris, and TAGs from the bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis prepared by precursor directed biosynthesis from phenylalanine and having the corresponding even-numbered ω-phenylalkanoic acids. Model compounds, which are not commercially available, were prepared by organic synthesis and this allowed us to extend the number of identified natural TAGs to nearly 140 molecular species. Both synthetic and natural compounds containing ω-phenylalkanoic acids were found to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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22
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Lísa M, Netušilová K, Franěk L, Dvořáková H, Vrkoslav V, Holčapek M. Characterization of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition in animal fats using silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7499-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Simple complementary liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry approaches for the characterization of triacylglycerols in Pinus koraiensis seed oil. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5087-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Rezanka T, Siristova L, Matoulková D, Sigler K. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: ESI-MS/MS of plasmalogen phospholipids from Pectinatus bacterium. Lipids 2011; 46:765-80. [PMID: 21479912 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze phospholipids from three species of the anaerobic beer-spoilage bacterial genus Pectinatus. Analysis of total lipids by HILIC (Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography) column succeeded in separating diacyl- and plasmalogen phospholipids. Plasmalogens were then analyzed by means of the ESI-MS/MS and more than 220 molecular species of four classes of plasmalogens (PlsCho (choline plasmalogen), PlsEtn (ethanolamine plasmalogen), PlsGro (glycerol plasmalogen), and PlsSer (serine plasmalogen)) were identified. Major molecular species were c-p19:0/15:0 PlsEtn and PlsSer, which accounted for more than 4% of the total lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
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25
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Cozzolino R, De Giulio B. Application of ESI and MALDI-TOF MS for triacylglycerols analysis in edible oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Holčapek M, Dvořáková H, Lísa M, Girón AJ, Sandra P, Cvačka J. Regioisomeric analysis of triacylglycerols using silver-ion liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: comparison of five different mass analyzers. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8186-94. [PMID: 21075380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) is used for the regioisomeric analysis of triacylglycerols (TGs). Standard mixtures of TG regioisomers are prepared by the randomization reaction from 8 mono-acid TG standards (tripalmitin, tristearin, triarachidin, triolein, trielaidin, trilinolein, trilinolenin and tri-gamma-linolenin). In total, 32 different regioisomeric doublets and 11 triplets are synthesized, separated by silver-ion HPLC using three serial coupled chromatographic columns giving a total length of 75cm. The retention of TGs increases strongly with the double bond (DB) number and slightly for regioisomers having more DBs in sn-1/3 positions. DB positional isomers (linolenic vs. γ-linolenic acids) are also separated and their reverse retention order in two different mobile phases is demonstrated. APCI mass spectra of all separated regioisomers are measured on five different mass spectrometers: single quadrupole LC/MSD (Agilent Technologies), triple quadrupole API 3000 (AB SCIEX), ion trap Esquire 3000 (Bruker Daltonics), quadrupole time-of-flight micrOTOF-Q (Bruker Daltonics) and LTQ Orbitrap XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The effect of different types of mass analyzer on the ratio of [M+H-R(i)COOH](+) fragment ions in APCI mass spectra is lower compared to the effect of the number of DBs, their position on the acyl chain and the regiospecific distribution of acyl chains on the glycerol skeleton. Presented data on [M+H-R(i)COOH](+) ratios measured on five different mass analyzers can be used for the direct regioisomeric determination in natural and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holčapek
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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27
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Camera E, Ludovici M, Galante M, Sinagra JL, Picardo M. Comprehensive analysis of the major lipid classes in sebum by rapid resolution high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3377-88. [PMID: 20719760 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d008391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sebum is a complex lipid mixture that is synthesized in sebaceous glands and excreted on the skin surface. The purpose of this study was the comprehensive detection of the intact lipids that compose sebum. These lipids exist as a broad range of chemical structures and concentrations. Sebum was collected with SebuTape(TM) from the foreheads of healthy donors, and then separated by HPLC on a C8 stationary phase with sub 2 µm particle size. This HPLC method provided high resolution and excellent reproducibility of retention times (RT). Compound mining was performed with time of flight (TOF) and triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometers (MS), which allowed for the classification of lipids according to their elemental composition, degree of unsaturation, and MS/MS fragmentation. The combination of the two MS systems detected 95 and 29 families of triacylglycerols (TAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG), respectively. Assignment was carried out regardless of positional isomerism. Among the wax esters (WE), 28 species were found to contain the 16:1 fatty acyl moiety. This method was suitable for the simultaneous detection of squalene and its oxygenated derivative. A total of 9 cholesterol esters (CE) were identified and more than 48 free fatty acids (FFA) were detected in normal sebum. The relative abundance of each individual lipid within its own chemical class was determined for 12 healthy donors. In summary, this method provided the first characterization of the features and distribution of intact components of the sebum lipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Camera
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia Cutanea e Centro Integrato di Metabolomica, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.
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28
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Schreiberová O, Krulikovská T, Sigler K, Čejková A, Řezanka T. RP-HPLC/MS-APCI Analysis of Branched Chain TAG Prepared by Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis with Rhodococcus erythropolis. Lipids 2010; 45:743-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Basic rules for the interpretation of atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectra of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3908-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Řezanka T, Schreiberová O, Krulikovská T, Masák J, Sigler K. RP-HPLC/MS-APCI analysis of odd-chain TAGs from Rhodococcus erythropolis including some regioisomers. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Machado PA, Fu H, Kratochvil RJ, Yuan Y, Hahm TS, Sabliov CM, Wei CI, Lo YM. Recovery of solanesol from tobacco as a value-added byproduct for alternative applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:1091-6. [PMID: 19773155 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solanesol in the waste streams of a bioprocess designed for alternative applications of low-alkaloid tobacco was recovered using three different extraction methods. Compared to the conventional heat-reflux extraction (HRE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using 1:3 hexane:ethanol (v/v) as the solvent after saponification treatment of tobacco biomass was found the most effective in terms of solanesol yield, processing time, and volume of solvent consumed. Quantification of solanesol was achieved by optimizing the mobile phase at 60/40 acetonitrile-isopropanol and lowering the oven temperature to 22 degrees C using a standard reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The total solanesol recovered from tobacco biomass and chloroplast accounted for 30% (w/w) of the total solanesol in the fresh leaves. Since solanesol is the precursor of metabolically active quinones such as coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K analogues, extraction of solanesol from tobacco bioprocess waste is a feasible operation and could leverage the overall profitability of biorefining tobacco for alternative, value-added uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Machado
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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32
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Holčapek M, Lísa M. Statistical evaluation of triacylglycerol composition by HPLC/APCI-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.200900062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Loutelier-Bourhis C, Zovi O, Lecamp L, Bunel C, Lange CM. Contribution of two approaches using electrospray ionization with multi-stage mass spectrometry for the characterization of linseed oil. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3743-3752. [PMID: 19908212 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed characterization of triacylglycerols (TAGs) present in linseed oil samples from a local producer was performed using electrospray ionization and two mass spectrometric approaches; direct infusion multi-stage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) experiments and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using non-aqueous reversed-phase chromatographic conditions. The combination of both approaches permitted the identification of 26 TAGs. Comparison of the two analytical approaches showed that discrimination of regioisomers was achieved from MS3 data while other isobaric species were separated and identified by LC/MS/MS analysis. The results we obtained were also compared with those previously reported. The TAG composition of the studied linseed oil is qualitatively identical to that of linseed oils from various sources in Europe, Canada, Argentina or India. However, a few differences were observed with regard to the proportions of some TAGs; these can be explained by variations in the culture conditions, climate, and variety of the seeds.
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34
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Holcapek M, Velínská H, Lísa M, Cesla P. Orthogonality of silver-ion and non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC/MS in the analysis of complex natural mixtures of triacylglycerols. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3672-80. [PMID: 19877148 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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35
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Lísa M, Holcapek M, Sovová H. Comparison of various types of stationary phases in non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of glycerolipids in blackcurrant oil and its enzymatic hydrolysis mixture. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8371-8. [PMID: 19837411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The selection of column packing during the development of high-performance liquid chromatography method is a crucial step to achieve sufficient chromatographic resolution of analyzed species in complex mixtures. Various stationary phases are tested in this paper for the analysis of complex mixture of triacylglycerols (TGs) in blackcurrant oil using non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) system with acetonitrile-2-propanol mobile phase. Conventional C(18) column in the total length of 45 cm is used for the separation of TGs according to their equivalent carbon number, the number and positions of double bonds and acyl chain lengths. The separation of TGs and their more polar hydrolysis products after the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of blackcurrant oil in one chromatographic run is achieved using conventional C(18) column. Retention times of TGs are reduced almost 10 times without the loss of the chromatographic resolution using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with 1.7 microm C(18) particles. The separation in NARP system on C(30) column shows an unusual phenomenon, because the retention order of TGs changes depending on the column temperature, which is reported for the first time. The commercial monolithic column modified with C(18) is used for the fast analysis of TGs to increase the sample throughput but at cost of low resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Lísa M, Holcapek M, Bohác M. Statistical evaluation of triacylglycerol composition in plant oils based on high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry data. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6888-6898. [PMID: 19588978 DOI: 10.1021/jf901189u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The statistical evaluation of triacylglycerol profiles in plant oils based on high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) analysis enables the differentiation of various plant oils on the basis of the multidimensional data matrix. A data set of 93 oil samples from 60 varieties of plants composed from 355 triacylglycerols is evaluated using the principal component analysis. Analyzed samples are resolved in the principal component analysis plot, and similarities among some types of plant oils are visualized by the formation of clusters. The authentication of plant oils is tested with model samples of olive oil adulterated with sunflower oil at different concentration levels. Our HPLC/MS method using the statistical multivariate data analysis of a large data matrix enables a clear identification of adulterated olive oils already from 1% of added sunflower oil as an adulterant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Studentska 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Vaclavik L, Cajka T, Hrbek V, Hajslova J. Ambient mass spectrometry employing direct analysis in real time (DART) ion source for olive oil quality and authenticity assessment. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 645:56-63. [PMID: 19481631 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the authentication of olive oil samples representing different quality grades has been developed. A new type of ion source, direct analysis in real time (DART), coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) was employed for the comprehensive profiling of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and/or polar compounds extracted with a methanol-water mixture. The main parameters influencing the ionization efficiency of TAGs were the type of sample solvent, degree of sample dilution, ion beam temperature, and presence of a dopant (ammonia vapors). The ionization yield of polar compounds depended mainly on a content of water in the extract and ion beam temperature. Using DART-TOFMS, not only differentiation among extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), olive pomace oil (OPO) and olive oil (OO) could be easily achieved, but also EVOO adulteration with commonly used adulterant, hazelnut oil (HO), was feasible. Based on the linear discriminant analysis (LDA), the introduced method allowed detection of HO addition of 6 and 15% (v/v) when assessing DART-TOFMS mass profiles of polar compounds and TAGs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Vaclavik
- Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Lísa M, Velínská H, Holčapek M. Regioisomeric Characterization of Triacylglycerols Using Silver-Ion HPLC/MS and Randomization Synthesis of Standards. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3903-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900150j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Čs. Legií 565, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Velínská
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Čs. Legií 565, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Čs. Legií 565, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Carballeira NM, O'Neill R, Silva D. First total synthesis of (5Z,9Z)-(+/-)-2-methoxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid, a marine derived methoxylated analog of taxoleic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 156:41-4. [PMID: 18761005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis for the sponge derived (5Z,9Z)-(+/-)-2-methoxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid, an analog of taxoleic acid, was accomplished in seven steps and in a 10% overall yield. It was again corroborated that the best strategy to prepare these cis,cis dimethylene interrupted double bonds is the double-alkyne bromide coupling reaction of 1,5-hexadiyne, which provides the advantage of achieving a 100% cis stereochemical purity for both double bonds after hydrogenation under Lindlar conditions. The alpha-methoxy functionality was best prepared via the Mukaiyama reaction of (4Z,8Z)-heptadecadienal with trimethylsilyl cyanide and triethylamine followed by acid hydrolysis. Selective methylation of the hydroxyl group of (5Z,9Z)-(+/-)-2-hydroxy-5,9-octadecadienoic acid was achieved with sodium hydride/methyl iodide when tetrahydrofuran was used as solvent. Complete spectral data is presented, for the first time, for this unusual marine alpha-methoxylated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor M Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, USA.
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40
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Simultaneous separation and determination of coenzyme Q10 and its process related impurities by NARP-HPLC and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:230-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lísa M, Holcapek M. Triacylglycerols profiling in plant oils important in food industry, dietetics and cosmetics using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:115-30. [PMID: 18539288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimized non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using acetonitrile-2-propanol gradient elution and the column coupling in the total length of 45 cm has been applied for the high resolution separation of plant oils important in food industry, dietetics and cosmetics. Positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry is used for the unambiguous identification and also the reliable quantitation with the response factors approach. Based on the precise determination of individual triacyglycerol concentrations, the calculation of average parameters important in the nutrition is performed, i.e. average carbon number, average double bond number, relative concentrations of essential, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results are reported in the form of both chromatographic fingerprints and tables containing relative concentrations for all triacylglycerols and fatty acids in individual samples. In total, 264 triacylglycerols consisting of 28 fatty acids with the alkyl chain length from 6 to 26 carbon atoms and 0 to 4 double bonds have been identified in 26 industrial important plant oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Lísa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nám. Cs. Legií 565, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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Rao RN, Talluri MVNK, Krishna TSVNM, Ravindranath K. Continuous counter current extraction, isolation and determination of solanesol in Nicotiana tobacum L. by non-aqueous reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:310-5. [PMID: 18036758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method of continuous counter current extraction in a large-scale production of solanesol from tobacco leaves was developed. The crude extract containing 15-20% solanesol was subjected to a series of steps, viz., saponification, solvent recrystallization and column chromatography. The pure material was characterized by FT-IR, ESI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrometry. The analysis was carried out by a simple and rapid non-aqueous reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method on a Hypersil BDS C18 column (250 mm x 4.6mm, particle size 5 microm) with isopropyl alcohol-methanol (60:40, v/v) as mobile phase and detection at 215 nm. The product purity was between 95 and 98% (w/w) as determined by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nageswara Rao
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:91-98. [PMID: 18340659 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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44
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Lísa M, Lynen F, Holčapek M, Sandra P. Quantitation of triacylglycerols from plant oils using charged aerosol detection with gradient compensation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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