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D'Orazio G, Asensio-Ramos M, Fanali C, Hernández-Borges J, Fanali S. Capillary electrochromatography in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Declerck S, Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D. Enantioseparations of pharmaceuticals with capillary electrochromatography: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:81-99. [PMID: 27156645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of pharmaceuticals is one of the major research topics in the pharmaceutical industry. Chromatographic techniques are most frequently used in this context. Separations in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are an alternative and achieved by chromatographic retention and electrophoretic mobility principles. As a result, CEC is characterized by a high selectivity and efficiency. The limited number of stationary phases specifically developed for CEC, the low number of commercially available CEC columns, the frits to maintain the stationary phase, which forms fragile spots in the columns, and the limited column robustness and reproducibility, make CEC not very attractive for industrial application. However, CEC is still applied and studied in the academic field. This review discusses the enantioseparation of drugs in CEC published during the last four years, with a critical view on the reproducibility and the practical utility of these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Declerck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology (FABI), Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Xue Y, Gu X, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances on capillary columns, detectors, and two-dimensional separations in capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:124-34. [PMID: 25223262 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As a typical miniaturized analytical technique, CEC has attracted much attention because of its low sample and solvent consumption, high efficiency, high selectivity, high resolution, and fast speed. In this review, we mainly cover the development of capillary columns and detection techniques in the CEC since 2009. Herein, three types of capillary columns, namely, open-tubular capillary columns, monolithic columns and packed columns, and several types of detectors are reviewed in detail. Moreover, a 2D separation system based on CEC is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Wu Q, Yu X, Wang Y, Gu X, Ma X, Lv W, Chen Z, Yan C. Pressurized CEC coupled with QTOF-MS for urinary metabolomics. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2470-8. [PMID: 24789083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xue Gu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Wang Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Cheong WJ. Fritting techniques in chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:603-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry; Inha University; Namku; Incheon South Korea
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D’Orazio G, Fanali S. Pressurized nano-liquid–junction interface for coupling capillary electrochromatography and nano-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang YP, Deng PH, Xu ML, Wei XJ, Tang B. Photoinduced Polymerization for Entrapping of Octadecylsilane Microsphere for Capillary Liquid Chromatography. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen CJ, Chen WY, Tseng MC, Chen YR. Tunnel frit: a nonmetallic in-capillary frit for nanoflow ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometryapplications. Anal Chem 2011; 84:297-303. [PMID: 22097963 DOI: 10.1021/ac202549y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an easy method to fabricate a durable in-capillary frit was developed for use in nanoflow liquid chromatography (nanoLC). A small orifice was tunneled into the sol-gel frit during the polymerization process resulting in the simple fabrication of a tunnel frit. A short packing tunnel frit column (2 cm, C(18) particles) was able to sustain over 10,000 psi continuous liquid flow for 10 days without observation of particle loss, and back pressure variation was less than 5%. The tunnel frit was successfully applied to the fabrication of nanoflow ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (nano-UHPLC) trap and analytical columns. In the analysis of tryptic peptides, the tunnel frit trap and analytical columns were demonstrated to have high separation efficiency and sensitivity. In analysis of phosphopeptides, the use of the nonmetallic tunnel frit column showed better sensitivity than the metallic frit column. This design can facilitate the preparation of nano-HPLC and nano-UHPLC columns and the packing material can easily be refilled when the column is severely contaminated or clogged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jung Chen
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Bragg W, Shamsi SA. Development of a fritless packed column for capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8691-700. [PMID: 22035695 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure was developed for the fabrication of a fritless packed column for the coupling of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) to mass spectrometry (MS). The process involved the formation of internal tapers on two separate columns. Once the internal tapers are formed and the columns are packed, the untapered ends of each column were joined together by a commercially available connector. Several advantages of the fritless columns are described. First, the design used here eventually eliminates the need for any frits thus reducing the possibility of bubble formation seen with fritted packed columns. In addition, this is the first report in which the internal tapers are formed at both the inlet and outlet column ends making the fritless CEC-MS column more robust compared to only one report with externally tapered counterparts. Second, a comparison of internally tapered single frit packed CEC-MS (previously developed in our laboratory) column versus fritless CEC-MS column reported here shows that the latter provides better efficiency, suggesting no dead volume with equally good sensitivity and chiral resolution of (±)-aminoglutethimide. The fritless column procedure is universal and was used to prepare a series of columns with a variety of commercially available packing material (mixed mode strong cation exchange, SCX; mixed mode strong anion exchange, SAX; C-18) for the separation and MS detection of short chain non-chromophoric polar amines, long chain nonchromophic anionic surfactant as well as oligomers of non-chromophoric non-ionic surfactants, respectively. The fritless columns showed good intra-day repeatability and inter-day reproducibility of retention times, chiral and achiral resolutions and peak areas. Very satisfactory column-to-column and operator-to-operator reproducibility was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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Preparation and evaluation of tandem stationary phases for μ-HPLC and capillary electrochromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang YP, Zhang YJ, Gong WJ, Chen N, Gopalan AI, Lee KP. Novel fabrication of on-column capillary inlet frits through flame induced sintering of stainless steel particles. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gong WJ, Zhang YP, Na-Chen, Wang AR, Bo T, Shi MW, Qu LB. Fritless Column for Capillary HPLC Prepared by Immobilizing Octadecylsilane Particles in an Organic Polymer Matrix. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Gong
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Na-Chen
- b Department of Chemistry , Zheng Zhou University , Henan, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Rong Wang
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Tang Bo
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wang Shi
- a Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- b Department of Chemistry , Zheng Zhou University , Henan, P.R. China
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GONG W, ZHANG J, ZHANG Y, ZHANG Y, TIAN M, WU D. A Simple Design to Realize Micro-column Separation by Conventional Analytical HPLC. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fast preparation of polystyrene-based monolith using microwave irradiation for micro-column separation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:617-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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