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Pereira-Pinto R, Barros M, Vaz-Velho M, Mata F, Pires P. Enhanced HPLC Method for Boar Taint Quantification. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300283. [PMID: 38809068 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Boar taint is an unpleasant odour found in the carcasses of entire male pigs, resulting from androstenone and skatole accumulation during pubertal development, and impacting pork quality. This study proposes the validation of an adapted chromatographic method for quantifying skatole and androstenone in the pigs' liquid fat using fluorescence detection. A good chromatographic separation was achieved, with skatole (SKA) and androstenone (AND) elution at 4.4 and 9.9 min., respectively. An external calibration method was applied, with calibration curves correlation coefficient of 0.9999 for both analytes. Detection limit values were 1.53 and 16.02 ng/g for SKA and AND, respectively. SKA recovery was 99.72±2.34 % (2.34 % RSD) and 102.84±1.62 % (1.57 % RSD) for AND. Results showed good precision values (repeatability <2.46 % RSD for SKA, <6.85 % RSD for AND; intermediate precision <2.87 % RSD for SKA, <6.98 % RSD for AND). The method's robustness was tested and the values were within the reference ranges. The validation results proved that the adaptation of an existing method resulted in good assessments of robustness, reliability and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pereira-Pinto
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - M Barros
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - M Vaz-Velho
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - F Mata
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - P Pires
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
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Kumar V, Umapathy G. Development of an enzyme immunoassay to measure urinary and faecal 5α-androst-16-en-3-one in pigs. MethodsX 2023; 10:102178. [PMID: 37122363 PMCID: PMC10133744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Androstenone, a volatile steroid that possesses pheromonal activity, is responsible for boar taint, sexual interactions, and reproduction in pigs. A wide range of analytical methods has been developed to quantify and detect androstenone in adipose tissue and blood, which are invasive procedures. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a non-invasive method to detect and quantify the androstenone. We produced group-specific polyclonal androstenone antibody to standardize and validate an enzyme immunoassay to measure faecal and urinary androstenone in Yorkshire boars and sows. Parallelism was performed to determine the immunoreactivity between faecal and urinary immunoreactive androstenone and respective antibody. In boars, urinary and faecal androstenone concentrations were higher on the day of mounting and copulation with sows. In sows, we also measured faecal progesterone metabolites to confirm the oestrus and mating. Faecal androstenone concentrations were peaked on the day of oestrus and mating in sows. Our results suggest that androstenone could be detected and quantified in faecal and urine samples of boars and sows. •Developed an enzyme immunoassay for measuring 5α-androst-16-en-3-one as a marker of boar taint and sex pheromone in urine and faeces of pigs•Detection of 5α-androst-16-en-3-one using a non-invasive method.
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Development of an analytical method for the determination of sterol compounds in boars’ saliva. Anal Biochem 2022; 658:114932. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stewart S, Scorsone E, Prunier A, Hamel M. Novel ECL Method for the Determination of Skatole in Porcine Adipose Tissue. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6403-6409. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stewart
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Matthieu Hamel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
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Botelho ME, Lopes MS, Mathur PK, Knol EF, e Silva FF, Lopes PS, Gimarães SEF, Marques DB, Veroneze R. Weighted genome-wide association study reveals new candidate genes related to boar taint compounds 1. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Botelho ME, Lopes MS, Mathur PK, Knol EF, Guimarães SEF, Marques DBD, Lopes PS, Silva FF, Veroneze R. Applying an association weight matrix in weighted genomic prediction of boar taint compounds. J Anim Breed Genet 2020; 138:442-453. [PMID: 33285013 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biological information regarding markers and gene association may be used to attribute different weights for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in genome-wide selection. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the predictive ability and the bias of genomic prediction using models that allow SNP weighting in the genomic relationship matrix (G) building, with and without incorporating biological information to obtain the weights. Firstly, we performed a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in data set containing single- (SL) or a multi-line (ML) pig population for androstenone, skatole and indole levels. Secondly, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 30% and 50% of the markers explaining the highest proportions of the genetic variance for each trait were selected to build gene networks through the association weight matrix (AWM) approach. The number of edges in the network was computed and used to derive weights for G (AWM-WssGBLUP). The single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) and weighted ssGBLUP (WssGBLUP) were used as standard scenarios. All scenarios presented predictive abilities different from zero; however, the great overlap in their confidences interval suggests no differences among scenarios. Most of scenarios of based on AWM provide overestimations for skatole in both SL and ML populations. On the other hand, the skatole and indole prediction were no biased in the ssGBLUP (S1) in both SL and ML populations. Most of scenarios based on AWM provide no biased predictions for indole in both SL and ML populations. In summary, using biological information through AWM matrix and gene networks to derive weights for genomic prediction resulted in no increase in predictive ability for boar taint compounds. In addition, this approach increased the number of analyses steps. Thus, we can conclude that ssGBLUP is most appropriate for the analysis of boar taint compounds in comparison with the weighted strategies used in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareth E Botelho
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Lopes
- Topigs Norsvin, Curitiba, Brazil.,Topigs Norsvin Research Center, Beuningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Egbert F Knol
- Topigs Norsvin Research Center, Beuningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Daniele B D Marques
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fabyano F Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Renata Veroneze
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Needham T, Gous RM, Lambrechts H, Pieterse E, Hoffman LC. Combined Effect of Dietary Protein, Ractopamine, and Immunocastration on Boar Taint Compounds, and Using Testicle Parameters as an Indicator of Success. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111665. [PMID: 33202637 PMCID: PMC7698110 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the combined effect of immunocastration, dietary protein level (low, medium or high) and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation (0 or 10 mg/kg) on the adipose concentrations of androstenone, skatole and indole in pigs, and explores whether body mass, carcass fatness or testicular parameters may be indicators of boar taint in these carcasses. Immunocastration was successful in decreasing testicle functioning, and adipose androstenone and skatole concentrations, in all individuals. Immunocastration decreased testicle weight and length, seminiferous tubule circumference and epithelium thickness. Testicle tissue from immunocastrates was also paler, and less red in color, in comparison to non-castrated controls. Dietary protein level and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation had no influence on the adipose concentration of androstenone, skatole and indole. Testicle size and color were moderate to strong indicators of androstenone and skatole concentrations in the carcasses, and thus vaccination success. Immunocastration together with the adjustment of dietary protein and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation, is successful in preventing boar taint while maintaining growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tersia Needham
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (H.L.); (E.P.); (L.C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-382-343
| | - Rob M. Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville 3209, South Africa;
| | - Helet Lambrechts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (H.L.); (E.P.); (L.C.H.)
| | - Elsje Pieterse
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (H.L.); (E.P.); (L.C.H.)
| | - Louwrens C. Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (H.L.); (E.P.); (L.C.H.)
- Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains 4108, Australia
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Westmacott KL, Crew AP, Doran O, Hart JP. Novel, rapid, low-cost screen-printed (bio)sensors for the direct analysis of boar taint compounds androstenone and skatole in porcine adipose tissue: Comparison with a high-resolution gas chromatographic method. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111837. [PMID: 31735622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on the fabrication, characterisation and application of an electrochemical (bio)sensor system for the simultaneous measurement of skatole and androstenone. A biosensor for androstenone was fabricated using a Meldola's Blue modified SPCE (MB-SPCE) by depositing NADH and the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase onto the MB-SPCE surface; samples of adipose tissue were analysed using the biosensors in conjunction with chronoamperometry. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of skatole at a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE vs. Ag/AgCl). An oxidation peak was observed around +0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and differential pulse voltammetry was applied for quantification of skatole in adipose tissue (in-situ). Quantitative analysis was achieved using calibration plots obtained from fortified meat samples. The concentrations obtained by the electrochemical and gas chromatographic (GC) methods demonstrated a good positive correlation. The (bio)sensor system completed both measurements within 60 s, as compared to several hours for GC, and at a considerably reduced cost and complexity. Consequently, the novel (bio)sensor system should have applications for analysis of carcasses on the abattoir processing line.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Westmacott
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - A P Crew
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - O Doran
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - J P Hart
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
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9
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Analyses of Indole Compounds in Sugar Cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Juice by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry after Solid-Phase Extraction. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Verplanken K, Wauters J, Van Durme J, Claus D, Vercammen J, De Saeger S, Vanhaecke L. Rapid method for the simultaneous detection of boar taint compounds by means of solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Verplanken K, Wauters J, Vercruysse V, Aluwé M, Vanhaecke L. Development and validation of a UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap-MS method for the simultaneous determination of androstenone, skatole and indole in porcine meat and meat products. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Leivo J, Mäkelä J, Rosenberg J, Lamminmäki U. Development of recombinant antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of skatole. Anal Biochem 2016; 492:27-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Wauters J, Vanden Bussche J, Verplanken K, Bekaert KM, Aluwé M, Van den Broeke A, Coussé A, Buys N, Vanhaecke L. Development of a quantitative method for the simultaneous analysis of the boar taint compounds androstenone, skatole and indole in porcine serum and plasma by means of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2015; 187:120-9. [PMID: 25977006 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Boar taint is an off-odour occurring while heating meat or fat from boars. A method detecting the three compounds (androstenone, skatole and indole) simultaneously in blood would offer substantial advantages since it would allow monitoring the impact of rearing strategies. Therefore, a UHPLC-HR-Orbitrap-MS analysis method is optimized and validated for the quantification of these compounds in plasma or serum. Sample pre-treatment involved an extraction with diethylether followed by a centrifugal filtration (30 kDa). Limits of detection and quantification varied between 0.5 and 1 μg L(-1) and 2 and 3 μg L(-1) for the three compounds, respectively. Besides, an excellent repeatability (RSD < 7.6%), within-laboratory reproducibility (RSD<10.5%), recovery (87-97%) and linearity (R(2)>0.99) were recorded. Correlations between serum/plasma and fat levels of the boar taint compounds were positive for skatole (r(serum) = 0.39 and r(plasma) = 0.84) and androstenone (r(serum) = 0.73-0.78 and r(plasma) = 0.32-0.80).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wauters
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - K Verplanken
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - K M Bekaert
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Aluwé
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - A Van den Broeke
- Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - A Coussé
- KU Leuven University, Science, Engineering and Technology Group, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division of Gene Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - N Buys
- KU Leuven University, Science, Engineering and Technology Group, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Division of Gene Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chen C, Mi X, Yuan Y, Chen G, Ren L, Wang K, Zhu D, Qian Y. A preliminary risk assessment of potential exposure to naturally occurring estrogens from Beijing (China) market milk products. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kantas D, Papatsiros V, Tassis P, Tzika E, Pearce MC, Wilson S. Effects of early vaccination with a gonadotropin releasing factor analog-diphtheria toxoid conjugate on boar taint and growth performance of male pigs1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2251-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Kantas
- Department of Animal Production, Technological and Educational Institute of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - V. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - P. Tassis
- Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E. Tzika
- Farm Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M. C. Pearce
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
| | - S. Wilson
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium
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Fischer J, Haas T, Leppert J, Lammers PS, Horner G, Wüst M, Boeker P. Fast and solvent-free quantitation of boar taint odorants in pig fat by stable isotope dilution analysis-dynamic headspace-thermal desorption-gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2014; 158:345-50. [PMID: 24731353 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boar taint is a specific off-odour of boar meat products, known to be caused by at least three unpleasant odorants, with very low odour thresholds. Androstenone is a boar pheromone produced in the testes, whereas skatole and indole originate from the microbial breakdown of tryptophan in the intestinal tract. A new procedure, applying stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) and dynamic headspace-thermal desorption-gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (dynHS-TD-GC/TOFMS) for the simultaneous quantitation of these boar taint compounds in pig fat was elaborated and validated in this paper. The new method is characterised by a simple and solvent-free dynamic headspace sampling. The deuterated compounds d3-androstenone, d3-skatole and d6-indole were used as internal standards to eliminate matrix effects. The method validation performed revealed low limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) with high accuracy and precision, thus confirming the feasibility of the new dynHS-TD-GC/TOFMS approach for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Fischer
- University of Bonn, Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Work Group on Trace Gas and Odor Measurement, Nussallee 5, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; ELFI Analytik GbR, Massenhausener Strasse 18a, D-85375 Neufahrn, Germany
| | - Torsten Haas
- University of Bonn, Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Work Group on Trace Gas and Odor Measurement, Nussallee 5, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Leppert
- University of Bonn, Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Work Group on Trace Gas and Odor Measurement, Nussallee 5, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Schulze Lammers
- University of Bonn, Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Work Group on Trace Gas and Odor Measurement, Nussallee 5, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerhard Horner
- Five Technologies GmbH, Frauenstrasse 22, 80469 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- University of Bonn, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Boeker
- University of Bonn, Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Work Group on Trace Gas and Odor Measurement, Nussallee 5, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Rahman MM, Kim KH. Parallel analysis of volatile fatty acids, indole, skatole, phenol, and trimethylamine from waste-related source environments. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1314:241-8. [PMID: 24070624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An experimental technique based on sorbent tube-thermal desorption-gas chromatography (ST-TD-GC) was investigated for the simultaneous determination of a cluster of eight volatile odorants (propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid, n-valeric acid, trimethylamine, phenol, indole, and skatole) and a reference compound (benzene). Calibration was made by direct injection of a liquid working standard (L-WS) into a quartz tube packed with three bed sorbent (Tenax TA, Carbopack B, and Carbopack X). To assess the relative performance between different detector systems, a comparative analysis was made using both mass spectrometry (MS) and a flame ionization detector (FID) with the aid of a TD system. In the TD-GC-MS analysis, calibration results were evaluated in two different modes, namely total ion chromatogram (TIC) and extracted ion chromatogram (EIC). In both FID and MS, the elution order of investigated odorants complied with the retention time index (RTI) values for the polar column with a coefficient of determination (R(2)) at or above 0.99. As a means to validate our detection approach, environmental samples from a bathroom and manhole (vacuum samples) as well as cat stool and wastewater (headspace samples) were also collected. The ST-TD method tested for the concurrent analysis of diverse odorants allowed us to measure a list of offensive odorants from those samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahmudur Rahman
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 98 Gun-Ja Dong, Gwang-Jin Gu, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Mathur PK, ten Napel J, Crump RE, Mulder HA, Knol EF. Genetic relationship between boar taint compounds, human nose scores, and reproduction traits in pigs. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4080-9. [PMID: 23825333 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in boar taint, an unpleasant odor arising in pork from some intact males, is desirable if routine castration of piglets needs to be stopped. Commercial slaughter pigs are typically crosses between sire lines mainly selected for finishing traits and dam lines mainly selected for reproduction traits. Previous studies suggest the possibility of reducing boar taint in sire lines due to favorable genetic correlations between boar taint and finishing traits. However, there are indications of unfavorable genetic associations between boar taint and female reproduction traits, but a lack of genetic correlation estimates remain a major roadblock in reducing boar taint in dam lines. This study was conducted to estimate genetic correlations between boar taint traits and female reproduction traits, investigate differences in these genetic relationships among sire and dam lines, and evaluate possible consequences of selection against boar taint in dam lines. The data consisted of 32,549 reproduction records from a Landrace dam line, 23,874 records from a Yorkshire dam line, and 3,745 records from a Pietrain sire line. Androstenone, skatole, and indole were measured on 1,896 carcasses, and human nose scores were recorded on 7,742 carcass samples. In general, the level of boar taint was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the two dam lines than in the sire line. A majority of genetic correlations of boar taint compounds with reproduction traits were either low or nonsignificant, except for those of skatole and indole, with age at first insemination in dam lines that were -0.32 and -0.46, respectively. Genetic correlations also differed (P < 0.05) between sire and dam lines. The consequences of selection against boar taint in dam lines were evaluated, using selection indexes based on reproduction traits only, boar taint traits only, and both boar taint and reproduction traits. Selection on an index of only reproduction traits increased the number of carcasses with boar taint from 4 to 7.3% in 5 generations. Selection on a combined index reduced carcasses with boar taint from 4 to <0.1% in 19 generations at the cost of a 10% less economic gain in reproduction traits. In markets for intact males, overall economic gain is 78% greater than with selection for reproduction only. Breeding programs for boar taint in commercial production should include boar taint in breeding goals of dam lines as the levels of boar taint and the risk of a further increase are greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Mathur
- TOPIGS Research Center IPG, PO Box 43, 6640 AA Beuningen, The Netherlands.
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Fischer J, Brinkmann D, Elsinghorst PW, Wüst M. Determination of the boar taint compound skatole in meat juice by means of stable isotope dilution analysis–direct immersion–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Meat Sci 2012; 91:261-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Piétrain (P), Large White (LW) and Belgian Landrace stress negative (BN) boars were slaughtered at 50, 70, 90 or 110 kg live weight to investigate breed differences and the effect of slaughter weight on boar taint prevalence. Boar taint was quantified by four different methodologies: sensory evaluation of neckfat heated with a hot iron in the slaughterhouse, sensory evaluation of meat by consumer panels, sensory evaluation of fat and meat by expert panels and laboratory analysis of indole, skatole and androstenone in backfat. Skatole levels in backfat were significantly higher for LW and BN than for P boars. The androstenone levels and the hot iron method revealed a significant interaction between breed and slaughter weight. On the other hand, experts detected an effect of weight on the androstenone odour perception, which was significantly higher in fat from boars slaughtered at 90 kg compared with 50 kg, and significantly higher in meat from boars slaughtered at 110 kg compared with 50 kg. Consumers did not detect differences in the sensory characteristics among breeds or slaughter weight. These results indicate opportunities to minimise the risk of boar taint in entire male pigs by carefully selecting a combination of breed and slaughter weight. Along with the optimal slaughter weight, the effectiveness of reducing boar taint by lowering slaughter weight appeared to be breed dependent.
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Abstract
Today, different analytical methods are used by different laboratories to quantify androstenone in fat tissue. This study shows the comparison of methods used routinely in different laboratories for androstenone quantification: Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (NSVS; Norway), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in Co-operative Central Laboratory (CCL; The Netherlands) and in Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA; Spain), and high-pressure liquid chromatography in Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station (ALP; Switzerland). In a first trial, a set of adipose tissue (AT) samples from 53 entire males was sent to CCL, IRTA and NSVS for determination of androstenone concentration. The average androstenone concentration (s.d.) was 2.47 (2.10) μg/g at NSVS, 1.31 (0.98) μg/g at CCL and 0.62 (0.52) μg/g at IRTA. Despite the large differences in absolute values, inter-laboratory correlations were high, ranging from 0.82 to 0.92. A closer look showed differences in the preparation step. Indeed, different matrices were used for the analysis: pure fat at NSVS, melted fat at CCL and AT at IRTA. A second trial was organised in order to circumvent the differences in sample preparation. Back fat samples from 10 entire males were lyophilised at the ALP labortary in Switzerland and were sent to the other laboratories for androstenone concentration measurement. The average concentration (s.d.) of androstenone in the freeze-dried AT samples was 0.87 (0.52), 1.03 (0.55), 0.84 (0.46) and 0.99 (0.67) μg/g at NSVS, CCL, IRTA and ALP, respectively, and the pairwise correlations between laboratories ranged from 0.92 to 0.97. Thus, this study shows the influence of the different sample preparation protocols, leading to major differences in the results, although still allowing high inter-laboratory correlations. The results further highlight the need for method standardisation and inter-laboratory ring tests for the determination of androstenone. This standardisation is especially relevant when deriving thresholds of consumer acceptance, whereas the ranking of animals for breeding purposes will be less affected due to the high correlations between methods.
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A validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry analysis for the simultaneous quantification of the three known boar taint compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1239:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of various boar taint detection methods, measure the relationship between them and identify possible points of improvement for boar taint detection. The methods used to evaluate boar taint in the carcasses of 448 entire male pigs and 17 barrows were the hot iron method (n = 442), a standardised (n = 323) and home (n = 58) consumer meat-evaluation panel, an expert panel assessment of meat and fat (n = 464) and laboratory analysis of skatole, androstenone and indole in fat (n = 464). The axillary odour of a number of slaughtered entire male pigs was also investigated (n = 231). As correlation coefficients were generally weak, a positive result for one of these detection methods did not per se result in a positive result for all other methods. Results of one detection method could not be generalised. The choice to use one or more detection methods deserves consideration depending on the aim of the study. In this paper, we suggest some possible improvements for evaluating boar taint with a consumer panel based on our results and experience. The home consumer evaluation was correlated with the concentration of indole (r = 0.27) but not with skatole or androstenone. We therefore recommend that lab analyses include indole testing. The hot iron method seems to be an easy and fast detection method, which yields comparable or better correlation coefficients with the other detection methods than an expert panel evaluating fat samples. However, the reliability of the hot iron method depends on the training and reliability of one or two assessors. Efforts should be made to further optimise this method by evaluating the effect of testing conditions. The axillary odour score was moderately correlated with the other detection methods (up to 0.32). More research is needed to evaluate the possibilities of axillary odour as a boar taint detection method.
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Mathur PK, ten Napel J, Bloemhof S, Heres L, Knol EF, Mulder HA. A human nose scoring system for boar taint and its relationship with androstenone and skatole. Meat Sci 2012; 91:414-22. [PMID: 22436660 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A system for sensory evaluation of boar taint was used to evaluate boar taint in fat samples from 6574 entire males. The term "human nose scoring" has been used to describe this system. The samples from each boar were heated with a hot iron and three panelists assigned scores of 0 to 4. The reproducibility of HNS ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 reflecting natural variation in the ability of human beings to detect different odors. The correlations of HNS with androstenone ranged from 0.22 to 0.52, while those with skatole ranged from 0.31 to 0.89, suggesting that skatole is a better predictor of boar taint. Considering (1) the relationship of HNS with the boar taint compounds, (2) the ability of HNS to capture variation not accounted for by the boar taint compounds, (3) low estimation costs and (4) low time requirements, HNS can be used in large scale evaluations of boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Mathur
- IPG, Institute for Pig Genetics BV, PO Box 43, 6640 AA, Beuningen, The Netherlands.
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Duijvesteijn N, Knol EF, Bijma P. Direct and associative effects for androstenone and genetic correlations with backfat and growth in entire male pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2465-75. [PMID: 22367075 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pig industry, male piglets are surgically castrated early in life to prevent boar taint. Boar taint is mainly caused by androstenone and skatole. Androstenone is a pheromone that can be released from the salivary glands when the boar is sexually aroused. Boars are housed in groups and as a consequence boars can influence and be influenced by the phenotype of other boars by (non-)heritable social interactions. The influence of these social interactions on androstenone is not well understood. The objective of this study is to investigate whether androstenone concentrations are affected by (non-)heritable social interactions and estimate their genetic correlation with growth rate and backfat. The dataset contained 6,245 boars, of which 4,455 had androstenone observations (68%). The average number of animals per pen was 7 and boars were housed in 899 unique pen-groups (boars within a single pen) and 344 unique compartment-groups (boars within a unique 'room' within a barn during time). Four models including different random effects, were compared for androstenone. Direct genetic, associative (also known as social genetic or indirect genetic effects), group, compartment, common environment and residual effects were included as random effects in the full model (M3). Including random pen and compartment effects (non-heritable social effects) significantly improved the model (M2) compared with including only direct, common environment and residual as random effects (M1, P < 0.001), and including associative effects even more (M3, P < 0.001). The sum of the direct and associative variance components determines the total genetic variance of the trait. The associative effect explained 11.7% of the total genetic variance. Backfat thickness was analysed using M2 and growth using M3. The genetic correlation between backfat (direct genetic variance) and total genetic variance for androstenone was close to 0. Backfat and the direct and associative effects for androstenone had genetic correlations of 0.14 ± 0.08 and -0.25 ± 0.18, respectively. The genetic correlation between total genetic variances for growth rate and androstenone was 0.33 ± 0.18. The genetic correlation between direct effects was 0.11 ± 0.09 and between associative effects was 0.42 ± 0.31. The genetic correlations and current selection towards lower backfat and greater growth rate suggest that no major change in androstenone is expected when breeding goals are not changed. For selection against boar taint and therefore also against androstenone , results recommend that at least the social environment of the boars should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Duijvesteijn
- Institute for Pig Genetics (IPG), P.O. Box 43, 6640 AA Beuningen, the Netherlands.
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Windig JJ, Mulder HA, Ten Napel J, Knol EF, Mathur PK, Crump RE. Genetic parameters for androstenone, skatole, indole, and human nose scores as measures of boar taint and their relationship with finishing traits. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2120-9. [PMID: 22247111 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate measures of boar (Sus scrofa) taint as potential selection criteria to reduce boar taint so that castration of piglets will become unnecessary. Therefore, genetic parameters of boar taint measures and their genetic correlations with finishing traits were estimated. In particular, the usefulness of a human panel assessing boar taint (human nose score) was compared with chemical assessment of boar taint compounds, androstenone, skatole, and indole. Heritability estimates for androstenone, skatole, and indole were 0.54, 0.41, and 0.33, respectively. The heritability for the human nose score using multiple panelists was 0.12, and ranged from 0.12 to 0.19 for individual panelists. Genetic correlations between scores of panelists were generally high up to unity. The genetic correlations between human nose scores and the boar taint compounds ranged from 0.64 to 0.999. The boar taint compounds and human nose scores had low or favorable genetic correlations with finishing traits. Selection index estimates indicated that the effectiveness of a breeding program based on human nose scores can be comparable to a breeding program based on the boar taint compounds themselves. Human nose scores can thus be used as a cheap and fast alternative for the costly determination of boar taint compounds, needed in breeding pigs without boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Windig
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands.
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Fischer J, Elsinghorst PW, Bücking M, Tholen E, Petersen B, Wüst M. Development of a Candidate Reference Method for the Simultaneous Quantitation of the Boar Taint Compounds Androstenone, 3α-Androstenol, 3β-Androstenol, Skatole, and Indole in Pig Fat by Means of Stable Isotope Dilution Analysis–Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6785-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201465q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Fischer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul W. Elsinghorst
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark Bücking
- Divison of Applied Ecology, Fraunhofer Institute, Auf dem Aberg 1, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Ernst Tholen
- Institute of Animal Science, Animal Breeding and Husbandry Group, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brigitte Petersen
- Institute of Animal Science, Preventive Health Management, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Haugen JE, Brunius C, Zamaratskaia G. Review of analytical methods to measure boar taint compounds in porcine adipose tissue: the need for harmonised methods. Meat Sci 2011; 90:9-19. [PMID: 21803507 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review describes the analytical methods developed for quantification of the boar taint compounds skatole and androstenone in porcine adipose tissue. The following parts are considered; sampling, sample preparation, calibration and instrumentation. Additionally, method performance characteristics and level of validation of the existing methodology are discussed. It is concluded that there is a need for further validation of existing methods and need for standardisation of methodology to quantify boar taint compounds. Facing a possible near future ban of castration of male piglets would enforce further method harmonisation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-E Haugen
- Nofima AS Division Food, Osloveien 1, NO-1430 Aas, Norway.
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Fischer J, Elsinghorst PW, Wüst M. Synthesis of deuterium-labeled d3-androstenone and d3-skatole for boar taint analysis. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Fischer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics; University of Bonn; Endenicher Allee 11-13; D-53115; Bonn; Germany
| | - Paul W. Elsinghorst
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I; University of Bonn; An der Immenburg 4; D-53121; Bonn; Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Bioanalytics; University of Bonn; Endenicher Allee 11-13; D-53115; Bonn; Germany
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Aluwé M, Bekaert KM, Tuyttens FAM, Vanhaecke L, De Smet S, De Brabander HF, De Brabander DL, Millet S. Influence of soiling on boar taint in boars. Meat Sci 2010; 87:175-9. [PMID: 21074948 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that skatole, one of the main compounds responsible for boar taint, can be lowered by keeping pigs clean, as skatole can be absorbed through skin and/or lungs (Hansen, Larsen, Jensen, HansenMoller & Bartongade, 1994). With this experiment, we further investigated this hypothesis by comparing extremely clean with extremely dirty animals with regard to the occurrence of boar taint. One group of boars was washed daily and pens were mucked on and littered down daily (CLEAN), a second group of boars was rubbed with faeces daily (DIRTY) and a third group of boars was kept in control conditions (CONTROL). The treatment was performed during the last four weeks before slaughter. According to the standardised consumer panel evaluations, boars subjected to extra soiling had a higher concentration of boar taint than boars that were kept extra clean. In contrast, expert panels judged general meat flavour to be inferior in CLEAN than CONTROL pigs. The home consumer panel, the hot iron method, and laboratory analyses, i.e., the presence of indole, skatole and androstenone in fat and serum, all showed no significant differences. So no clear indications towards skatole reduction by improving cleanliness of pigs were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aluwé
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Chen G, Ren L, Yang S, Qiu J, Kamal-Eldin A, Lundström K. Determination of androstenone levels in porcine plasma by LC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Aluwé M, Millet S, Nijs G, Tuyttens FAM, Verheyden K, De Brabander HF, De Brabander DL, Van Oeckel MJ. Absence of an effect of dietary fibre or clinoptilolite on boar taint in entire male pigs fed practical diets. Meat Sci 2009; 82:346-52. [PMID: 20416715 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of reducing boar taint in boars (Piétrain×Hybrid) by addition of different feed ingredients (raw potato starch (RPS) 10%, raw potato starch 10%+wheat bran 5% (RPS+WB), lupins 10%, inulin 5%, clinoptilolite 1%) to a standard diet over a period of 4-6 weeks before slaughter. Control boars (CBOAR) as well as barrows were fed the standard diet. Efficacy of the different feed ingredients was evaluated by different boar taint detection methods: hot iron method, consumer panel, expert panel and laboratory analysis. According to all detection methods, clear differences were noticeable between boars and barrows. No differences in boar taint incidence were found between the boars on the different dietary treatments as assessed by consumers, experts, hot iron method or the concentration of skatole in fat. A significant effect on indole level was found, but no further differentiation could be made. The concentration of backfat androstenone was significantly higher for the inulin and control boar group compared to the lupin group. In conclusion, none of the feeding strategies tested in this study reduced boar taint in boars at the given percentages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aluwé
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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