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An underestimated technique. Does pressurized and pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography have potential in drug and pharmacological-active compounds analysis? CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Pharmaceutical analysis guarantees patient safety all over the world. Thus, continuous development of existing analytical techniques is still very important. Pressurized capillary electrochromatography and pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography are hybrid separation techniques that combine the selectivity of liquid chromatography and the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis. They use a smaller amount of reagents and samples, hence, reducing the total cost of analysis. Therefore they have found application in a number of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. This review article focuses on the use and importance of pressurized and pressure-assisted capillary electrochromatography in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, taking into account types of detectors and capillaries used. Despite the fact that pressurized capillary electrochromatography and pressure assisted capillary electrochromatography offer many possibilities and have been available for over a dozen years, they are still underdevelopment and not fully explored.
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Qiao JQ, Liang C, Zhu ZY, Cao ZM, Zheng WJ, Lian HZ. Monolithic alkylsilane column: A promising separation medium for oligonucleotides by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:168-177. [PMID: 30077461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a monolithic octadecylsilane column and particle-packed octadecylsilane columns were used to investigate the retention behaviors of oligonucleotides by ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC). Results showed that, with same base composition, hairpin oligonucleotides always had weaker retention than corresponding random coil oligonucleotides on the monolithic column, but not on the particle-packed columns. In addition, the linear correlation between the retention factor k of oligonucleotides and the reciprocal of temperature (1/T), especially for hairpins, was relatively weaker on the particle-packed columns, as compared to the correlation on the monolithic column. The correlation between k and 1/T became weaker with decreasing particle size of the particle-packed columns. Moreover, results revealed that the overall retention order on the particle-packed column with small particles (3 μm) differed greatly from that on the monolithic column. In contrast, the retention order on the 10 μm particle-packed column was very close to that on the monolithic column. From the above, we inferred that oligonucleotides could keep their primary conformations unchanged when passing through the monolithic column, attributed to the special pore structures of the monolith. However, the conformations of oligonucleotides were suppressed or even destroyed when oligonucleotides passed through the particle-packed columns. This because the narrow and tortuous channels created by the stacked stationary phase particles could lead to more complex and unequable retention behaviors. Therefore, the monolithic column exhibited better retention regularity for oligonucleotides of secondary structure especially for hairpins than the particle-packed columns. It is noteworthy that the monolith-based IP-RPLC opens an intriguing prospect in accurately elucidating the retention behaviors of oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhao-Ming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Juan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Salem AA, Wasfi I, Al-Nassib SS, Allawy Mohsin M, Al-Katheeri N. Determination of Some β-Blockers and β2-Agonists in Plasma and Urine Using Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry and Solid Phase Extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Moravcová D, Rantamäki AH, Duša F, Wiedmer SK. Monoliths in capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:880-912. [PMID: 26800083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have reviewed separation studies utilizing monolithic capillary columns for separation of compounds preceding MS analysis. The review is divided in two parts according to the used separation method, namely CEC and capillary LC (cLC). Based on our overview, monolithic CEC-MS technique have been more focused on the syntheses of highly specialized and selective separation phase materials for fast and efficient separation of specific types of analytes. In contrast, monolithic cLC-MS is more widely used and is often employed, for instance, in the analysis of oligonucleotides, metabolites, and peptides and proteins in proteomic studies. While poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)-based and silica-based monolithic capillaries found their place in proteomic analyses, the other laboratory-synthesized monoliths still wait for their wider utilization in routine analyses. The development of new monolithic materials will most likely continue due to the demand of more efficient and rapid separation of increasingly complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Filip Duša
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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Vortex-assisted liquid–liquid extraction combined with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for improved determination of β-blockers in human urine. Talanta 2016; 149:298-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jouyban A, Sorouraddin MH, Farajzadeh MA, Somi MH, Fazeli-Bakhtiyari R. Determination of five antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2015; 134:681-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Wu Q, Yu X, Wang Y, Gu X, Ma X, Lv W, Chen Z, Yan C. Pressurized CEC coupled with QTOF-MS for urinary metabolomics. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2470-8. [PMID: 24789083 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xinwei Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xue Gu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Wang Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University; Hangzhou China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Electrically Assisted Liquid-Phase Microextraction Combined With Capillary Electrophoresis for Quantification of Propranolol Enantiomers in Human Body Fluids. Chirality 2014; 26:260-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Salt-assisted LLE combined with field-amplified sample stacking in CE for improved determination of beta blocker drugs in human urine. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:319-34. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A simple and sensitive CE method was developed and validated for the analysis of some beta blockers in human urine. Methods: In this study, salting-out assisted LLE combined with field-amplified sample stacking method was employed for biological sample clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in CE. Results: Under the optimal conditions good linearity (r2 ≥0.998) was obtained, within 0.025–1 µg/ml for propranolol and metoprolol, and within 0.05–1 µg/ml for carvedilol in urine samples. LODs and LLOQs ranged from 0.005 to 0.015 µg/ml, and from 0.025 to 0.05 µg/ml, respectively. The RSDs of intra- and inter-day analysis of examined compounds were less than 4.0%. The recoveries were in the range of 98–119%. Conclusion: The validated method is successfully applied to determine propranolol, metoprolol and carvedilol in human urine samples obtained from the patients who received these drugs.
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Guo L, Wang D, Xu Y, Qiu B, Lin Z, Dai H, Yang HH, Chen G. Discrimination of enantiomers based on LSPR biosensors fabricated with weak enantioselective and nonselective receptors. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu L, Guo Q, Yu H, Huang J, You T. Simultaneous determination of three β-blockers at a carbon nanofiber paste electrode by capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection. Talanta 2012; 97:462-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Chen Z, Cai Y, Zhang L, Zhang L. Capillary electrochromatography of three β2-agonists in human urine using a lauryl methacrylate-based monolithic column. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1138-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety,; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety,; Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety,; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety,; Department of Chemistry; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; China
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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of pharmacologically active substances in urine and blood samples by use of a continuous solid-phase extraction system and microwave-assisted derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 891-892:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li W, Liu C, Tan G, Zhang X, Zhu Z, Chai Y. Molecular modeling study of chiral separation and recognition mechanism of β-adrenergic antagonists by capillary electrophoresis. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:710-725. [PMID: 22312281 PMCID: PMC3269715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral separations of five β-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol) were studied by capillary electrophoresis using six cyclodextrins (CDs) as the chiral selectors. Carboxymethylated-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) exhibited a higher enantioselectivity power compared to the other tested CDs. The influences of the concentration of CM-β-CD, buffer pH, buffer concentration, temperature, and applied voltage were investigated. The good chiral separation of five β-adrenergic antagonists was achieved using 50 mM Tris buffer at pH 4.0 containing 8 mM CM-β-CD with an applied voltage of 24 kV at 20 °C. In order to understand possible chiral recognition mechanisms of these racemates with CM-β-CD, host-guest binding procedures of CM-β-CD and these racemates were studied using the molecular docking software Autodock. The binding free energy was calculated using the Autodock semi-empirical binding free energy function. The results showed that the phenyl or naphthyl ring inserted in the hydrophobic cavity of CM-β-CD and the side chain was found to point out of the cyclodextrin rim. Hydrogen bonding between CM-β-CD and these racemates played an important role in the process of enantionseparation and a model of the hydrogen bonding interaction positions was constructed. The difference in hydrogen bonding formed with the -OH next to the chiral center of the analytes may help to increase chiral discrimination and gave rise to a bigger separation factor. In addition, the longer side chain in the hydrophobic phenyl ring of the enantiomer was not beneficial for enantioseparation and the chiral selectivity factor was found to correspond to the difference in binding free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuhong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (C.L.); (G.T.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (C.L.); (G.T.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Guangguo Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (C.L.); (G.T.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinrong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (C.L.); (G.T.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (C.L.); (G.T.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; E-Mails: (W.L.); (C.L.); (G.T.); (X.Z.); (Z.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Minamide Y, Osawa Y, Nishida H, Igarashi H, Kudoh S. A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method capable of simultaneously quantitating celiprolol and atenolol in human plasma for a cassette cold-microdosing study. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1590-8. [PMID: 21595025 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive simultaneous quantitative method for a cassette cold-microdosing study on celiprolol and atenolol was developed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method utilizes a combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong cation exchange (SCX) cartridge columns and reversed-phase chromatography with an ODS analytical column. SCX-SPE cartridge columns (100 mg sorbent) were used for a selective extraction of celiprolol, atenolol and metoprolol (internal standard) from 500 μL of human plasma samples. Turbo-ion spray at positive mode was employed for the ionization of the drug compounds. Quantitation was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer by selected reaction monitoring with the transitions of m/z 380 to m/z 251 for celiprolol and m/z 267 to m/z 145 for atenolol. Separation of analytes was achieved on an ODS column (100 mm length × 2.1 mm id, 3 μm) by a gradient elution with 10 mM formic acid and methanol by varying their proportion at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The method was validated in the range of 1-250 pg/mL for celiprolol and 2.5-250 pg/mL for atenolol and was successfully applied to the elucidation of pharmacokinetic profiling in a cold cassette microdosing study of the β-blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Minamide
- Bioanalysis Research Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd, Gunma, Japan.
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Lu M, Li Q, Lai Y, Zhang L, Qiu B, Chen G, Cai Z. Determination of stimulants and narcotics as well as their in vitro metabolites by online CE-ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:472-8. [PMID: 21254133 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive CE-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous analysis of seven stimulants and narcotics (amphetamine, ephedrine, methadone, pethidine, tetracaine, codeine and heroin) was developed. The CE-ESI-MS experimental conditions were optimized as follows: 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate with pH 9.0 as running buffer, the separation voltage of 22 kV and the sheath liquid of isopropanol/water (1:1 v/v) containing 7.5 mmol/L acetic acid with 3.0 μL/min flow rate. Under the optimized conditions, the stimulants and narcotics were well separated within 4.6 min using a 70-cm length fused-silica capillary (50 μm id). The detection limits (S/N=3) of the CE-ESI-MS analysis were in the range of 0.40-1.0 ng/mL. Method repeatability of intra-day and inter-day was satisfactory. The recoveries obtained from the analysis of spiked urine samples were between 84.1 and 108%. The developed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of methadone, pethidine and codeine and their in vitro metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Cheng J, Zhang L, Lu Q, Lu M, Chen Z, Chen G. pCEC coupling with ESI-MS for the analysis of β2-agonists and narcotics using a poly-(1-hexadecene-co-TMPTMA) monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lin Z, Pang J, Huang H, Zhang L, Chen G. [Recent advances in capillary electrochromatography and its coupling techniques]. Se Pu 2010; 28:273-83. [PMID: 20549979 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel micro-separation technique, capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has the merits of high efficiency, high selectivity, high resolution and rapid analysis. However, the small-volume injection manipulated in capillary dimensions poses a great challenge for detectors in achieving high sensitivity. Currently, one of the major researches into CEC involves the development of some sensitive detection modes. The general introduction, which includes the historical perspectives and the principles of CEC, is briefly described. The recent advances about CEC coupled with various detectors and its applications in the separation of complex samples are summarized. A total of 141 references are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Coupling capillary electrochromatography with mass spectrometry by using a liquid-junction nano-spray interface. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4079-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
β-blockers are a class of antihypertensive drugs that are used for the management of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack) and hypertension. They have revolutionized the medical management of angina pectoris and are recommended as first-line agents by national and international guidelines. Although β-blockers are still the cornerstone for the treatment of heart failure, some of the drugs in this category are prohibited in several sports requiring vehicle control and bodily movements as they reduce heart rate and tremors, and improve performance. As a result, urine analysis of β-blockers is mandatory in doping control and toxicological screening. The determination of plasma levels of β-blockers helps to ensure noncompliance in patients with persistent hypertonia to confirm the diagnosis of β-blocker poisoning and for therapeutic drug monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive account of various analytical methods developed for detection and quantitation of β-blockers in plasma and urine.
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Lu Q, Zhang L, Chen L, Lu M, Tong P, Chen G. Simultaneous analysis of endogenetic and ectogenic plant hormones by pressurized capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:651-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lu M, Feng Q, Lu Q, Cai Z, Zhang L, Chen G. Preparation and evaluation of the highly cross-linked poly(1-hexadecane-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate) monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3540-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang J, Shao B, Yin J, Wu Y, Duan H. Simultaneous detection of residues of β-adrenergic receptor blockers and sedatives in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1915-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: the Prohibited List 2008-analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:4-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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