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Ferrance JP. Solid phase extraction on reverse phase chromatographic media subjected to stresses expected for extraterrestrial implementation. Analyst 2022; 147:3514-3524. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reverse phase solid phase extraction matrices were tested using standard analytes then exposed to space flight stresses to ensure functionality when deployed for liquid sample analysis on remote bodies.
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2
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Fosso Tene PL, Weltin A, Tritz F, Defeu Soufo HJ, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Cryogel Monoliths for Analyte Enrichment by Capture and Release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11041-11048. [PMID: 34506153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A platform based on cryogel monoliths in small capillaries, which allows very strong enrichment of an analyte through a capture and release process, is described. For their preparation, a photoreactive copolymer solution containing capture molecules of interest is filled into a capillary, frozen in, and then photochemically transformed into cryogel monoliths through C,H-insertion cross-linking reactions. As a test example, the platform is used for the preconcentration of dopamine from bovine serum albumin and urine samples through capture and release processes. During capture from a large volume and release into a smaller volume, the platform shows recovery rates up to 97% and allows up to a roughly 630-fold enrichment of the concentration of the analyte. The presented platform could be used as a disposable device for the purification and enrichment of a variety of cis-diol-containing samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Fosso Tene
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Tritz
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Herve J Defeu Soufo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Nordman N, Barrios-Lopez B, Laurén S, Suvanto P, Kotiaho T, Franssila S, Kostiainen R, Sikanen T. Shape-anchored porous polymer monoliths for integrated online solid-phase extraction-microchip electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:428-32. [PMID: 25043750 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple protocol for fabrication of shape-anchored porous polymer monoliths (PPMs) for on-chip SPE prior to online microchip electrophoresis (ME) separation and on-chip (ESI/MS). The chip design comprises a standard ME separation channel with simple cross injector and a fully integrated ESI emitter featuring coaxial sheath liquid channel. The monolith zone was prepared in situ at the injection cross by laser-initiated photopolymerization through the microchip cover layer. The use of high-power laser allowed not only maskless patterning of a precisely defined monolith zone, but also faster exposure time (here, 7 min) compared with flood exposure UV lamps. The size of the monolith pattern was defined by the diameter of the laser output (∅500 μm) and the porosity was geared toward high through-flow to allow electrokinetic actuation and thus avoid coupling to external pumps. Placing the monolith at the injection cross enabled firm anchoring based on its cross-shape so that no surface premodification with anchoring linkers was needed. In addition, sample loading and subsequent injection (elution) to the separation channel could be performed similar to standard ME setup. As a result, 15- to 23-fold enrichment factors were obtained already at loading (preconcentration) times as short as 25 s without sacrificing the throughput of ME analysis. The performance of the SPE-ME-ESI/MS chip was repeatable within 3.1% and 11.5% RSD (n = 3) in terms of migration time and peak height, respectively, and linear correlation was observed between the loading time and peak area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nordman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Zhai H, Li J, Chen Z, Su Z, Liu Z, Yu X. A glass/PDMS electrophoresis microchip embedded with molecular imprinting SPE monolith for contactless conductivity detection. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Park J, Kim S. On-Channel Micro-Solid Phase Extraction Bed Based on 1-Dodecanethiol Self-Assembly on Gold-Deposited Colloidal Silica Packing on a Capillary Electrochromatographic Microchip. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Wägli P, Chang YC, Hans K, Homsy A, Hvozdara L, Herzig HP, Sigrist M, de Rooij NF. Microfluidic droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction and on-chip IR spectroscopy detection of cocaine in human saliva. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7558-65. [PMID: 23815182 DOI: 10.1021/ac401606p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a portable microsystem to quantitatively detect cocaine in human saliva. In this system, we combine a microfluidic-based multiphase liquid-liquid extraction method to transfer cocaine continuously from IR-light-absorbing saliva to an IR-transparent solvent (tetrachloroethylene) with waveguide IR spectroscopy (QC-laser, waveguide, detector) to detect the cocaine on-chip. For the fabrication of the low-cost polymer microfluidic chips a simple rapid prototyping technique based on Scotch-tape masters was further developed and applied. To perform the droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction, we designed and integrated a simple and robust droplet generation method based on the capillary focusing effect within the device. Compared to well-characterized and commonly used microfluidic H-filters, our system showed at least two times higher extraction efficiencies with potential for further improvements. The current liquid-liquid extraction method alone can efficiently extract cocaine and pre-concentrate the analytes in a new solvent. Our fully integrated optofluidic system successfully detected cocaine in real saliva samples spiked with the drug (500 μg/mL) and allowed real time measurements, which makes this approach suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wägli
- Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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7
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Donoghue MA, Xu X, Bernlohr DA, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoretic analysis of hydroxyl radicals produced by respiring mitochondria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6053-60. [PMID: 23665638 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the use of a capillary electrophoretic method with laser-induced fluorescence detection to evaluate hydroxyl radicals produced by respiring mitochondria. The probe, hydroxyphenylfluorescein (HPF), is separated from the product, fluorescein, in under 5 min with zeptomole and attomole limits of detection for fluorescein and HPF, respectively. Purification of the probe with a C-18 SPE column is necessary to reduce the fluorescein impurity in the probe stock solution from 0.4% to less than 0.001%. HPF was responsive to hydroxyl radicals produced by isolated mitochondria from L6 cells, and this signal was blunted when DMSO was added to scavenge hydroxyl radicals and when carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone was added to depolarize the mitochondria. The method was used to compare hydroxyl radical levels in mitochondria isolated from brown adipose tissue of lean and obese mice. Mitochondria from obese mice produced significantly more hydroxyl radicals than those from lean mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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8
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Kartsova LA, Obedkova EV. Chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of biologically active compounds for the diagnosis of various diseases. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Giordano BC, Burgi DS, Hart SJ, Terray A. On-line sample pre-concentration in microfluidic devices: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:11-24. [PMID: 22305893 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On-line sample preconcentration is an essential tool in the development of microfluidic-based separation platforms. In order to become more competitive with traditional separation techniques, the community must continue to develop newer and more novel methods to improve detection limits, remove unwanted sample matrix components that disrupt separation performance, and enrich/purify analytes for other chip-based actions. Our goal in this review is to familiarize the reader with many of the options available for on-chip concentration enhancement with a focus on those manuscripts that, in our assessment, best describe the fundamental principles that govern those enhancements. Sections discussing both electrophoretic and nonelectrophoretic modes of preconcentration are included with a focus on device design and mechanisms of preconcentration. This review is not meant to be a comprehensive collection of every available example, but our hope is that by learning how on-line sample concentration techniques are being applied today, the reader will be inspired to apply these techniques to further enhance their own programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden C Giordano
- Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC 20375-5342, United States.
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Barbas C, Moraes EP, Villaseñor A. Capillary electrophoresis as a metabolomics tool for non-targeted fingerprinting of biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:823-31. [PMID: 21376499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, understood as a data driven strategy trying to find markers of a situation under study without a priori hypothesis, has rapidly caught the attention and evolved from the simple pattern recognition strategy, which was a great innovation at its origins, to the interest for the final identification of markers responsible for class separation, i.e., from data to knowledge. Due to differences in physico-chemical properties and concentrations of the metabolites, but also due to differences in matrix properties, cross-platform approaches are proving to increase the capability of information. Once more techniques do not compete. This is the scene where capillary electrophoresis (CE) has its niche to provide information mainly on polar or ionic compounds in biological fluids. General advantages and disadvantages of CE for sample fingerprinting will be discussed and methods will be classified depending on the detection system (UV or MS) as this strongly affects all the conditions. Recent developments will be presented in different biological fluids, although urine is without a doubt the preferred sample for CE analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barbas
- CEMBIO (Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Campus Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain.
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Cakal C, Ferrance JP, Landers JP, Caglar P. Microchip extraction of catecholamines using a boronic acid functional affinity monolith. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Cakal C, Ferrance JP, Landers JP, Caglar P. Development of a micro-total analysis system (μ-TAS) for the determination of catecholamines. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1909-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yu M, Wang HY, Woolley AT. Polymer microchip CE of proteins either off- or on-chip labeled with chameleon dye for simplified analysis. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:4230-6. [PMID: 19924700 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microchip CE of proteins labeled either off- or on-chip with the "chameleon" CE dye 503 using poly(methyl methacrylate) microchips is presented. A simple dynamic coating using the cationic surfactant CTAB prevented nonspecific adsorption of protein and dye to the channel walls. The labeling reactions for both off- and on-chip labeling proceeded at room temperature without requiring heating steps. In off-chip labeling, a 9 ng/mL concentration detection limit for BSA, corresponding to a approximately 7 fg (100 zmol) mass detection limit, was obtained. In on-chip tagging, the free dye and protein were placed in different reservoirs of the microchip, and an extra incubation step was not needed. A 1 microg/mL concentration detection limit for BSA, corresponding to a approximately 700 fg (10 amol) mass detection limit, was obtained from this protocol. The earlier elution time of the BSA peak in on-chip labeling resulted from fewer total labels on each protein molecule. Our on-chip labeling method is an important part of automation in miniaturized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Kraly JR, Holcomb RE, Guan Q, Henry CS. Review: Microfluidic applications in metabolomics and metabolic profiling. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 653:23-35. [PMID: 19800473 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging area of research focused on measuring small molecules in biological samples. There are a number of different types of metabolomics, ranging from global profiling of all metabolites in a single sample to measurement of a selected group of analytes. Microfluidics and related technologies have been used in this research area with good success. The aim of this review article is to summarize the use of microfluidics in metabolomics. Direct application of microfluidics to the determination of small molecules is covered first. Next, important sample preparation methods developed for microfluidics and applicable to metabolomics are covered. Finally, a summary of metabolomic work as it relates to analysis of cellular events using microfluidics is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kraly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, CO 80523, United States
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