1
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Probing the polar metabolome by UHPLC-MS. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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2
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Foster SW, Parker D, Piccolo C, Will M, Grinias JP. Development of a dual-electrospray ionization source with in-line absorbance-based voltage control. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04564-3. [PMID: 36707447 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Emitter tip arrays for electrospray ionization have been used for a variety of MS sample introduction purposes, including detection of multiple sample eluent streams and improved accuracy through parallel infusion of an internal standard. User control is typically required for targeted application of high voltage to specific channels to maximize analyte signal and minimize other background signals. In this communication, an automated approach to applying electrospray voltage only when a detectable analyte is present is described. An in-line absorbance detector is used to identify the presence of an analyte in the fluidic path between the sample introduction valve and the mass spectrometer. A Raspberry Pi-controlled system is then used to apply high voltage to a downstream emitter tip at the MS inlet following a delay volume between the detectors. Demonstration of this technique on two parallel sample channels is reported, including a pulsed voltage application to maximize signal when analytes elute on each channel simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., NJ, 08028, Glassboro, USA
| | - Deklin Parker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., NJ, 08028, Glassboro, USA
| | - Christopher Piccolo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., NJ, 08028, Glassboro, USA
| | - Matthew Will
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., NJ, 08028, Glassboro, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., NJ, 08028, Glassboro, USA.
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3
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Foster SW, Parker D, Kurre S, Boughton J, Stoll DR, Grinias JP. A review of two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches using parallel column arrays in the second dimension. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1228:340300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Sasaki N, Oo T, Yasuda Y, Ichise T, Nagata N, Yokoyama N, Sasaoka K, Morishita K, Nakayama SM, Ishizuka M, Nakamura K, Takiguchi M, Ikenaka Y. Simultaneous steroids measurement in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism using a column-switching liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1634-1642. [PMID: 34544959 PMCID: PMC8636878 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an analytical method using an on-line column-switching liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for quantifying multiple steroids in serum.
Using the developed method, we evaluated the serum concentration of nine steroids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 21-deoxycortisol, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone,
17α-OH-progesterone and aldosterone) in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Serum was mixed with stable isotope internal standards and thereafter purified by the automated column-switching
system. The limit of detection ranged 2–16 pg/ml for nine steroids. In the baseline samples, five steroids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 17α-OH-progesterone)
were detected in all dogs. The concentrations of cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 17α-OH-progesterone in dogs with HAC (n=19) were significantly higher those in dogs without HAC (n=15,
P<0.02). After the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, six steroids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, and
deoxycorticosterone) were above the limit of quantification in all dogs. Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone, and deoxycorticosterone concentrations of dogs with HAC were significantly
higher than those of dogs without HAC (P<0.02). In addition, 11-deoxycortisol and 17α-OH-progesterone concentration was higher in dogs with HAC than in dogs without HAC
(P=0.044 and P=0.048, respectively). The on-line column-switching LC/MS/MS would be feasible for measuring multiple steroids in dog serum. The results
suggest that cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 17α-OH-progesterone would be related to HAC. Further studies are warranted to assess the clinical feasibility of steroid profile in dogs with
HAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Thandar Oo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yasuda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 19-jo Nishi 10-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yokoyama
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 19-jo Nishi 10-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Sasaoka
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 19-jo Nishi 10-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Keitaro Morishita
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 19-jo Nishi 10-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Shouta Mm Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 19-jo Nishi 10-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-jo Nishi 9-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.,Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, North West, South Africa
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5
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Automated Sequential Analysis of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Fractions of Biological Samples: Increasing Single-Injection Chemical Coverage in Untargeted Metabolomics. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050295. [PMID: 34063084 PMCID: PMC8147996 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to increase metabolite coverage in LC–MS-based untargeted metabolomics, HILIC- and RPLC-mode separations are often combined. Unfortunately, these two techniques pose opposite requirements on sample composition, necessitating either dual sample preparations, increasing needed sample volume, or manipulation of the samples after the first analysis, potentially leading to loss of analytes. When sample material is precious, the number of analyses that can be performed is limited. To that end, an automated single-injection LC–MS method for sequential analysis of both the hydrophilic and lipophilic fractions of biological samples is described. Early eluting compounds in a HILIC separation are collected on a trap column and subsequently analyzed in the RPLC mode. The instrument configuration, composed of commercially available components, allows easy modulation of the dilution ratio of the collected effluent, with sufficient dilution to obtain peak compression in the RPLC column. Furthermore, the method is validated and shown to be fit for purpose for application in untargeted metabolomics. Repeatability in both retention times and peak areas was excellent across over 140 injections of protein-precipitated blood plasma. Finally, the method has been applied to the analysis of real perilymph samples collected in a guinea pig model. The QC sample injections clustered tightly in the PCA scores plot and showed a high repeatability in both retention times and peak areas for selected compounds.
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6
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Muehlwald S, Meyburg N, Rohn S, Buchner N. Comparing a two-dimensional liquid chromatography with a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe protocol-based liquid chromatography method for matrix removal in pesticide analysis using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461153. [PMID: 32505272 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a clean-up approach using a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) consisting of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column and a reversed phase column was investigated. A fully automated 2D-LC system was used and compared with a traditional quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) liquid chromatography (QuE-LC) method. The comparison was based on the results of a validation of selected analytes. It was investigated whether the detectability of analytes could be improved by the use of the 2D-LC. On the basis of these results, the relative detection rates were determined for every matrix. By means of those detection rates, the matrices were categorized regarding their complexity. Furthermore, the applicability of the 2D-LC was tested by participation in the European Proficiency Test in Fruits and Vegetables Screening Methods. In order to evaluate the separation and the elution profile of matrix components, multivariate data analysis was applied. For this purpose, ten matrices were processed in accordance to a QuEChERS protocol and the protocol for 2D-LC analysis. Moreover, the reagent blanks of the corresponding matrix were processed and analyzed by QuE-LC and 2D-LC. The results allowed evaluating the number of detected compounds for both methods. Additionally, the influence of compounds originating from reagent blanks can be estimated. In general, less compounds could be detected when 2D-LC was used. Especially, these were very polar compounds and compounds with m/z values >1500. These compounds seem to originate primarily from the used reagents especially from the citrate salts. However, the most of these compounds could be separated and were not detectable any more when 2D-LC was used. The results of the comparison based on validation and participation in the European Proficiency Test also show a better detectability for the most analytes with 2D-LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Muehlwald
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstraße 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nina Meyburg
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstraße 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Buchner
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Mauerstraße 39-42, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Nardiello D, Melfi MT, Pignatelli C, Centonze D. Enhancing online protein isolation as intact species from soy flour samples by actively modulated two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112976. [PMID: 31757574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an enhanced fully automated approach is described for the protein isolation from soy flour samples by two-dimensional liquid chromatography with active modulation interface. The use of two multi-port switching valves is proposed to on-line connect the first to the second dimension column, thus overcoming the problems associated with the re-mixing effects and incompatibility of eluent composition and pH. A 5-cm long C4 analytical column installed in the interface device allows to focus the proteins coming from the first column (size exclusion chromatography), before their selective elution in the second column (reversed-phase). A trap washing step was included in the total workflow, as a desalting step to remove buffer residues from the eluent of the first column and to enhance the chromatographic performances of the second column. The experimental conditions were optimized by analyses of mixed standard solutions of bovine serum albumin, glucose oxidase, immunoglobulin A, thyroglobulin and myoglobin. Then, the optimized 2D-LC method was applied to the protein analysis in extracts of soy flour, known worldwide as one of the major food allergen sources, with the final aim to recovery sufficient protein amounts for the molecular characterization and the assessment of the pattern of allergenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Carla Pignatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 - 71122 Foggia, Italy
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8
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Lv W, Shi X, Wang S, Xu G. Multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Knolhoff AM, Kneapler CN, Croley TR. Optimized chemical coverage and data quality for non-targeted screening applications using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1066:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Gika H, Virgiliou C, Theodoridis G, Plumb RS, Wilson ID. Untargeted LC/MS-based metabolic phenotyping (metabonomics/metabolomics): The state of the art. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1117:136-147. [PMID: 31009899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) hyphenated to mass spectrometry is currently the most widely used means of determining metabolic phenotypes via both untargeted and targeted analysis. At present a range of analytical separations, including reversed-phase, hydrophilic interaction and ion-pair LC are employed to maximise metabolome coverage with ultra (high) performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) increasingly displacing conventional high performance liquid chromatography because of the need for short analysis times and high peak capacity in such applications. However, it is widely recognized that these methodologies do not entirely solve the problems facing researchers trying to perform comprehensive metabolic phenotyping and in addition to these "routine" approaches there are continuing investigations of alternative separation methods including 2-dimensional/multi column approaches. These involve either new stationary phases or multidimensional combinations of the more conventional materials currently used, as well as application of miniaturization or "new" approaches such as supercritical HP and UHP- chromatographic separations. There is also a considerable amount of interest in the combination of chromatographic and ion mobility separations, with the latter providing both an increase in resolution and the potential to provide additional structural information via the determination of molecular collision cross section data. However, key problems remain to be solved including ensuring quality, comparability across different laboratories and the ever present difficulty of identifying unknowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Gika
- Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Virgiliou
- Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Biomic AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; FoodOmicsGR Research Infrastructure, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center B1.4, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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11
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Zhu QF, Zhang TY, Qin LL, Li XM, Zheng SJ, Feng YQ. Method to Calculate the Retention Index in Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Using Normal Fatty Acid Derivatives as Calibrants. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6057-6063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Jian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lan C, Miao Y, Deng Z, Ba X, Zhao W, Zhang S. Tetra-proline modified calix[4]arene bonded silica gel: A novel stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Talanta 2019; 193:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Melfi MT, Nardiello D, Natale A, Quinto M, Centonze D. An automated food protein isolation approach on preparative scale by two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with active modulation interface. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:1096-1106. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Melfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrariedegli Alimenti e dell'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Donatella Nardiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrariedegli Alimenti e dell'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Anna Natale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrariedegli Alimenti e dell'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Maurizio Quinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrariedegli Alimenti e dell'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di Foggia Foggia Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrariedegli Alimenti e dell'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di Foggia Foggia Italy
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14
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Serially coupled reversed phase-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tailored multiple reaction monitoring, a fit-for-purpose tool for large-scale targeted metabolomics of medicinal bile. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:119-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Hemmler D, Heinzmann SS, Wöhr K, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Witting M. Tandem HILIC-RP liquid chromatography for increased polarity coverage in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1645-1653. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hemmler
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Silke S. Heinzmann
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Katrin Wöhr
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry; Technische Universität München; Freising Germany
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BGC); Helmholtz Zentrum München; Neuherberg Germany
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16
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Badgett MJ, Boyes B, Orlando R. Peptide retention prediction using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1537:58-65. [PMID: 29338870 PMCID: PMC5805588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A model that predicts retention for peptides using a HALO® penta-HILIC column and gradient elution was created. Coefficients for each amino acid were derived using linear regression analysis and these coefficients can be summed to predict the retention of peptides. This model has a high correlation between experimental and predicted retention times (0.946), which is on par with previous RP and HILIC models. External validation of the model was performed using a set of H. pylori samples on the same LC-MS system used to create the model, and the deviation from actual to predicted times was low. Apart from amino acid composition, length and location of amino acid residues on a peptide were examined and two site-specific corrections for hydrophobic residues at the N-terminus as well as hydrophobic residues one spot over from the N-terminus were created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majors J Badgett
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States
| | - Barry Boyes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States; Advanced Materials Technology, Wilmington, DE 19810 United States
| | - Ron Orlando
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 United States.
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17
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Simultaneous liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of both polar and “multiresidue” pesticides in food using parallel hydrophilic interaction/reversed-phase liquid chromatography and a hybrid sample preparation approach. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Hamilton JS, Aguilar R, Petros RA, Verbeck GF. DAPNe with micro-capillary separatory chemistry-coupled to MALDI-MS for the analysis of polar and non-polar lipid metabolism in one cell. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:918-928. [PMID: 28251574 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular metabolome is considered to be a representation of cellular phenotype and cellular response to changes to internal or external events. Methods to expand the coverage of the expansive physiochemical properties that makeup the metabolome currently utilize multi-step extractions and chromatographic separations prior to chemical detection, leading to lengthy analysis times. In this study, a single-step procedure for the extraction and separation of a sample using a micro-capillary as a separatory funnel to achieve analyte partitioning within an organic/aqueous immiscible solvent system is described. The separated analytes are then spotted for MALDI-MS imaging and distribution ratios are calculated. Initially, the method is applied to standard mixtures for proof of partitioning. The extraction of an individual cell is non-reproducible; therefore, a broad chemical analysis of metabolites is necessary and will be illustrated with the one-cell analysis of a single Snu-5 gastric cancer cell taken from a cellular suspension. The method presented here shows a broad partitioning dynamic range as a single-step method for lipid analysis demonstrating a decrease in ion suppression often present in MALDI analysis of lipids. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Robby A Petros
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Women's Univeristy, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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19
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Sheng Y, Zhou B. High-throughput determination of vancomycin in human plasma by a cost-effective system of two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:48-56. [PMID: 28420531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is one of the most important services of clinical laboratories. Two main techniques are commonly used: the immunoassay and chromatography method. We have developed a cost-effective system of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (2D-LC-UV) for high-throughput determination of vancomycin in human plasma that combines the automation and low start-up costs of the immunoassay with the high selectivity and sensitivity of the liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection without incurring their disadvantages, achieving high cost-effectiveness. This 2D-LC system offers a large volume injection to provide sufficient sensitivity and uses simulated gradient peak compression technology to control peak broadening and to improve peak shape. A middle column was added to reduce the analysis cycle time and make it suitable for high-throughput routine clinical assays. The analysis cycle time was 4min and the peak width was 0.8min. Compared with other chromatographic methods that have been developed, the analysis cycle time and peak width for vancomycin was reduced significantly. The lower limit of quantification was 0.20μg/mL for vancomycin, which is the same as certain LC-MS/MS methods that have been recently developed and validated. The method is rapid, automated, and low-cost and has high selectivity and sensitivity for the quantification of vancomycin in human plasma, thus making it well-suited for use in hospital clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghao Sheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Boting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; School of Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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20
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Application of fractionized sampling and stacking for construction of an interface for online heart-cutting two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Tang DQ, Zou L, Yin XX, Ong CN. HILIC-MS for metabolomics: An attractive and complementary approach to RPLC-MS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:574-600. [PMID: 25284160 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is an emerging separation mode of liquid chromatography (LC). Using highly hydrophilic stationary phases capable of retaining polar/ionic metabolites, and accompany with high organic content mobile phase that offer readily compatibility with mass spectrometry (MS) has made HILIC an attractive complementary tool to the widely used reverse-phase (RP) chromatographic separations in metabolomic studies. The combination of HILIC and RPLC coupled with an MS detector expands the number of detected analytes and provides more comprehensive metabolite coverage than use of only RP chromatography. This review describes the recent applications of HILIC-MS/MS in metabolomic studies, ranging from amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, organic acids, pharmaceuticals, and metabolites of specific nature. The biological systems investigated include microbials, cultured cell line, plants, herbal medicine, urine, and serum as well as tissues from animals and humans. Owing to its unique capability to measure more-polar biomolecules, the HILIC separation technique would no doubt enhance the comprehensiveness of metabolite detection, and add significant value for metabolomic investigations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:574-600, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Quan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221044, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the study of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Yunlong, China
- NUS Environmental Research Inst., National University of Singapore, 5 A Engineering Srive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Ll Zou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiao-Xing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the study of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Yunlong, China
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Inst., National University of Singapore, 5 A Engineering Srive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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22
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Ortmayr K, Causon TJ, Hann S, Koellensperger G. Increasing selectivity and coverage in LC-MS based metabolome analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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23
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Brack W, Ait-Aissa S, Burgess RM, Busch W, Creusot N, Di Paolo C, Escher BI, Mark Hewitt L, Hilscherova K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jonker W, Kool J, Lamoree M, Muschket M, Neumann S, Rostkowski P, Ruttkies C, Schollee J, Schymanski EL, Schulze T, Seiler TB, Tindall AJ, De Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Vrana B, Krauss M. Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments--An in-depth overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:1073-118. [PMID: 26779957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are often contaminated with complex mixtures of chemicals that may pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. This contamination cannot be addressed with target analysis alone but tools are required to reduce this complexity and identify those chemicals that might cause adverse effects. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is designed to meet this challenge and faces increasing interest in water and sediment quality monitoring. Thus, the present paper summarizes current experience with the EDA approach and the tools required, and provides practical advice on their application. The paper highlights the need for proper problem formulation and gives general advice for study design. As the EDA approach is directed by toxicity, basic principles for the selection of bioassays are given as well as a comprehensive compilation of appropriate assays, including their strengths and weaknesses. A specific focus is given to strategies for sampling, extraction and bioassay dosing since they strongly impact prioritization of toxicants in EDA. Reduction of sample complexity mainly relies on fractionation procedures, which are discussed in this paper, including quality assurance and quality control. Automated combinations of fractionation, biotesting and chemical analysis using so-called hyphenated tools can enhance the throughput and might reduce the risk of artifacts in laboratory work. The key to determining the chemical structures causing effects is analytical toxicant identification. The latest approaches, tools, software and databases for target-, suspect and non-target screening as well as unknown identification are discussed together with analytical and toxicological confirmation approaches. A better understanding of optimal use and combination of EDA tools will help to design efficient and successful toxicant identification studies in the context of quality monitoring in multiply stressed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Selim Ait-Aissa
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Wibke Busch
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Klara Hilscherova
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Willem Jonker
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- VU University, BioMolecular Analysis Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- VU Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Muschket
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pawel Rostkowski
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Jennifer Schollee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Andrew J Tindall
- WatchFrag, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Li Z, Chen K, Guo MZ, Tang DQ. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography and its application in traditional Chinese medicine analysis and metabonomic investigation. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:21-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Meng-zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Dao-quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
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25
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Abstract
This article summarizes the most important developments in the use of 2D-LC for bioanalysis in the last 5 years. While several interesting and powerful applications have been developed recently, this work has been supported by continued, significant development of theoretical concepts, instrument development and practical aspects of method development. Some of the most exciting applications have been focused on the use of 2D-LC and characterize proteins both as biotherapeutic drug substances, and in formulations. These materials are inherently complex, difficult to resolve chromatographically and present problems that are essentially unknown (e.g., aggregation) in the small molecule world, thus 2D-LC can be leveraged very effectively to address these challenges.
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26
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The strengths and weaknesses of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with particular focus on metabolomics research. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1277:161-93. [PMID: 25677154 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2377-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have evolved as the most common techniques in metabolomics studies, and each brings its own advantages and limitations. Unlike MS spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy is quantitative and does not require extra steps for sample preparation, such as separation or derivatization. Although the sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy has increased enormously and improvements continue to emerge steadily, this remains a weak point for NMR compared with MS. MS-based metabolomics provides an excellent approach that can offer a combined sensitivity and selectivity platform for metabolomics research. Moreover, different MS approaches such as different ionization techniques and mass analyzer technology can be used in order to increase the number of metabolites that can be detected. In this chapter, the advantages, limitations, strengths, and weaknesses of NMR and MS as tools applicable to metabolomics research are highlighted.
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27
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Knolhoff AM, Croley TR. Non-targeted screening approaches for contaminants and adulterants in food using liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:86-96. [PMID: 26372444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The majority of analytical methods for food safety monitor the presence of a specific compound or defined set of compounds. Non-targeted screening methods are complementary to these approaches by detecting and identifying unexpected compounds present in food matrices that may be harmful to public health. However, the development and implementation of generalized non-targeted screening workflows are particularly challenging, especially for food matrices due to inherent sample complexity and diversity and a large analyte concentration range. One approach that can be implemented is liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, which serves to reduce this complexity and is capable of generating molecular formulae for compounds of interest. Current capabilities, strategies, and challenges will be reviewed for sample preparation, mass spectrometry, chromatography, and data processing workflows. Considerations to increase the accuracy and speed of identifying unknown molecular species will also be addressed, including suggestions for achieving sufficient data quality for non-targeted screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Knolhoff
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, United States.
| | - Timothy R Croley
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, United States
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28
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Wolfender JL, Marti G, Thomas A, Bertrand S. Current approaches and challenges for the metabolite profiling of complex natural extracts. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1382:136-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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García-Gómez D, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Carabias-Martínez R. Design and development of a two-dimensional system based on hydrophilic and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with on-line sample treatment for the simultaneous separation of excreted xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites in urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1190-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Salamanca; 37008 Salamanca Spain
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30
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Haggarty J, Oppermann M, Dalby MJ, Burchmore RJ, Cook K, Weidt S, Burgess KEV. Serially coupling hydrophobic interaction and reversed-phase chromatography with simultaneous gradients provides greater coverage of the metabolome. Metabolomics 2015; 11:1465-1470. [PMID: 26366140 PMCID: PMC4559102 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The serial coupling of a reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) column to a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column has been developed in recent years for the detection of polar and nonpolar metabolites. TCA intermediates, bile acid standards and numerous polar and non-polar metabolites extracted from beer were analysed using a combined RPLC/HILIC method. Non-polar metabolites were retained by the RPLC column. Polar metabolites not retained by the RPLC column were retained and separated by the HILIC column. The results from this study validate this simple yet powerful metabolomics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Haggarty
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, 211 Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | | | | | - Richard J. Burchmore
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, 211 Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, 211 Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Karl E. V. Burgess
- Polyomics, University of Glasgow, 211 Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
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31
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On-line stop-flow two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the separation and identification of triterpenoid saponins from ginseng extract. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:331-41. [PMID: 25410638 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A method based on stop-flow two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2D LC-ESI MS) was established and applied to analyze triterpenoid saponins from the main root of ginseng. Due to the special structure of triterpenoid saponins (they contain polar sugar side chains and nonpolar aglycones), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) were used for the two dimensions, respectively. A trap column was used to connect the two dimensions. The dilution effect, which is one of the main shortcomings of traditional comprehensive 2D LC methods, was largely avoided. The peak capacity of this system was 747 and the orthogonality was 56.6 %. Compared with one-dimensional HILIC or RP LC MS analysis, 257 and 185 % more mass spectral peaks (ions with intensities that were higher than 1,000) were obtained from the ginseng main root extracts, and 94 triterpenoid saponins were identified based on MS(n) information and summarized aglycone structures. Given its good linearity and repeatability, the established method was successfully applied to classify ginsengs of different ages (i.e., years of growth), and 19 triterpenoid saponins were found through statistical analysis to vary in concentration depending on the age of the ginseng.
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32
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Cabooter D, Choikhet K, Lestremau F, Dittmann M, Desmet G. Towards a generic variable column length method development strategy for samples with a large variety in polarity. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:174-186. [PMID: 25465015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of a novel set-up for the sequential analysis of compounds with a large variety in polarity on HILIC and reversed-phase columns, coupled in series, is discussed. For this purpose, a commercially available ultra-high performance LC system, equipped with two switching valves is employed. The switching valves allow connecting the HILIC and reversed-phase columns either in series or in parallel to the system. An interface to couple the HILIC and reversed-phase columns is developed and optimized. The sample is first injected onto a HILIC column. Apolar compounds in the sample are not retained and will elute close to or within the void volume of the HILIC column. Accurate switching of the valves allows redirecting these compounds towards a trap loop while more polar compounds are retained and separated on the HILIC column. After separation and detection of the polar compounds, the configuration of the valves is switched again to direct the apolar compounds from the trap loop towards a reversed-phase column for separation. To deal with the incompatibility of the mobile phases of HILIC and reversed-phase column separations, commercially available Jet weaver mixers are included in the set-up to allow for an intermediate solvent exchange. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated for the analysis of pharmaceuticals that can be found in waste water and surface water. It is demonstrated that the set-up provides robust analyses with peak capacities that are intermediate to one-dimensional and two-dimensional separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Monika Dittmann
- Agilent Technologies R&D, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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33
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Trifonova OP, Lokhov PG, Archakov AI. [Metabolic profiling of human blood]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2014; 60:281-94. [PMID: 25019391 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146003281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a novel "omics" branch of science intended for studying a comprehensive set of low molecular weight substances (metabolites) of various biological objects. Metabolite profiles represent a molecular phenotype of biological systems and reflect information encoded at the genome level and realized at the transcriptome and proteome levels. Analysis of human blood metabolic profile is universal and promising tool for clinical applications because it is a sensitive measure of both endogenous and exogenous (environmental) factors affected on the patient's organism. Technical implementation of metabolic profiling of blood and statistic analysis of metabolite profiles for effective diagnostics and risk assessments of diseases are discussed in this review.
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34
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Klavins K, Drexler H, Hann S, Koellensperger G. Quantitative metabolite profiling utilizing parallel column analysis for simultaneous reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography separations combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4145-50. [PMID: 24678888 DOI: 10.1021/ac5003454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a fully automated parallel LC column method was established in order to perform orthogonal hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase (RPLC) chromatography within one analytical run for targeted quantitative mass spectrometric determination of metabolites from central carbon metabolism. In this way, the analytical throughput could be significantly improved compared to previously established dual separation work flows involving two separate analytical runs. Two sample aliquots were simultaneously injected onto a dual column setup columns using a ten-port valve, and parallel separations were carried out. Sub 2 μm particle size stationary phases were employed for both separation methods. HILIC and RPLC eluents were combined post column followed by ESI-MS/MS detection. The orthogonal separations were optimized, aiming at an overall separation with 2 retention time segments, while reversed-phase separation was accomplished within 5.5 min; metabolites on the HILIC phase were retained for a minimum time of 6 min. The overall run time was 15 min. The setup was applied to the quantification of 30 primary intercellular metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, and nucleotides employing internal standardization by a fully (13)C-labeled yeast extract. The comparison with HILIC-MS/MS and RPLC-MS/MS in separate analytical runs revealed that an excellent analytical performance was achieved by the parallel LC column method. The experimental repeatability (N = 5) was on average <5% (only for 2 compounds >5%). Moreover, limits of detection for the new approach ranging from 0.002-15 μM were in a good agreement with ones obtained in separate HILIC-MS/MS and RPLC-MS/MS runs (ranging from 0.01-44 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Klavins
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU-Vienna , Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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35
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Current practice of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in metabolomics and metabonomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Cui J, Zhang J, Zhu X, Bai F, Feng Y, Guan W, Cui Q. Separation and Quantification of Water-Soluble Cellular Metabolites inClostridium thermocellumusing Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.811680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yang C, Ren C, Piao X, Kannan N, Li D. An on-line sample pretreatment technique for the HPLC analysis of plant samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3599-607. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular; Yanbian University, Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin Province China
| | - Chunyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular; Yanbian University, Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin Province China
| | - Xiangfan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular; Yanbian University, Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin Province China
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Donghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resource of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecular; Yanbian University, Ministry of Education; Yanji City Jilin Province China
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Trifonova O, Lokhov P, Archakov A. Postgenomics diagnostics: metabolomics approaches to human blood profiling. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:550-9. [PMID: 24044364 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We live in exciting times with the prospects of postgenomics diagnostics. Metabolomics is a novel "omics" data-intensive science that is accelerating the development of postgenomics diagnostics, particularly with use of accessible peripheral tissue compartments. Metabolomics involves the study of a comprehensive set of low molecular weight substances (metabolites) present in biological systems. The metabolite profiles represent the molecular phenotype of biological systems and reflect the information encoded at the genomic level and implemented at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Analysis of the human blood metabolite profile is a universal and highly promising tool for clinical postgenomics applications because it reflects both the endogenous and exogenous (environmental) factors influencing an individual organism. This article presents a critical synthesis and original analysis of both the technical implementation of metabolic profiling of blood and statistical analysis of metabolite profiles for effective disease diagnostics and risk assessment in the present postgenomics era.
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Trifonova OP, Lokhov PG, Archakov AI. Metabolic profiling of human blood. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750813030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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40
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Ren Q, Wu C, Zhang J. Use of on-line stop-flow heart-cutting two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of 12 major constituents in tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn). J Chromatogr A 2013; 1304:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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D'Attoma A, Heinisch S. On-line comprehensive two dimensional separations of charged compounds using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Part II: application to the separation of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1306:27-36. [PMID: 23891372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this second paper of a two-part series, on-line RPLC×HILIC is compared to on-line RPLC×RPLC through the separation of peptides. Our choices regarding the conditions are discussed. Injection effects and overloading effects are evaluated in both configurations. It is shown that whereas large volumes can be injected in the second dimension in RPLC×RPLC under HT-UHPLC conditions (>20% of the column dead volume), even small injection volumes (8% of the column the dead volume) have a detrimental effect on peak shapes in RPLC×HILIC. Advantages and limits of the two 2D-systems are compared through the 2D-separation of a tryptic digest of three proteins. A ten-fold gain in analysis time along with a significant gain in peak capacity are obtained with both systems compared to the most efficient one-dimensional separation of peptides recently published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie D'Attoma
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR CNRS 5280, Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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42
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Satínský D, Havlíková L, Solich P. HPLC column-switching technique for sample preparation and fluorescence determination of propranolol in urine using fused-core columns in both dimensions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6583-7. [PMID: 23754331 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new and fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column-switching method using fused-core columns in both dimensions for sample preconcentration and determination of propranolol in human urine has been developed. On-line sample pretreatment and propranolol preconcentration were performed on an Ascentis Express RP-C-18 guard column (5 × 4.6 mm), particle size, 2.7 μm, with mobile phase acetonitrile/water (5:95, v/v) at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min(-1) and at a temperature of 50 °C. Valve switch from pretreatment column to analytical column was set at 4.0 min in a back-flush mode. Separation of propranolol from other endogenous urine compounds was achieved on the fused-core column Ascentis Express RP-Amide (100 × 4.6 mm), particle size, 2.7 μm, with mobile phase acetonitrile/water solution of 0.5% triethylamine, pH adjusted to 4.5 by means of glacial acetic acid (25:75, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) and at a temperature of 50 °C. Fluorescence excitation/emission detection wavelengths were set at 229/338 nm. A volume of 1,500 μL of filtered urine sample solution was injected directly into the column-switching HPLC system. The total analysis time including on-line sample pretreatment was less than 8 min. The experimentally determined limit of detection of the method was found to be 0.015 ng mL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Satínský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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43
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Forcisi S, Moritz F, Kanawati B, Tziotis D, Lehmann R, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in metabolomics research: Mass analyzers in ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupling. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1292:51-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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44
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Greco G, Grosse S, Letzel T. Serial coupling of reversed-phase and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction LC/MS for the analysis of polar and nonpolar phenols in wine. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1379-88. [PMID: 23505207 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an easy and efficient method based on the serial coupling of analytical reversed-phase and zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was developed for the simultaneous separation of polar and nonpolar phenols occurring in wine. The zwitterionic hydrophilic column was connected in series to the reversed-phase one via a T-piece, with which the ACN content in eluent of the second dimension was increased, in order to cope the solvent strength incompatibility between the two columns. The final mobile phase at low-flow rate (≤0.5 mL/min), high-ACN content (90%), and low-salt concentration was directed to an ESI-TOF-MS , for high accurate mass detections. The developed method was applied for the identification of target phenols in several wines. Retention time and peak width intra- and interday repeatability studies proved the reliability of the method for the simultaneous analysis of all the polar and nonpolar analytes in wine. The serial reversed-phase/zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupling offered the possibility to enlarge the number of identified compounds and it represents a valid approach for nontarget analysis of complex samples by a single injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Greco
- Analytical Research Group, Institute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
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Behera D, Pattem R, Kumar MSS, Gudi GS. Utility of a column-switching LC/MS/MS method in cytochrome P450 inhibition assays using human liver microsomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:177-85. [DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2013-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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D’Attoma A, Grivel C, Heinisch S. On-line comprehensive two-dimensional separations of charged compounds using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Part I: Orthogonality and practical peak capacity considerations. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:148-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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47
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Liu Z, Zhu D, Qi Y, Chen X, Zhu Z, Chai Y. Elucidation of steroid glycosides in Anemarrhena asphodeloides extract by means of comprehensive two-dimensional reversed-phase/polyamine chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2210-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Analysis of multiple quaternary ammonium compounds in the brain using tandem capillary column separation and high resolution mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1241:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography — practical impacts of theoretical considerations. A review. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA theory of comprehensive two-dimensional separations by liquid chromatographic techniques is overviewed. It includes heart-cutting and comprehensive two-dimensional separation modes, with attention to basic concepts of two-dimensional separations: resolution, peak capacity, efficiency, orthogonality and selectivity. Particular attention is paid to the effects of sample structure on the retention and advantages of a multi-dimensional HPLC for separation of complex samples according to structural correlations. Optimization of 2D separation systems, including correct selection of columns, flow-rate, fraction volumes and mobile phase, is discussed. Benefits of simultaneous programmed elution in both dimensions of LCxLC comprehensive separations are shown.Experimental setup, modulation of the fraction collection and transfer from the first to the second dimension, compatibility of mobile phases in comprehensive LCxLC, 2D asymmetry and shifts in retention under changing second-dimension elution conditions, are addressed. Illustrative practical examples of comprehensive LCxLC separations are shown.
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50
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Ruta J, Boccard J, Cabooter D, Rudaz S, Desmet G, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Method development for pharmaceutics: Some solutions for tuning selectivity in reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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