1
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Alshehri IH, Pahovnik D, Žagar E, Shipp DA. Stepwise Gradient Copolymers of n-Butyl Acrylate and Isobornyl Acrylate by Emulsion RAFT Copolymerizations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishah H. Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5665, United States
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Devon A. Shipp
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699-5665, United States
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2
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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4
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Town JS, Gao Y, Hancox E, Liarou E, Shegiwal A, Atkins CJ, Haddleton D. Automatic peak assignment and visualisation of copolymer mass spectrometry data using the 'genetic algorithm'. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8654. [PMID: 31721321 PMCID: PMC7507196 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copolymer analysis is vitally important as the materials have a wide variety of applications due to their tunable properties. Processing mass spectrometry data for copolymer samples can be very complex due to the increase in the number of species when the polymer chains are formed by two or more monomeric units. In this paper, we describe the use of the genetic algorithm for automated peak assignment of copolymers synthesised by a variety of polymerisation methods. We find that in using this method we are able to easily assign copolymer spectra in a few minutes and visualise them into heat maps. These heat maps allow us to look qualitatively at the distribution of the chains, by showing how they alter with different polymerisation techniques, and by changing the initial copolymer composition. This methodology is simple to use and requires little user input, which makes it well suited for use by less expert users. The data outputted by the automatic assignment may also allow for more complex data processing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
| | - Yuqui Gao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
| | - Ellis Hancox
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickWarwick, UK
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5
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Zhu K, Pursch M, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Maximizing two-dimensional liquid chromatography peak capacity for the separation of complex industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Muza UL, Pasch H. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation with Quintuple Detection for the Comprehensive Analysis of Complex Polymers. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6926-6933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Upenyu L. Muza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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7
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Viktor Z, Farcet C, Moire C, Brothier F, Pfukwa H, Pasch H. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the characterization of acrylate-modified hyaluronic acid. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3321-3330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Yang P, Gao W, Shulman JE, Chen Y. Separation and identification of polymeric dispersants in detergents by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:111-117. [PMID: 29960735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric dispersants are an important ingredient in many consumer products. Their separations and identifications in final product formulation can be very challenging due to the presence of multiple polymeric dispersants at different levels and the presence of other polymeric and small-molecule components. In this study, using nearly comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC), various water-soluble polymer and co-polymer dispersants were separated with aqueous size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in the first dimension (1D) and gradient elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) in the second dimension (2D). Detection of the polymeric dispersants was accomplished by evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). A large ID (8.0 mm) SEC column used in common one-dimensional SEC practices was directly adopted in the 2D setup for rapid method development. A close representation of fully comprehensive 2D separation was achieved even with 60% of 1D eluent diverted to waste, demonstrating the flexibility and versatility of having SEC in 1D for two dimensional separation of polymers. Important method parameters, such as 2D column dimensions and flow rate, gradient conditions, and buffer pH were studied. Practical aspects of routine industrial applications such as solvent consumption and analysis time were also considered. This method was exploited for quick identification of polymeric dispersants in commercial detergent samples. Nine detergent samples were screened and polymeric dispersants and additional polymer features were detected in the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Yang
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Wei Gao
- The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Sciences, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Jan E Shulman
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Yunshen Chen
- The Dow Chemical Company, Home and Personal Care, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
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9
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Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:68-98. [PMID: 29027363 PMCID: PMC5814945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high-molecular-weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Tortolano L, Hammami S, Manerlax K, Do B, Yagoubi N. RP-HPLC detection and dosage method for acrylic monomers and degradation products released from implanted medical devices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1038:26-33. [PMID: 27776330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acrylic copolymers are useful in medical therapeutics. As in dental implants or intraocular lenses, acrylics are present in many medical devices or drug adjuvants. Industrial using of acrylics is still important in painting or textile manufacturing. Scientific research background has proved that acrylic suffer for depolymerized and cross-linking mechanisms under heating and photo-oxidative conditions. Those aging processes could lead to release of unreacted monomers and degradation products. We developed a new RP-HPLC method with good resolution, recovery, linearity, detection and quantification limits that is efficient for acrylic monomers quantification in in vitro and in vivo saline solution matrices. This method allows the detection of copolymer and medical devices degradation products too. Both the limit of quantification and the limit of detection for monomers and degradation products are above cytotoxic concentrations for human epithelial cells. Those biological results confirm the interest of the method for dosage of unreacted acrylics after polymerization and for the research of degradation products in body fluids as aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Tortolano
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France; Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Pharmacie Clinique, Villejuif F-94805, France.
| | - Senda Hammami
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
| | - Katia Manerlax
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
| | - Bernard Do
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France; Hôpital Universitaire Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Département de Pharmacie, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Najet Yagoubi
- EA 401: Matériaux et santé, Université Paris-Saclay, UFR Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92290, France
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11
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Prabhu K, Brüll R, Macko T, Remerie K, Tacx J, Garg P, Ginzburg A. Separation of bimodal high density polyethylene using multidimensional high temperature liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Rajdeo KS, Ponrathnam S, Pardeshi S, Chavan NN, Bhongale SS, Harikrishna R. Ambient Temperature Photocopolymerization of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Methacrylate and Isobornyl Methacrylate: Reactivity Ratios and Thermal Studies. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2015.1095600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Application of two-dimensional chromatography to the characterization of macromolecules and biomacromolecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:193-215. [PMID: 25404163 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern polymeric materials are heterogeneous with respect to different structural features, for instance molar mass, composition, and architecture. One-dimensional separation methods such as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) are insufficient to fully resolve the multidimensional distributions of such complex materials. Therefore, two-dimensional separation methods are increasingly employed to characterize macromolecules. The present article describes in detail the advantages and experimental aspects of two-dimensional macromolecular separations. Selected examples will be discussed to explain the strategies used to separate macromolecules with respect to specific structural features.
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15
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Mekap D, Macko T, Brüll R, Cong R, deGroot W, Parrott A, Yau W. Multiple-Injection Method in High-Temperature Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D HT-LC). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dibyaranjan Mekap
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Tibor Macko
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Robert Brüll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability; Division Plastics, Group Material Analytics; Schlossgartenstrasse, 6 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rongjuan Cong
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Willem deGroot
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Albert Parrott
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
| | - Wallace Yau
- Performance Plastics Characterization and Testing Group; The Dow Chemical Company; 2301, Brazosport Blvd. Freeport TX 77541 USA
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16
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Malik MI, Pasch H. Novel developments in the multidimensional characterization of segmented copolymers. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Determination of neurotransmitters and their metabolites using one- and two-dimensional liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:5669-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Ghareeb HO, Radke W. Characterization of cellulose acetates according to DS and molar mass using two-dimensional chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1430-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Application of the evaporative light scattering detector to analytical problems in polymer science. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Shakun M, Maier H, Heinze T, Kilz P, Radke W. Molar mass characterization of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose by SEC-MALLS. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:550-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Barqawi H, Ostas E, Liu B, Carpentier JF, Binder WH. Multidimensional Characterization of α,ω-Telechelic Poly(ε-caprolactone)s via Online Coupling of 2D Chromatographic Methods (LC/SEC) and ESI-TOF/MALDI-TOF-MS. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3016739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Barqawi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Elena Ostas
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bo Liu
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Carpentier
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, F-35042,
Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
II (Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics), Institute of Chemistry, Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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22
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Hiller W, Hehn M, Sinha P, Raust JA, Pasch H. Online Coupling of Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography and NMR for the Analysis of Complex Polymers. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mathias Hehn
- Faculty of Chemistry, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pritish Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South
Africa
| | | | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South
Africa
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23
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Chromatographic examination of the chemical composition and sequence distribution of copolymers from ethyl and benzyl diazoacetate. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Moyses S. Two-dimensional chromatography applied to the study of the thermo-oxidative degradation of poly(styrene-b-butadiene) star block copolymers. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1741-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Radebe N, Rode K, Pizzi A, Giovando S, Pasch H. MALDI-TOF-CID for the microstructure elucidation of polymeric hydrolysable tannins. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Recent developments in the detailed characterization of polymers by multidimensional chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1240:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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27
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Radebe N, Rode K, Pizzi A, Pasch H. Microstructure elucidation of polyflavonoid tannins by MALDI-TOF-CID. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Ahn S, Lee H, Lee S, Chang T. Characterization of Branched Polymers by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography with Triple Detection. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2021985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hyojoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Sekyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Taihyun Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Advanced Materials
Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Šmigovec Ljubič T, Pahovnik D, Žigon M, Žagar E. Separation of poly(styrene-block-t-butyl methacrylate) copolymers by various liquid chromatography techniques. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:932609. [PMID: 22489207 PMCID: PMC3317551 DOI: 10.1100/2012/932609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of a mixture of three poly(styrene-block-t-butyl methacrylate) copolymers (PS-b-PtBMA), consisting of polystyrene (PS) blocks of similar length and t-butyl methacrylate (PtBMA) blocks of different lengths, was performed using various chromatographic techniques, that is, a gradient liquid chromatography on reversed-phase (C18 and C8) and normal-phase columns, a liquid chromatography under critical conditions for polystyrene as well as a fully automated two-dimensional liquid chromatography that separates block copolymers by chemical composition in the first dimension and by molar mass in the second dimension. The results show that a partial separation of the mixture of PS-b-PtBMA copolymers can be achieved only by gradient liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns. The coelution of the two block copolymers is ascribed to a much shorter PtBMA block length, compared to the PS block, as well as a small difference in the length of the PtBMA block in two of these copolymers, which was confirmed by SEC-MALS and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šmigovec Ljubič
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Majda Žigon
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University College for Polymer Technology, Glavni trg 1, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Laboratory for Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Dunajska 156, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Malik MI, Harding GW, Pasch H. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of PDMS–PS block copolymers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:601-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Comprehensive two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography system with immobilized liposome chromatography column and monolithic column for separation of the traditional Chinese medicine Schisandra chinensis. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:121-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Uliyanchenko E, van der Wal S, Schoenmakers PJ. Challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20274c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Baumgaertel A, Weber C, Fritz N, Festag G, Altuntaş E, Kempe K, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. Characterization of poly(2-oxazoline) homo- and copolymers by liquid chromatography at critical conditions. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8370-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Pomeranz CN, Olesik SV. Separation of poly-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate through gradient polymer elution chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7943-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Development of high temperature comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated with infrared and light scattering detectors for characterization of chemical composition and molecular weight heterogeneities in polyolefin copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Runyon JR, Williams SKR. Composition and molecular weight analysis of styrene-acrylic copolymers using thermal field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6774-9. [PMID: 21855881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermal field-flow fractionation coupled with online multiangle light scattering, differential refractive index and quasielastic light scattering (ThFFF-MALS/dRI/QELS) was used to simultaneously determine the molecular weight (MW) and composition of polystyrene-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PS-PBA) and polystyrene-poly(methyl acrylate) (PS-PMA) copolymers. The online measurement of the normal diffusion coefficient (D) by QELS allowed calculation of the copolymer thermal diffusion coefficient (D(T)) of sample components as they eluted from the ThFFF channel. DT was found to be independent of MW for copolymers with similar compositions and dependent on composition for copolymers with similar MW in a non-selective solvent. By using a solvent that is non-selective to both blocks of the copolymer, it was possible to establish a universal calibration plot of DT versus mole fraction of one of the monomer chemistries comprising the copolymer. PS-PBA and PS-PMA linear diblock polymers were determined to vary in composition from 100/0 to 20/80 wt% PS/acrylate and ranged in MWs between 30 and 360 kDa. The analysis of a PS-PBA miktoarm star copolymer revealed a polydisperse material with a weight percent PBA of 50-75% and MW ranging from 100 to 900 kDa. The presented ThFFF-MALS/dRI/QELS method allowed rapid characterization of polymers with MW and chemical distributions in a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ray Runyon
- Laboratory for Advanced Separations Technologies, Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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37
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Huang Y, Gu H, Filgueira M, Carr PW. An experimental study of sampling time effects on the resolving power of on-line two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2984-94. [PMID: 21489543 PMCID: PMC3132878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The experimental effects of sampling time on the resolving power of on-line LC×LC were investigated. The first dimension gradient time ((1)t(g)) and sampling time (t(s)) were systematically varied ((1)t(g)=5, 12, 24 and 49 min; t(s)=6, 12, 21 and 40s). The resolving power of on-line LC×LC was evaluated in terms of two metrics namely the numbers of observed peaks and the effective 2D peak capacities obtained in separations of extracts of maize seeds. The maximum effective peak capacity and number of observed peaks of LC×LC were achieved at sampling times between 12 and 21s, at all first dimension gradient times. In addition, both metrics showed that the "crossover" time at which fully optimized 1DLC and LC×LC have equal resolving power varied somewhat with sampling time but is only about 5 min for sampling times of 12 and 21s. The longest crossover time was obtained when the sampling time was 6s. Furthermore, increasing the first dimension gradient time gave large improvements in the resolving power of LC×LC relative to 1DLC. Finally, comparisons of the corrected and effective 2D peak capacities as well as the number of peaks observed showed that the impact of the coverage factor is quite significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marcelo Filgueira
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Univ Nacl La Plata, Div Quim Analit, Fac Ciencias Exactas, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
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38
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Uliyanchenko E, Schoenmakers PJ, van der Wal S. Fast and efficient size-based separations of polymers using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1509-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Characterization of polyolefins by comprehensive high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT 2D-LC). Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Moyses S, Ness J, Papakonstantopoulos G. 2-D chromatography applied to the study of block copolymers synthesized by nitroxide-mediated controlled free-radical seeded emulsion polymerization. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3511-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Raust JA, Houillot L, Save M, Charleux B, Moire C, Farcet C, Pasch H. Two Dimensional Chromatographic Characterization of Block Copolymers of 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate and Methyl Acrylate, P2EHA-b-PMA, produced via RAFT-Mediated Polymerization in Organic Dispersion. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Raust
- Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut (German Institute for Polymers), Schlossgartenstrasse 6, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lisa Houillot
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Maud Save
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- IPREM Equipe Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254, CNRS- Université de Pau et des Pays de l′Adour, Technopole Hélioparc, 2 Av Président Angot, 64053 PAU cedex 9, France
| | - Bernadette Charleux
- UPMC Université Paris 6 and CNRS, UMR 7610, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
- Université de Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Equipe LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claudine Moire
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Céline Farcet
- L’Oréal Recherche, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Harald Pasch
- SASOL Chair of Analytical Polymer Science, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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42
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Ginzburg A, Macko T, Dolle V, Brüll R. High-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography of ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6867-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Two-dimensional liquid chromatography of diblock copolymers: Simulation at various adsorption interaction conditions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4825-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Moyses S. 2‐D chromatography with optimized size exclusion chromatography resolution and multi‐angle light scattering coupling. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1480-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Roy A, Miller MD, Meunier DM, deGroot AW, Winniford WL, Van Damme FA, Pell RJ, Lyons JW. Development of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional High Temperature Liquid Chromatography × Gel Permeation Chromatography for Characterization of Polyolefins. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roy
- Filmtec Corporation, Filmtec R&D, Edina, MN 55439
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46
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Im K, Park HW, Lee S, Chang T. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography analysis of synthetic polymers using fast size exclusion chromatography at high column temperature. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4606-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Ahmed H, Trathnigg B. Characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)-b- poly(ε-caprolactone) by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1390-400. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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