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Field JK, Euerby MR, Haselmann KF, Petersson P. Investigation into reversed-phase chromatography peptide separation systems Part IV: Characterisation of mobile phase selectivity differences. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461986. [PMID: 33631703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of mobile phase compositions between sub-classes which exhibit distinct chromatographic selectivity (i.e. termed characterisation) towards a range of peptide probes with diverse functionality and hence the possibility for multi-modal retention mechanisms has been undertaken. Due to the complexity of peptide retention mechanisms in given mobile phase conditions, no attempt has been made to explain these, instead mobile phases have simply been classified into distinct groups with an aim of identifying those yielding differing selectivities for use in strategic method development roadmaps for the analysis of peptide mixtures. The selectivity differences between nine synthetic peptides (fragments of [Ile27]-Bovine GLP-2) were used to assess how fifty-one RPC mobile phase compositions of differing pH (range 1.8 - 7.8), salt types, ionic strengths, ion-pair reagents and chaotropic / kosmotropic additives affected chromatographic selectivity on a new generation C18 stationary phase (Ascentis Express C18). The mobile phase compositions consisted of commonly used and novel UV or MS compatible additives. The chemometric tool of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to visualise the differences in selectivity generated between the various mobile phases evaluated. The results highlight the importance of screening numerous mobile phases of differing pH, ion-pair reagents and ionic strength in order to maximise the probability of achieving separation of all the peptides of interest within a complex mixture. PCA permitted a ranking of the relative importance of the various mobile phase parameters evaluated. The concept of using this approach was proven in the analysis of a sample of Bovine GLP-2 (1-15) containing synthesis related impurities. Mobile phases with high ionic strength were demonstrated to be crucial for the generation of symmetrical peaks. The observations made on the C18 phase were compared on three additional stationary phases (i.e. alkyl amide, fluorophenyl and biphenyl), which had previously been shown to possess large selectivity differences towards these peptides, on a limited sub-set of mobile phases. With the exception of the ion-pair reagent, similar trends were obtained for the C18, fluorophenyl and biphenyl phases intimating the applicability of these findings to the vast majority of RPC columns (i.e. neutral or weakly polar in character) which are suitable for the analysis of peptides. The conclusions were not relevant for columns with a more disparate nature (i.e. containing a high degree of positive charge).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Field
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Melvin R Euerby
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom; Shimadzu UK, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, MK12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Liu H, Lei QP, Washabaugh M. Characterization of IgG2 Disulfide Bonds with LC/MS/MS and Postcolumn Online Reduction. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5080-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Liu
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Qing Paula Lei
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Michael Washabaugh
- Analytical Biotechnology, MedImmune, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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Beringhs AO, Dalmina M, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Sonaglio D. Response Surface Methodology IV-Optimal design applied to the performance improvement of an RP-HPLC-UV method for the quantification of phenolic acids in Cecropia glaziovii products. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Fekete S, Guillarme D. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography for the characterization of therapeutic proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Structure-based prediction of asparagine and aspartate degradation sites in antibody variable regions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100736. [PMID: 24959685 PMCID: PMC4069079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and proteins containing antibody domains are the most prevalent class of biotherapeutics in diverse indication areas. Today, established techniques such as immunization or phage display allow for an efficient generation of new mAbs. Besides functional properties, the stability of future therapeutic mAbs is a key selection criterion which is essential for the development of a drug candidate into a marketed product. Therapeutic proteins may degrade via asparagine (Asn) deamidation and aspartate (Asp) isomerization, but the factors responsible for such degradation remain poorly understood. We studied the structural properties of a large, uniform dataset of Asn and Asp residues in the variable domains of antibodies. Their structural parameters were correlated with the degradation propensities measured by mass spectrometry. We show that degradation hotspots can be characterized by their conformational flexibility, the size of the C-terminally flanking amino acid residue, and secondary structural parameters. From these results we derive an accurate in silico prediction method for the degradation propensity of both Asn and Asp residues in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of mAbs.
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Characterization of asparagine 330 deamidation in an Fc-fragment of IgG1 using cation exchange chromatography and peptide mapping. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:65-71. [PMID: 24999246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deamidation is one of the most common degradation pathways for proteins and frequently occurs at "hot spots" with Asn-Gly, Asn-Ser or Asn-Thr sequences. Occasionally, deamidation may occur at other motifs if the local protein structure can participate or assist in the formation of the succinimide intermediate. Here we report the use of a chymotryptic peptide mapping method to identify and characterize a deamidated form of an IgG1 which was observed as an acidic peak in the cation exchange chromatography (CEX). The antibody was formulated in sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.3 and this deamidated form was observed mainly under thermal stress conditions. It was found that the IgG1 molecule with deamidation in the Fc region at asparagine residue 330 (in a Val-Ser-Asn-Lys motif) is the predominant form in this CEX peak, and was missed by tryptic mapping because the peptides are hydrophilic and elute near the void volume. In addition, a domain-based CEX method using papain digestion was developed to monitor the Asn 330 deamidation. These methods revealed that the Fc deamidation occurs mainly at Asn 330 in the VSNK motif at pH 5.3, whereas at pH 7.5, deamidation occurs predominantly at Asn 389 and Asn 394 in the NGQPENNYK motif.
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Gilar M, Jaworski A, McDonald TS. Solvent selectivity and strength in reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of peptides. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1337:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:544-75. [PMID: 20143256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1989, Manning, Patel, and Borchardt wrote a review of protein stability (Manning et al., Pharm. Res. 6:903-918, 1989), which has been widely referenced ever since. At the time, recombinant protein therapy was still in its infancy. This review summarizes the advances that have been made since then regarding protein stabilization and formulation. In addition to a discussion of the current understanding of chemical and physical instability, sections are included on stabilization in aqueous solution and the dried state, the use of chemical modification and mutagenesis to improve stability, and the interrelationship between chemical and physical instability.
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Gilar M, Xie H, Jaworski A. Utility of Retention Prediction Model for Investigation of Peptide Separation Selectivity in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography: Impact of Concentration of Trifluoroacetic Acid, Column Temperature, Gradient Slope and Type of Stationary Phase. Anal Chem 2009; 82:265-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, and 51 Palomino Drive, Franklin, Massachusetts 02038
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, and 51 Palomino Drive, Franklin, Massachusetts 02038
| | - Aleksander Jaworski
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, and 51 Palomino Drive, Franklin, Massachusetts 02038
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Sinha S, Zhang L, Duan S, Williams TD, Vlasak J, Ionescu R, Topp EM. Effect of protein structure on deamidation rate in the Fc fragment of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1573-84. [PMID: 19544580 DOI: 10.1002/pro.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of secondary structure on asparagine (N) deamidation in a 22 amino acid sequence (369-GFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYK-390) of the crystallizable (Fc) fragment of a human monoclonal antibody (Fc IgG1) were investigated using high-resolution ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Samples containing either the intact Fc IgG (approximately 50 kD) ("intact protein"), or corresponding synthetic peptides ("peptide") were stored in Tris buffer at 37 degrees C and pH 7.5 for up to forty days, then subjected to UPLC/MS analysis with high energy MS1 fragmentation. The peptide deamidated only at N(382) to form the isoaspartate (isoD(382)) and aspartate (D(382)) products in the ratio of approximately 4:1, with a half-life of approximately 3.4 days. The succinimide intermediate (Su(382)) was also detected; deamidation was not observed for the other two sites (N(387) and N(388)) in peptide samples. The intact protein showed a 30-fold slower overall deamidation half-life of approximately 108 days to produce the isoD(382) and D(387) products, together with minor amounts of D(382). Surprisingly, the D(382) and isoD(387) products were not detected in intact protein samples and, as in the peptide samples, deamidation was not detected at N(388). The results indicate that higher order structure influences both the rate of N-deamidation and the product distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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