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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Marengo A, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B. Gas chromatography of essential oil: State-of-the-art, recent advances, and perspectives. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:94-112. [PMID: 34897986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This review is an overview of the recent advances of gas chromatography in essential oil analysis; in particular, it focuses on both the new stationary phases and the advanced analytical methods and instrumentations. A paragraph is dedicated to ionic liquids as gas chromatography stationary phases, showing that, thanks to their peculiar selectivity, they can offer a complementary contribution to conventional stationary phases for the analysis of complex essential oils and the separation of critical pairs of components. Strategies to speed-up the analysis time, thus answering to the ever increasing request for routine essential oils quality control, are also discussed. Last but not least, a paragraph is dedicated to recent developments in column miniaturization in particular that based on microelectromechanical-system technology in a perspective of developing micro-gas chromatographic systems to optimize the energy consumption as well as the instrumentation dimensions. A number of applications in the essential oil field is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marengo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Cordero C, Liberto E, Rubiolo P, Bicchi C. Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Derivatized Cyclodextrins in the Flavour and Fragrance Field. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 10125 Torino Italy
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Sgorbini B, Cagliero C, Boggia L, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Rubiolo P, Cordero C, Bicchi C. Parallel dual secondary-column-dual detection comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: a flexible and reliable analytical tool for essential oils quantitative profiling. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Lorenzo Boggia
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Stephen E. Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department; University of Nebraska; 260 Avery Hall Lincoln NE 68588-0115 USA
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 9 I-10125 Torino Italy
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Drăghici C, Chirila E, Sica M. Enantioselectivity of Chiral Pesticides in the Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF OBSOLETE PESTICIDES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6461-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Xiao Y, Ng SC, Tan TTY, Wang Y. Recent development of cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases and their applications in chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:52-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Cagliero C, Bicchi C, Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Liberto E. Fast headspace-enantioselective GC–mass spectrometric-multivariate statistical method for routine authentication of flavoured fruit foods. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Biniecka M, Caroli S. Analytical methods for the quantification of volatile aromatic compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Tranchida PQ, Bonaccorsi I, Dugo P, Mondello L, Dugo G. Analysis of Citrus essential oils: state of the art and future perspectives. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Quinto Tranchida
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | - Ivana Bonaccorsi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Dugo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facolt di Farmacia; Universit degli Studi di Messina; viale Annunziata; 98168; Messina; Italy
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Gas chromatographic enantioseparation of derivatized α-amino acids on chiral stationary phases—Past and present. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3122-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brenna E, Fuganti C, Gatti FG, Serra S. Biocatalytic Methods for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Odor Active Compounds. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4036-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100289r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Brenna
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Fuganti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali, Ingegneria Chimica, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Serra
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare—CNR, Via Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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Bicchi C, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P. New trends in the analysis of the volatile fraction of matrices of vegetable origin: a short overview. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bicchi
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 15; I-10126; Torino; Italy
| | - Cecilia Cagliero
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 15; I-10126; Torino; Italy
| | - Patrizia Rubiolo
- Laboratory of Phytochemical Analysis; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco - University of Torino; Via Pietro Giuria 15; I-10126; Torino; Italy
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Rubiolo P, Sgorbini B, Liberto E, Cordero C, Bicchi C. Essential oils and volatiles: sample preparation and analysis. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210
| | - Karen D. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210
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Astray G, Mejuto J, Morales J, Rial-Otero R, Simal-Gándara J. Factors controlling flavors binding constants to cyclodextrins and their applications in foods. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Use of derivatized cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2010; 68:82-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bicchi C, Cagliero C, Liberto E, Sgorbini B, Martina K, Cravotto G, Rubiolo P. New asymmetrical per-substituted cyclodextrins (2-O-methyl-3-O-ethyl- and 2-O-ethyl-3-O-methyl-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-β-derivatives) as chiral selectors for enantioselective gas chromatography in the flavour and fragrance field. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bicchi C, Blumberg L, Cagliero C, Cordero C, Rubiolo P, Liberto E. Development of fast enantioselective gas-chromatographic analysis using gas-chromatographic method-translation software in routine essential oil analysis (lavender essential oil). J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1530-6. [PMID: 20092821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to find the best trade-off between separation of the most critical peak pair and analysis time, in enantioselective GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of lavender essential oil, using the GC method-translation approach. Analysis conditions were first optimized for conventional 25 m x 0.25 mm inner diameter (dc) column coated with 6(I-VII)-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2(I-VII)-3(I-VII)-O-ethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) as chiral stationary phase (CSP) diluted at 30% in PS086 (polymethylphenylpolysiloxane, 15% phenyl), starting from routine analysis. The optimal multi-rate temperature program for a pre-set column pressure was determined and then used to find the pressures producing the efficiency-optimized flow (EOF) and speed-optimized flow (SOF). This method was transferred to a shorter narrow-bore (NB) column (11 m x 0.10 mm) using method-translation software, keeping peak elution order and separation. Optimization of the enantioselective GC method with the translation approach markedly reduced the analysis time of the lavender essential oil, from about 87 min with the routine method to 40 min with an optimal multi-rate temperature program and initial flow with a conventional inner diameter column, and to 15 min with FID as detector or 13.5 min with MS with a corresponding narrow-bore column, while keeping enantiomer separation and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy.
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